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Article ; Online: Unintended Consequences: Testing the Effects of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers.

Sawyer, Leslie E / Brandon, Thomas H

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

2022 Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 967–974

Abstract: Introduction: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other organizations have produced and disseminated public health campaigns designed to deter youth from vaping. Yet it is unknown how these campaigns affect adult smokers exposed to these ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other organizations have produced and disseminated public health campaigns designed to deter youth from vaping. Yet it is unknown how these campaigns affect adult smokers exposed to these messages with respect to their perceptions of e-cigarettes and their motivation to use these products to reduce or quit smoking. Aims and methods: A controlled experimental design was used to investigate the effects of an FDA-distributed youth-targeted anti-vaping public service announcement (PSA), "Vaping is an Epidemic," upon adult smokers. We randomized 161 daily smokers to view either the FDA PSA or a matched video absent of e-cigarette content, and we hypothesized that the PSA would impact variables related to harm reduction usage of e-cigarettes, including cognitive expectancies, perceived harm, smoking cessation effectiveness, and reported likelihood of switching from smoking to vaping. Results: The PSA produced increases in both health risk and potency expectancies. Viewing the PSA compared to the control video resulted in overall more negative expectancies about e-cigarettes and all other variables related to harm reduction usage. Those who viewed the PSA rated e-cigarettes as more harmful (p < .001) and less effective for smoking cessation (p < .01), and they reported lower switching motivation (p < .001). Conclusions: Findings indicated that adult smokers who viewed the PSA were less likely to consider e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, thus reducing acceptance of a potential cessation aid with growing empirical support. Sensationalized youth-oriented anti-vaping messages may have unintended public health consequences upon adult audiences. Implications: This study is the first controlled experiment examining the effects of youth-oriented anti-vaping PSAs upon adult smokers' cognitive expectancies and beliefs about e-cigarettes. Exposure to the PSA resulted in overall more negative expectancies about e-cigarettes, as well as increased perceived harmfulness and reduced effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Findings showed that these PSAs could deter adult smokers from the utilization of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation or harm reduction strategy.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Smokers/psychology ; Smoking/psychology ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Vaping/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1452315-2
ISSN	1469-994X ; 1462-2203
ISSN (online)	1469-994X
ISSN	1462-2203
DOI	10.1093/ntr/ntac277
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Zs.A 5789: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Distinct influences of nicotine and sensorimotor stimuli on reducing cravings to smoke and vape among dual users.

Palmer, Amanda M / Sawyer, Leslie E / Brandon, Thomas H

Addictive behaviors

2021 Volume 122, Page(s) 107051

Abstract: Introduction: When considering the clinical efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, non-pharmacologic influences, such as conditioned reinforcers (e.g. sensorimotor stimuli), must be considered in addition to nicotine. The present study parsed ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: When considering the clinical efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, non-pharmacologic influences, such as conditioned reinforcers (e.g. sensorimotor stimuli), must be considered in addition to nicotine. The present study parsed the influences of nicotine delivery and sensorimotor stimuli (i.e, similarity to smoking) on cravings and other immediate outcomes of e-cigarette use. Method: Participants (N = 127 dual users) completed an experimental ad-lib vaping session in one of 4 conditions: Drug (open label nicotine vs non-nicotine e-cigarettes) crossed with delivery apparatus (normal e-cigarette vs altered sensorimotor apparatus). It was hypothesized that participants who were deprived of the usual vaping stimuli would report less craving reduction via vaping. Nicotine was hypothesized to enhance physiological outcomes. Results: Moderate effects emerged for nicotine, whereas smaller effects were observed for the sensorimotor manipulation upon both cravings to smoke and cravings to vape. Contrary to the hypothesis, participants who vaped using the altered sensorimotor apparatus reported greater craving reduction compared to those who used normal e-cigarettes. Nicotine delivery also had moderate effects on psychological reward. Main effects were not moderated by gender, withdrawal, or dependence. Conclusions: Findings support the role of nicotine in reducing cravings via vaping. They also suggest that sensorimotor similarities to smoking may be less important among experienced vapers or dual users. Indeed, in this sample, the altered sensorimotor apparatus may have reduced craving via distraction or other mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Craving ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Nicotine/adverse effects ; Vaping
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	197618-7
ISSN	1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
ISSN (online)	1873-6327
ISSN	0306-4603
DOI	10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107051
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Zs.A 1214: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Nicotine or expectancies? Using the balanced-placebo design to test immediate outcomes of vaping.

