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Article ; Online: Three species of axenic mosquito larvae recruit a shared core of bacteria in a common garden experiment.

Hyde, Josephine / Brackney, Doug E / Steven, Blaire

2023 Volume 89, Issue 9, Page(s) e0077823

Abstract: In this study, we describe the generation of two new species of axenic mosquito, ...

Abstract	In this study, we describe the generation of two new species of axenic mosquito,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/aem.00778-23
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Article ; Online: The known unknowns of Powassan virus ecology.

Brackney, Doug E / Vogels, Chantal B F

Journal of medical entomology

2023 Volume 60, Issue 6, Page(s) 1142–1148

Abstract: Powassan virus (POWV; Family: Flaviviridae, Genus: Flavivirus) is the sole North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis sero-complex. While associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, POWV has historically been of little public health ... ...

Abstract	Powassan virus (POWV; Family: Flaviviridae, Genus: Flavivirus) is the sole North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis sero-complex. While associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, POWV has historically been of little public health concern due to low incidence rates. However, over the last 20 yr, incidence rates have increased highlighting the growing epidemiological threat. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics with tick habitat reduction, acaricide application, and public awareness programs being our primary means of intervention. The effectiveness of these control strategies is dependent on having a sound understanding of the virus's ecology. In this Forum, we review what is currently known about POWV ecology, identify gaps in our knowledge, and discuss prevailing and alternative hypotheses about transmission dynamics, reservoir hosts, and spatial focality.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne ; Ixodes ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology ; Public Health ; Ecology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	410635-0
ISSN	1938-2928 ; 0022-2585
ISSN (online)	1938-2928
ISSN	0022-2585
DOI	10.1093/jme/tjad095
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Article ; Online: Implications of autophagy on arbovirus infection of mosquitoes.

Brackney, Doug E

Current opinion in insect science

2017 Volume 22, Page(s) 1–6

Abstract: Arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses, like all viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that have evolved mechanisms to subvert cellular processes and evade anti-viral defenses to replicate and persist. An increasing body of research is beginning to ... ...

Abstract	Arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses, like all viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that have evolved mechanisms to subvert cellular processes and evade anti-viral defenses to replicate and persist. An increasing body of research is beginning to recognize the intimate relationship between arboviruses and the cellular autophagy pathway. As a result, new therapeutic approaches that modify the autophagic response to viral infection have shown great promise. The preponderance of work thus far, however, has originated from vertebrate systems. Efforts to elucidate the role of autophagy during arbovirus infection of invertebrates have emerged, providing new insights into arbovirus-vector interactions; interactions that could be exploited for novel control strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arboviruses/pathogenicity ; Arboviruses/physiology ; Autophagy/physiology ; Culicidae/physiology ; Culicidae/virology ; Drosophila/physiology ; Drosophila/virology ; Host Microbial Interactions ; Insecta/virology ; Mammals/virology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2772833-X
ISSN	2214-5753 ; 2214-5745
ISSN (online)	2214-5753
ISSN	2214-5745
DOI	10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.001
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Introducing an environmental microbiome to axenic

LaReau, Jacquelyn C / Hyde, Josephine / Brackney, Doug E / Steven, Blaire

Applied and environmental microbiology

2023 Volume 89, Issue 12, Page(s) e0095923

Abstract: Importance: The blood meal of the female mosquito serves as a nutrition source to support egg development, so is an important aspect of its biology. Yet, the roles the microbiome may play in blood digestion are poorly characterized. We employed axenic ... ...

Abstract	Importance: The blood meal of the female mosquito serves as a nutrition source to support egg development, so is an important aspect of its biology. Yet, the roles the microbiome may play in blood digestion are poorly characterized. We employed axenic mosquitoes to investigate how the microbiome differs between mosquitoes reared in the insectary versus mosquitoes that acquire their microbiome from the environment. Environmental microbiomes were more diverse and showed larger temporal shifts over the course of blood digestion. Importantly, only bacteria from the environmental microbiome performed hemolysis in culture, pointing to functional differences between bacterial populations. These data highlight that taxonomic differences between the microbiomes of insectary-reared and wild mosquitoes are potentially also related to their functional ecology. Thus, axenic mosquitoes colonized with environmental bacteria offer a way to investigate the role of bacteria from the wild in mosquito processes such as blood digestion, under controlled laboratory conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Aedes/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; Microbiota ; Nutritional Status
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/aem.00959-23
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Article ; Online: Limited Capacity for Aedes aegypti to Mechanically Transmit Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus.

