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Article ; Online: We need to be braver about the generalizability crisis.

Braver, Todd S / Braver, Sanford L

2022 Volume 45, Page(s) e6

Abstract: We applaud the effort to draw attention to generalizability concerns in twenty-first-century psychological research. Yet we do not feel that a pessimistic perspective is warranted. We outline a continuum of available methodological tools and perspectives, ...

Abstract	We applaud the effort to draw attention to generalizability concerns in twenty-first-century psychological research. Yet we do not feel that a pessimistic perspective is warranted. We outline a continuum of available methodological tools and perspectives, including incremental steps and meta-analytic approaches that can be readily and easily deployed by researchers to advance generalizability claims in a forward-looking manner.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Research Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	423721-3
ISSN	1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
ISSN (online)	1469-1825
ISSN	0140-525X
DOI	10.1017/S0140525X21000510
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Zs.A 1470: Show issues

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Article: Dynamical models reveal anatomically reliable attractor landscapes embedded in resting state brain networks.

Chen, Ruiqi / Singh, Matthew / Braver, Todd S / Ching, ShiNung

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Analyses of functional connectivity (FC) in resting-state brain networks (RSNs) have generated many insights into cognition. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of FC and RSNs are still not well-understood. It remains debated whether resting state ... ...

Abstract	Analyses of functional connectivity (FC) in resting-state brain networks (RSNs) have generated many insights into cognition. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of FC and RSNs are still not well-understood. It remains debated whether resting state activity is best characterized as noise-driven fluctuations around a single stable state, or instead, as a nonlinear dynamical system with nontrivial attractors embedded in the RSNs. Here, we provide evidence for the latter, by constructing whole-brain dynamical systems models from individual resting-state fMRI (rfMRI) recordings, using the Mesoscale Individualized NeuroDynamic (MINDy) platform. The MINDy models consist of hundreds of neural masses representing brain parcels, connected by fully trainable, individualized weights. We found that our models manifested a diverse taxonomy of nontrivial attractor landscapes including multiple equilibria and limit cycles. However, when projected into anatomical space, these attractors mapped onto a limited set of canonical RSNs, including the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal control network (FPN), which were reliable at the individual level. Further, by creating convex combinations of models, bifurcations were induced that recapitulated the full spectrum of dynamics found via fitting. These findings suggest that the resting brain traverses a diverse set of dynamics, which generates several distinct but anatomically overlapping attractor landscapes. Treating rfMRI as a unimodal stationary process (i.e., conventional FC) may miss critical attractor properties and structure within the resting brain. Instead, these may be better captured through neural dynamical modeling and analytic approaches. The results provide new insights into the generative mechanisms and intrinsic spatiotemporal organization of brain networks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.01.15.575745
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Article ; Online: Parsing state mindfulness effects on neurobehavioral markers of cognitive control: A within-subject comparison of focused attention and open monitoring.

Lin, Yanli / White, Marne L / Viravan, Natee / Braver, Todd S

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience

2024 Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) 527–551

Abstract: Over the past two decades, scientific interest in understanding the relationship between mindfulness and cognition has accelerated. However, despite considerable investigative efforts, pervasive methodological inconsistencies within the literature ... ...