Palmer, Amanda M / Brandon, Thomas H

Addictive behaviors

2019 Volume 97, Page(s) 90–96

Abstract: Introduction: Electronic (e-)cigarette use has increased in popularity, especially among those attempting to quit smoking. Previous studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of e-cigarettes have suggested that non-pharmacologic factors, such as ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Electronic (e-)cigarette use has increased in popularity, especially among those attempting to quit smoking. Previous studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of e-cigarettes have suggested that non-pharmacologic factors, such as expectancies about nicotine effects, may influence the experienced effects of e-cigarettes. Method: The independent and synergistic influences of drug and expectancies were parsed using a balanced-placebo design, whereby 128 participants (52 dual users) were provided an e-cigarette that either contained nicotine or non-nicotine solution, while told that it did or did not contain nicotine. We hypothesized main effects of nicotine content on physiological, objective outcomes (attention, appetite, aversion, respiratory tract sensations), and main effects of the instructions on more subjective, psychosocial outcomes (affect, reward, satisfaction). Sex was included as a moderator. Results: Results showed that nicotine increased sustained attention, and more so among females. Nicotine delivery was associated with aversion among females, but not males. Among those who were both told and did not receive nicotine, higher enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations was reported. Nicotine with complementary instructions produced the highest reward ratings; additionally, nicotine was rewarding to males but not females. Discussion: Findings demonstrated that both nicotine content and non-pharmacologic factors impact acute outcome effects of e-cigarettes, with moderation by sex in some cases. Results are relevant to the interpretation of clinical trials of e-cigarettes and suggest a more nuanced view of reinforcement pathways.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Affect ; Appetite ; Attention ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motivation ; Nicotine/administration & dosage ; Personal Satisfaction ; Placebo Effect ; Research Design ; Reward ; Vaping/psychology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	197618-7
ISSN	1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
ISSN (online)	1873-6327
ISSN	0306-4603
DOI	10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.026
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Article ; Online: How do electronic cigarettes affect cravings to smoke or vape? Parsing the influences of nicotine and expectancies using the balanced-placebo design.

Palmer, Amanda M / Brandon, Thomas H

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology

2018 Volume 86, Issue 5, Page(s) 486–491

Abstract: Objective: Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are frequently initiated for smoking cessation, results from the first two clinical trials testing this suggest that the perceived benefits of vaping may be influenced by non-nicotine factors, ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are frequently initiated for smoking cessation, results from the first two clinical trials testing this suggest that the perceived benefits of vaping may be influenced by non-nicotine factors, including cognitive outcome expectancies. The current study investigated the separate and combined effects of nicotine delivery and outcome expectancies on cravings for cigarettes and e-cigarettes using a balanced-placebo experiment. Method: Drug dosage (contains nicotine or not) was crossed with instructional set (told nicotine or non-nicotine) during ad lib e-cigarette use sessions by 128 current e-cigarette users (52 identifying as current cigarette smokers or "dual users"). It was hypothesized that reduction in craving for both cigarettes and e-cigarettes following e-cigarette administration would be driven primarily by the instructional set manipulation, reflecting the influence of outcome expectancies. Results: As hypothesized, among dual users, a main effect of instructional set emerged on reductions in craving to smoke cigarettes, with participants who were told that their e-cigarette contained nicotine reporting greater craving reduction (p = .046). With respect to reduced cravings for e-cigarettes, we found an interaction between drug dose and instructional set (p = .02) such that nicotine e-cigarettes reduced cravings more than non-nicotine e-cigarettes only among participants told to expect nicotine. Conclusions: Findings suggest that cognitive expectancies contribute to the acute effects of e-cigarettes on craving, which may provide guidance for their potential as smoking cessation aids. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Craving ; Double-Blind Method ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nicotine/administration & dosage ; Smoking/psychology ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Smoking Cessation/psychology ; Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology ; Vaping/psychology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	121321-0
ISSN	1939-2117 ; 0022-006X
ISSN (online)	1939-2117
ISSN	0022-006X
DOI	10.1037/ccp0000303
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Zs.A 850: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Acute Interpersonal Racial Discrimination on Smoking Motivation and Behavior Among Black Smokers: an Experimental Study.