Bransfield, Angela B / Misencik, Michael J / Brackney, Doug E / Armstrong, Philip M

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2022 Volume 107, Issue 6, Page(s) 1239–1241

Abstract: Mechanical transmission is an understudied mode of arbovirus transmission that occurs when a biting insect transmits virus among hosts by the direct transfer of virus particles contaminating its mouthparts. Multiple arboviruses have been shown to be ... ...

Abstract	Mechanical transmission is an understudied mode of arbovirus transmission that occurs when a biting insect transmits virus among hosts by the direct transfer of virus particles contaminating its mouthparts. Multiple arboviruses have been shown to be capable of utilizing this transmission route, but most studies were conducted 40 to 70 years ago using dated methodologies. To gain a better understanding of this phenomenon, we used molecular techniques to evaluate the efficiency of mechanical transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for two evolutionarily divergent arboviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). Viral RNA and/or infectious DENV could be detected on 13.8% of mosquito proboscises sampled immediately after an infectious bloodmeal, but positivity rates declined within hours. CHIKV RNA and/or infectious virus was detected on 38.8% of proboscises immediately after feeding but positivity rates dropped to 2.5% within 4 hours. RNA copy numbers were low for both viruses, and we were unable to demonstrate mechanical transmission of CHIKV using an established animal model, suggesting that this mode of transmission is unlikely under natural conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chikungunya virus ; Aedes ; Dengue Virus ; Arboviruses ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Dengue ; Chikungunya Fever ; Mosquito Vectors
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.22-0323
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Article ; Online: Field Isolation and Laboratory Vector-Host Studies of Brazoran Virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from Florida.

Armstrong, Philip M / Anderson, John F / Sharma, Rohit / Misencik, Michael J / Bransfield, Angela / Vossbrinck, Charles R / Brackney, Doug E

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2024

Abstract: Brazoran virus was first isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Texas in 2012, yet little is known about this virus. We report the isolation of this virus from Culex erraticus from southern Florida during 2016. The Florida strain had a nucleotide identity of ... ...

Abstract	Brazoran virus was first isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Texas in 2012, yet little is known about this virus. We report the isolation of this virus from Culex erraticus from southern Florida during 2016. The Florida strain had a nucleotide identity of 96.3% (S segment), 99.1% (M segment), and 95.8% (L segment) to the Texas isolate. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti colonies were subsequently fed virus blood meals to determine their vector competence for Brazoran virus. Culex quinquefasciatus was susceptible to midgut infection, but few mosquitoes developed disseminated infections. Aedes aegypti supported disseminated infection, but virus transmission could not be demonstrated. Suckling mice became infected by intradermal inoculation without visible disease signs. The virus was detected in multiple mouse tissues but rarely infected the brain. This study documents the first isolation of Brazoran virus outside of Texas. Although this virus infected Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus in laboratory trials, their vector competence could not be demonstrated, suggesting they are unlikely vectors of Brazoran virus.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.23-0799
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Article: Mosquito immune cells enhance dengue and Zika virus dissemination in

Hall, David R / Johnson, Rebecca M / Kwon, Hyeogsun / Ferdous, Zannatul / Laredo-Tiscareño, S Viridiana / Blitvich, Bradley J / Brackney, Doug E / Smith, Ryan C

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Mosquito-borne viruses cause more than 400 million annual infections and place over half of the world's population at risk. Despite this importance, the mechanisms by which arboviruses infect the mosquito host and disseminate to tissues required for ... ...

Abstract	Mosquito-borne viruses cause more than 400 million annual infections and place over half of the world's population at risk. Despite this importance, the mechanisms by which arboviruses infect the mosquito host and disseminate to tissues required for transmission are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that mosquito immune cells, known as hemocytes, play an integral role in the dissemination of dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in the mosquito
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.04.03.587950
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Article ; Online: Increased blood meal size and feeding frequency compromise Aedes aegypti midgut integrity and enhance dengue virus dissemination.