Abstract	Over the past two decades, scientific interest in understanding the relationship between mindfulness and cognition has accelerated. However, despite considerable investigative efforts, pervasive methodological inconsistencies within the literature preclude a thorough understanding of whether or how mindfulness influences core cognitive functions. The purpose of the current study is to provide an initial "proof-of-concept" demonstration of a new research strategy and methodological approach designed to address previous limitations. Specifically, we implemented a novel fully within-subject state induction protocol to elucidate the neurobehavioral influence of discrete mindfulness states-focused attention (FA) and open monitoring (OM), compared against an active control-on well-established behavioral and ERP indices of executive attention and error monitoring assessed during the Eriksen flanker task. Bayesian mixed modeling was used to test preregistered hypotheses pertaining to FA and OM effects on flanker interference, the stimulus-locked P3, and the response-locked ERN and Pe. Results yielded strong but unexpected evidence that OM selectively produced a more cautious and intentional response style, characterized by higher accuracy, slower RTs, and reduced P3 amplitude. Follow-up exploratory analyses revealed that trait mindfulness moderated the influence of OM, such that individuals with greater trait mindfulness responded more cautiously and exhibited higher trial accuracy and smaller P3s. Neither FA nor OM modulated the ERN or Pe. Taken together, our findings support the promise of our approach, demonstrating that theoretically distinct mindfulness states are functionally dissociable among mindfulness-naive participants and that interactive variability associated with different operational facets of mindfulness (i.e., state vs. trait) can be modeled directly.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mindfulness/methods ; Attention/physiology ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Executive Function/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Adolescent ; Brain/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2029088-3
ISSN	1531-135X ; 1530-7026
ISSN (online)	1531-135X
ISSN	1530-7026
DOI	10.3758/s13415-024-01167-y
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Zs.A 5947: Show issues

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Article: Complementary benefits of multivariate and hierarchical models for identifying individual differences in cognitive control.

Freund, Michael C / Chen, Ruiqi / Chen, Gang / Braver, Todd S

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Understanding individual differences in cognitive control is a central goal in psychology and neuroscience. Reliably measuring these differences, however, has proven extremely challenging, at least when using standard measures in cognitive neuroscience ... ...

Abstract	Understanding individual differences in cognitive control is a central goal in psychology and neuroscience. Reliably measuring these differences, however, has proven extremely challenging, at least when using standard measures in cognitive neuroscience such as response times or task-based fMRI activity. While prior work has pinpointed the source of the issue - the vast amount of cross-trial variability within these measures - no study has rigorously evaluated potential solutions. Here, we do so with one potential way forward: an analytic framework that combines hierarchical Bayesian modeling with multivariate decoding of trial-level fMRI data. Using this framework and longitudinal data from the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control project, we estimated individuals' neural responses associated with cognitive control within a color-word Stroop task, then assessed the reliability of these individuals' responses across a time interval of several months. We show that in many prefrontal and parietal brain regions, test-retest reliability was near maximal, and that only hierarchical models were able to reveal this state of affairs. Further, when compared to traditional univariate contrasts, multivariate decoding enabled individual-level correlations to be estimated with significantly greater precision. We specifically link these improvements in precision to the optimized suppression of cross-trial variability in decoding. Together, these findings not only indicate that cognitive control-related neural responses individuate people in a highly stable manner across time, but also suggest that integrating hierarchical and multivariate models provides a powerful approach for investigating individual differences in cognitive control, one that can effectively address the issue of high-variability measures.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.04.24.591032
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Article: Precision data-driven modeling of cortical dynamics reveals idiosyncratic mechanisms underlying canonical oscillations.

Singh, Matthew F / Braver, Todd S / Cole, Michael W / Ching, ShiNung

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Task-free brain activity affords unique insight into the functional structure of brain network dynamics and is a strong marker of individual differences. In this work, we present an algorithmic optimization framework that makes it possible to directly ... ...

Abstract	Task-free brain activity affords unique insight into the functional structure of brain network dynamics and is a strong marker of individual differences. In this work, we present an algorithmic optimization framework that makes it possible to directly invert and parameterize brain-wide dynamical-systems models involving hundreds of interacting brain areas, from single-subject time-series recordings. This technique provides a powerful neurocomputational tool for interrogating mechanisms underlying individual brain dynamics ("precision brain models") and making quantitative predictions. We extensively validate the models' performance in forecasting future brain activity and predicting individual variability in key M/EEG markers. Lastly, we demonstrate the power of our technique in resolving individual differences in the generation of alpha and beta-frequency oscillations. We characterize subjects based upon model attractor topology and a dynamical-systems mechanism by which these topologies generate individual variation in the expression of alpha vs. beta rhythms. We trace these phenomena back to global variation in excitation-inhibition balance, highlighting the explanatory power of our framework in generating mechanistic insights.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.11.14.567088
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Article ; Online: Cognitive Effort-Based Decision-Making Across Experimental and Daily Life Indices in Younger and Older Adults.