Calixte-Civil, Patricia F / Brandon, Thomas H

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

2020 Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 1511–1521

Abstract: In comparison to White smokers, Black smokers are likely to report both more discrimination and less success in smoking cessation. No previous study has tested the causal relationship between an experience of racial discrimination and smoking variables ... ...

Abstract	In comparison to White smokers, Black smokers are likely to report both more discrimination and less success in smoking cessation. No previous study has tested the causal relationship between an experience of racial discrimination and smoking variables associated with cessation. The goal of this study was to test the causal influence of interpersonal racial discrimination on smoking motivation (i.e., the urge to smoke cigarettes, cessation self-efficacy, and smoking behavior) using a controlled experimental design. We used a virtual ball-playing game to create a laboratory model of racial discrimination. A 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design (inclusion/exclusion vs. ingroup/outgroup) was used to randomly assign participants to one of four groups: (1) included/ingroup, (2) included/outgroup, (3) excluded/ingroup (ostracism), and (4) excluded/outgroup (racial discrimination). Sixty-nine Black smokers were recruited from the community. Participants in the excluded conditions reported lower cessation self-efficacy than those in the included conditions. Participants in the outgroup conditions had reduced latency to smoke compared to those in the ingroup conditions. There were no main effects of social inclusion on cravings or latency to smoke and no statistically significant interactions for social inclusion × group membership. This laboratory simulation of racial discrimination shows a causal relationship between exclusion and low cessation self-efficacy, which contributes to a better understanding of influences upon smoking cessation attempts among Black smokers.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Motivation ; Ostracism ; Racism ; Smokers ; Smoking
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2760524-3
ISSN	2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
ISSN (online)	2196-8837
ISSN	2197-3792
DOI	10.1007/s40615-020-00914-4
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Article: Examining smoking and vaping behaviors, expectancies, and cessation outcomes between bisexual and heterosexual individuals.

Martinez, Ursula / Simmons, Vani N / Brandon, Karen O / Quinn, Gwendolyn P / Brandon, Thomas H

Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.)

2022 Volume 49, Issue 4, Page(s) 392–401

Abstract: Prior research indicates bisexual individuals have higher smoking and vaping rates and heightened vulnerability to negative health outcomes. Thus, we compared adult bisexual ( ...

Abstract	Prior research indicates bisexual individuals have higher smoking and vaping rates and heightened vulnerability to negative health outcomes. Thus, we compared adult bisexual (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623101-9
ISSN	0896-4289
ISSN	0896-4289
DOI	10.1080/08964289.2022.2077295
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Zs.A 1301: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Measuring vaping-related expectancies in young adults: Psychometric evaluation of the Electronic Nicotine Vaping Outcomes (ENVO) scale.