Johnson, Rebecca M / Cozens, Duncan W / Ferdous, Zannatul / Armstrong, Philip M / Brackney, Doug E

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2023 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) e0011703

Abstract: Aedes aegypti is a highly efficient vector for numerous pathogenic arboviruses including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, and yellow fever virus. This efficiency can in part be attributed to their frequent feeding behavior. We previously found that ... ...

Abstract	Aedes aegypti is a highly efficient vector for numerous pathogenic arboviruses including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, and yellow fever virus. This efficiency can in part be attributed to their frequent feeding behavior. We previously found that acquisition of a second, full, non-infectious blood meal could accelerate virus dissemination within the mosquito by temporarily compromising midgut basal lamina integrity; however, in the wild, mosquitoes are often interrupted during feeding and only acquire partial or minimal blood meals. To explore the impact of this feeding behavior further, we examined the effects of partial blood feeding on DENV dissemination rates and midgut basal lamina damage in Ae. aegypti. DENV-infected mosquitoes given a secondary partial blood meal had intermediate rates of dissemination and midgut basal lamina damage compared to single-fed and fully double-fed counterparts. Subsequently, we evaluated if basal lamina damage accumulated across feeding episodes. Interestingly, within 24 hours of feeding, damage was proportional to the number of blood meals imbibed; however, this additive effect returned to baseline levels by 96 hours. These data reveal that midgut basal lamina damage and rates of dissemination are proportional to feeding frequency and size, and further demonstrate the impact that mosquito feeding behavior has on vector competence and arbovirus epidemiology. This work has strong implications for our understanding of virus transmission in the field and will be useful when designing laboratory experiments and creating more accurate models of virus spread and maintenance.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dengue Virus ; Aedes ; Mosquito Vectors ; Digestive System ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection ; Arboviruses ; Dengue
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0011703
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Implications of autophagy on arbovirus infection of mosquitoes

Brackney, Doug E

Current opinion in insect science. 2017 Aug., v. 22

2017

Abstract	Arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses, like all viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that have evolved mechanisms to subvert cellular processes and evade anti-viral defenses to replicate and persist. An increasing body of research is beginning to recognize the intimate relationship between arboviruses and the cellular autophagy pathway. As a result, new therapeutic approaches that modify the autophagic response to viral infection have shown great promise. The preponderance of work thus far, however, has originated from vertebrate systems. Efforts to elucidate the role of autophagy during arbovirus infection of invertebrates have emerged, providing new insights into arbovirus-vector interactions; interactions that could be exploited for novel control strategies.
Keywords	Culicidae ; arboviruses ; autophagy ; insects ; invertebrates ; parasites ; vertebrates
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-08
Size	p. 1-6.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2772833-X
ISSN	2214-5753 ; 2214-5745
ISSN (online)	2214-5753
ISSN	2214-5745
DOI	10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The impact of autophagy on arbovirus infection of mosquito cells.

Brackney, Doug E / Correa, Maria A / Cozens, Duncan W

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2020 Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) e0007754

Abstract: Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It can additionally function as an innate immune response to viral infection as has been demonstrated for a number of arthropod-borne (arbo-) ... ...

Abstract	Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It can additionally function as an innate immune response to viral infection as has been demonstrated for a number of arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses. Arboviruses are maintained in a transmission cycle between vertebrate hosts and invertebrate vectors yet the majority of studies assessing autophagy-arbovirus interactions have been limited to the mammalian host. Therefore we evaluated the role of autophagy during arbovirus infection of the invertebrate vector using the tractable Aag2 Aedes aegypti mosquito cell culture system. Our data demonstrates that autophagy is significantly induced in mosquito cells upon infection with two divergent arboviruses: dengue virus-2 (DENV-2; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae, Alphavirus). While assessing the role of autophagy during arbovirus infection, we observed a somewhat paradoxical outcome. Both induction and suppression of autophagy via torin-1 and spautin-1, respectively, resulted in increased viral titers for both viruses, yet suppression of autophagy-related genes had no effect. Interestingly, chemical modulators of autophagy had either no effect or opposite effects in another widely used mosquito cell line, C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells. Together, our data reveals a limited role for autophagy during arbovirus infection of mosquito cells. Further, our findings suggest that commonly used chemical modulators of autophagy alter mosquito cells in such a way as to promote viral replication; however, it is unclear if this occurs directly through autophagic manipulation or other means.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/genetics ; Aedes/physiology ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/physiology ; Autophagy ; Cell Line ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	Insect Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0007754
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