Crawford, Jennifer L / English, Tammy / Braver, Todd S

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2022 Volume 78, Issue 1, Page(s) 40–50

Abstract: Objectives: The study investigated whether cognitive effort decision-making measured via a neuroeconomic paradigm that manipulated framing (gain vs. loss outcomes), could predict daily life engagement in mentally demanding activities in both younger and ...

Abstract	Objectives: The study investigated whether cognitive effort decision-making measured via a neuroeconomic paradigm that manipulated framing (gain vs. loss outcomes), could predict daily life engagement in mentally demanding activities in both younger and older adults. Method: Younger and older adult participants (N = 310) completed the Cognitive Effort Discounting paradigm (Cog-ED), under both gain and loss conditions, to provide an experimental index of cognitive effort costs for each participant in each framing condition. A subset of participants (N = 230) also completed a 7-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) protocol measuring engagement in mentally demanding daily life activities. Results: In a large, online sample, we replicated a robust increase in cognitive effort costs among older, relative to younger, adults. Additionally, costs were found to be reduced in the loss relative to gain frame, although these effects were only reliable at high levels of task difficulty and were not moderated by age. Critically, participants who had lower effort costs in the gain frame tended to report engaging in more mentally demanding daily life activities, but the opposite pattern was observed in the loss frame. Further analyses demonstrated the specificity of reward-related cognitive motivation in predicting daily life mentally demanding activities. Discussion: Together, these results suggest that cognitive effort costs, as measured through behavioral choice patterns in a neuroeconomic decision-making task, can be used to predict and explain engagement in mentally demanding activities during daily life among both older and younger adults.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Reward ; Motivation ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Cognition ; Decision Making
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbac167
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Article ; Online: An fMRI protocol for administering liquid incentives to human participants.

Yee, Debbie M / Crawford, Jennifer L / Braver, Todd S

STAR protocols

2022 Volume 3, Issue 4, Page(s) 101707

Abstract: This protocol describes the materials and approaches for administering liquid incentives to human participants during fMRI scanning. We first describe preparation of the liquid solutions (e.g., neutral solution and saltwater) and liquid delivery setups. ... ...

Abstract	This protocol describes the materials and approaches for administering liquid incentives to human participants during fMRI scanning. We first describe preparation of the liquid solutions (e.g., neutral solution and saltwater) and liquid delivery setups. We then detail steps to connect the setups to the computer-controlled syringe pump in the MRI control room, followed by procedures for testing the syringe pump dispensing a liquid bolus during the task. Description of custom software and required adapters for implementing the liquid setup are included. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yee et al. (2021).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Motivation ; Infusion Pumps ; Syringes ; Computers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2666-1667
ISSN (online)	2666-1667
DOI	10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101707
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Article ; Online: Incorporating ecological momentary assessment into multimethod investigations of cognitive aging: Promise and practical considerations.

Crawford, Jennifer L / English, Tammy / Braver, Todd S

Psychology and aging

2022 Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 84–96

Abstract: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) represents a promising approach to study cognitive aging. In contrast to laboratory-based studies, EMA involves the repeated sampling of experiences in daily life contexts, enabling investigators to gain access to ... ...

Abstract	Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) represents a promising approach to study cognitive aging. In contrast to laboratory-based studies, EMA involves the repeated sampling of experiences in daily life contexts, enabling investigators to gain access to dynamic processes (e.g., situational contexts, intraindividual variability) that are likely to strongly contribute to aging and age-related change across the adult life-span. As such, EMA approaches complement the prevailing research methods in the field of cognitive aging (e.g., laboratory-based paradigms, neuroimaging), while also providing the opportunity to replicate and extend findings from the laboratory in more naturalistic contexts. Following an overview of the methodological and conceptual strengths of EMA approaches in cognitive aging research, we discuss best practices for researchers interested in implementing EMA studies. A key goal is to highlight the tremendous potential for combining EMA methods with other laboratory-based approaches, in order to increase the robustness, replicability, and real-world implications of research findings in the field of cognitive aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Aging ; Cognitive Aging ; Data Collection ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Humans ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	635596-1
ISSN	1939-1498 ; 0882-7974
ISSN (online)	1939-1498
ISSN	0882-7974
DOI	10.1037/pag0000646
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Zs.A 3194: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Delay of gratification dissociates cognitive control and valuation brain regions in healthy young adults.