Harrell, Paul T / Brandon, Thomas H / Stark, Stephen E / Simmons, Vani N / Barnett, Tracey E / Quinn, Gwendolyn P / Chun, Seokjoon

Drug and alcohol dependence

2023 Volume 246, Page(s) 109861

Abstract: Objective: Electronic cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco products by young adults. Measures of beliefs about outcomes of use (i.e., expectancies) can be helpful in predicting use, as well as informing and evaluating interventions to impact ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Electronic cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco products by young adults. Measures of beliefs about outcomes of use (i.e., expectancies) can be helpful in predicting use, as well as informing and evaluating interventions to impact use. Methods: We surveyed young adult students (N = 2296, Mean age=20.0, SD=1.8, 64 % female, 34 % White) from a community college, a historically black university, and a state university. Students answered ENDS expectancy items derived from focus groups and expert panel refinement using Delphi methods. Factor Analysis and Item Response Theory (IRT) methods were used to understand relevant factors and identify useful items. Results: A 5-factor solution [Positive Reinforcement (consists of Stimulation, Sensorimotor, and Taste subthemes, α = .92), Negative Consequences (Health Risks and Stigma, α = .94), Negative Affect Reduction (α = .95), Weight Control (α = .92), and Addiction (α = .87)] fit the data well (CFI=0.95; TLI=0.94; RMSEA=0.05) and was invariant across subgroups. Factors were significantly correlated with relevant vaping measures, including vaping susceptibility and lifetime vaping. Hierarchical linear regression demonstrated factors were significant predictors of lifetime vaping after controlling for demographics, vaping ad exposure, and peer/family vaping. IRT analyses indicated that individual items tended to be related to their underlying constructs (a parameters ranged from 1.26 to 3.18) and covered a relatively wide range of the expectancies continuum (b parameters ranged from -0.72 to 2.47). Conclusions: A novel ENDS expectancy measure appears to be a reliable measure for young adults with promising results in the domains of concurrent validity, incremental validity, and IRT characteristics. This tool may be helpful in predicting use and informing future interventions. Implications: Findings provide support for the future development of computerized adaptive testing of vaping beliefs. Expectancies appear to play a role in vaping similar to smoking and other substance use. Public health messaging should target expectancies to modify young adult vaping behavior.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Young Adult ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Vaping ; Psychometrics ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-29
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	519918-9
ISSN	1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
ISSN (online)	1879-0046
ISSN	0376-8716
DOI	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109861
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Zs.A 1310: Show issues

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Article: The clinical potential of augmented reality.

Vinci, Christine / Brandon, Karen O / Kleinjan, Marloes / Brandon, Thomas H

Clinical psychology : a publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association

2020 Volume 27, Issue 3

Abstract: Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly emerging technology that superimposes digital objects onto real-world scenes as viewed in real time through a smartphone, tablet, or headset. Whereas AR has been adopted for retail, entertainment, and professional ... ...

Abstract	Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly emerging technology that superimposes digital objects onto real-world scenes as viewed in real time through a smartphone, tablet, or headset. Whereas AR has been adopted for retail, entertainment, and professional training, it also has potential as a novel, mobile, and efficacious treatment modality for psychological disorders. In particular, extinction-based therapies (e.g., anxiety, substance use disorders) could utilize AR to present stimuli in natural environments, enhancing generalizability beyond the clinic. The limited psychological literature on AR has focused on the treatment of simple phobias. Here, with the goal of bringing this technology to the attention of clinicians and researchers, we describe AR, contrast it with virtual reality, review the theoretical foundation for extinction-based therapies, provide examples for the treatment of substance use disorders, and identify theoretical, practical, and implementation-based research questions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1484850-8
ISSN	1468-2850 ; 0969-5893
ISSN (online)	1468-2850
ISSN	0969-5893
DOI	10.1111/cpsp.12357
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Article ; Online: Exposure to in vivo stimuli and attentional bias among female smokers.

Correa, John B / Brandon, Thomas H

Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology

2016 Volume 24, Issue 5, Page(s) 331–340

Abstract: Cross-sectional and experimental research has shown that female smokers use cigarettes to manage dietary restraint and body image dissatisfaction. The goal of this study was to investigate the cross-motivational impact of food and cigarettes by comparing ...