Lamichhane, Bidhan / Di Rosa, Elisa / Braver, Todd S

Neuropsychologia

2022 Volume 173, Page(s) 108303

Abstract: Delay of gratification (DofG) refers to an inter-temporal choice phenomenon that is of great interest in many domains, including animal learning, cognitive development, economic decision-making, and executive control. Yet experimental tools for ... ...

Abstract	Delay of gratification (DofG) refers to an inter-temporal choice phenomenon that is of great interest in many domains, including animal learning, cognitive development, economic decision-making, and executive control. Yet experimental tools for investigating DofG in human adults are almost non-existent, and as a consequence, very little is known regarding the brain basis of core DofG behaviors. Here, we utilize a novel DofG paradigm, adapted for use in neuroimaging contexts, to examine event-related changes in neural activity as healthy young adult participants made repeated choices to continue waiting for a delayed reward, rather than take an immediately available one of lesser value. On DofG trials, choose-to-wait events were associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular regions associated with cognitive control. Activity in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) was also associated with individual variability in task performance and strategy. Fronto-parietal activity was clearly dissociable from that observed in ventromedial PFC, as this latter region exhibited a ramping-up pattern of activity during the waiting period prior to reward delivery. Ventromedial PFC ramping activity dynamics were further selective to DofG trials associated with increased future reward rate, consistent with the involvement of this region in subjective reward valuation that incorporates higher-order task structure. These results provide important initial validation of this experimental paradigm as a useful tool for investigating and isolating unique DofG neural mechanisms, which can now be utilized to study a wide-variety of populations and task factors.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiology ; Cognition ; Delay Discounting/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pleasure ; Reward ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207151-4
ISSN	1873-3514 ; 0028-3932
ISSN (online)	1873-3514
ISSN	0028-3932
DOI	10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108303
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Zs.A 524: Show issues

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Article: Predicting Individual Preferences in Mindfulness Techniques Using Personality Traits.

Tang, Rongxiang / Braver, Todd S

Frontiers in psychology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 1163

Abstract: The growing popularity of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has prompted exciting scientific research investigating their beneficial effects on well-being and health. Most mindfulness programs are provided as multi-faceted packages encompassing a ... ...

Abstract	The growing popularity of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has prompted exciting scientific research investigating their beneficial effects on well-being and health. Most mindfulness programs are provided as multi-faceted packages encompassing a set of different mindfulness techniques, each with distinct focus and mechanisms. However, this approach overlooks potential individual differences, which may arise in response to practicing various mindfulness techniques. The present study investigated preferences for four prototypical mindfulness techniques [focused attention (FA), open monitoring (OM), loving-kindness (LK), and body scan (BS)] and identified factors that may contribute to individual differences in these preferences. Participants without prior mindfulness experiences were exposed to each technique through audio-guided instructions and were asked to rank their preferences at the end of all practices. Results indicated that preferences for loving-kindness were predicted by empathy, and that females tended to prefer loving-kindness more than males. Conversely, preferences for open monitoring were predicted by nonreactivity and nonjudgment of present moment experiences. Additionally, higher state mindfulness was detected for individuals' preferred technique relative to other alternatives. These findings suggest that individuals tend to prefer techniques compatible with their personalities, as the predictor variables encompass trait capacities specifically relevant to practicing these techniques. Together, our results suggest the possibility that assessing individual difference and then tailoring MBIs to individual needs could be a useful way to improve intervention effectiveness and subsequent outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01163
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