Abstract	Cross-sectional and experimental research has shown that female smokers use cigarettes to manage dietary restraint and body image dissatisfaction. The goal of this study was to investigate the cross-motivational impact of food and cigarettes by comparing attentional bias to smoking images against other images (food and jewelry) and testing how in vivo stimuli (cigarettes, food, and jewelry) affect attentional bias to these images. Thirty-five female smokers completed 3 image-viewing tasks during which they viewed images containing smoking, food, and jewelry pictorial stimuli. During these tasks, participants held smoking, food, or jewelry in vivo stimuli, and eye-tracking technology collected gaze data. We hypothesized that in vivo appetitive stimuli would produce attentional bias, with in vivo smoking stimuli increasing attention to smoking images and in vivo food stimuli increasing attention to smoking and food images. However, in vivo cigarettes and snack foods did not prime attentional biases to pictorial smoking or food stimuli. Yet, initial and maintained attention to smoking images were greater than attention to food and jewelry images when participants were administered an active comparison in vivo stimulus (jewelry). The results in this in vivo condition replicate previous research demonstrating attentional biases for smoking images among smokers, and they extend it by including the appetitive food comparison condition. These results also show that attention allocation changes when smokers encounter appetitive in vivo stimuli. Thus, this study demonstrates that establishing external validity in attentional bias research is challenging, and it encourages further psychometric exploration of such methodologies through other procedural manipulations. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention ; Eye Movement Measurements ; Eye Movements ; Female ; Humans ; Photic Stimulation ; Photography ; Smoking/psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1209960-0
ISSN	1936-2293 ; 1064-1297
ISSN (online)	1936-2293
ISSN	1064-1297
DOI	10.1037/pha0000082
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Zs.A 4462: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Abstinence-related motivational engagement for smoking cessation: Longitudinal patterns and predictive validity.

Palmer, Amanda M / Sutton, Steven K / Correa, John B / Simmons, Vani N / Brandon, Thomas H

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 3, Page(s) e0247867

Abstract: The Abstinence-Related Motivational Engagement (ARME) scale was developed to assess motivation to remain abstinent after a smoking cessation attempt. The ARME demonstrated reliability and validity among a small sample of ex-smokers. This study expands ... ...

Abstract	The Abstinence-Related Motivational Engagement (ARME) scale was developed to assess motivation to remain abstinent after a smoking cessation attempt. The ARME demonstrated reliability and validity among a small sample of ex-smokers. This study expands the psychometric evaluation of the ARME and tests the ARME as a predictor of smoking status among a sample of participants quitting smoking. The parent trial tested the efficacy of a self-help smoking cessation intervention (N = 1874), with assessments every 6 months. Internal consistency and factor structure of the ARME was evaluated at each assessment to confirm use of the measure as designed. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the ARME to the Situation-specific Abstinence Self-Efficacy (SSE) scale via inter-correlations and prediction of future smoking status. Finally, the trajectories of both the ARME and SSE were compared among continuous abstainers and continuous smokers. A single-factor structure was observed at each assessment. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.88-0.91 for the total sample. Correlations between the ARME and the SSE ranged from 0.38-0.47 (ps <0.001) among smokers; and from 0.09-0.15 (most ps > 0.05) among abstainers. Among current smokers, the ARME and SSE were independent positive predictors of subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.28-2.29, ps <0.001). For those currently abstinent, only the SSE predicted subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.69-2.60, ps <0.05). GEE analyses showed different trajectories for the two measures, as well as between abstainers and smokers. In conclusion, the ARME is a reliable, valid measure with unique predictive utility for current smokers and a distinct trajectory among those who have successfully quit.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motivation ; Psychometrics ; Self Efficacy ; Smokers ; Smoking/therapy ; Smoking Cessation/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0247867
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