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Article ; Online: Maternal pertussis immunization and the blunting of routine vaccine effectiveness: a meta-analysis and modeling study.

Briga, Michael / Goult, Elizabeth / Brett, Tobias S / Rohani, Pejman / Domenech de Cellès, Matthieu

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 921

Abstract: A key goal of pertussis control is to protect infants too young to be vaccinated, the age group most vulnerable to this highly contagious respiratory infection. In the last decade, maternal immunization has been deployed in many countries, successfully ... ...

Abstract	A key goal of pertussis control is to protect infants too young to be vaccinated, the age group most vulnerable to this highly contagious respiratory infection. In the last decade, maternal immunization has been deployed in many countries, successfully reducing pertussis in this age group. Because of immunological blunting, however, this strategy may erode the effectiveness of primary vaccination at later ages. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature on the relative risk (RR) of pertussis after primary immunization of infants born to vaccinated vs. unvaccinated mothers. The four studies identified had ≤6 years of follow-up and large statistical uncertainty (meta-analysis weighted mean RR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.38-1.32). To interpret this evidence, we designed a new mathematical model with explicit blunting mechanisms and evaluated maternal immunization's short- and long-term impact on pertussis transmission dynamics. We show that transient dynamics can mask blunting for at least a decade after rolling out maternal immunization. Hence, the current epidemiological evidence may be insufficient to rule out modest reductions in the effectiveness of primary vaccination. Irrespective of this potential collateral cost, we predict that maternal immunization will remain effective at protecting unvaccinated newborns, supporting current public health recommendations.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Whooping Cough/epidemiology ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; Parturition ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Vaccines ; Immunization
Chemical Substances	Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-024-44943-7
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Article ; Online: Within‐individual repeatability in telomere length: A meta‐analysis in nonmammalian vertebrates

Kärkkäinen, Tiia / Briga, Michael / Laaksonen, Toni / Stier, Antoine

Molecular Ecology. 2022 Dec., v. 31, no. 23 p.6339-6359

2022

Abstract: Telomere length is increasingly used as a biomarker of long‐term somatic state and future survival prospects. While most studies have overlooked this aspect, biological interpretations based on a given telomere length will benefit from considering the ... ...

Abstract	Telomere length is increasingly used as a biomarker of long‐term somatic state and future survival prospects. While most studies have overlooked this aspect, biological interpretations based on a given telomere length will benefit from considering the level of within‐individual repeatability of telomere length through time. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis on 74 longitudinal studies in nonmammalian vertebrates, with the aim to establish the current pattern of within‐individual repeatability in telomere length and to identify the methodological (e.g., qPCR/TRF) and biological factors (e.g., age class, phylogeny) that may affect it. While the median within‐individual repeatability of telomere length was moderate to high (R = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.05–0.95; N = 82), marked heterogeneity between studies was evident. Measurement method affected the repeatability estimate strongly, with TRF‐based studies exhibiting high repeatability (R = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.34–0.96; N = 25), while repeatability of qPCR‐based studies was markedly lower and more variable (R = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.04–0.82; N = 57). While phylogeny explained some variance in repeatability, phylogenetic signal was not significant (λ = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.00–0.83). None of the biological factors investigated here significantly explained variation in the repeatability of telomere length, being potentially obscured by methodological differences. Our meta‐analysis highlights the high variability in within‐individual repeatability estimates between studies and the need to put more effort into separating technical and biological explanations. This is important to better understand to what extent biological factors can affect the repeatability of telomere length and thus the interpretation of telomere length data.
Keywords	biomarkers ; ecology ; meta-analysis ; phylogeny ; telomeres ; variance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 6339-6359.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1126687-9
ISSN	1365-294X ; 0962-1083
ISSN (online)	1365-294X
ISSN	0962-1083
DOI	10.1111/mec.16155
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Article ; Online: Grandmother presence improved grandchild survival against childhood infections but not vaccination coverage in historical Finns.

Ukonaho, Susanna / Chapman, Simon N / Briga, Michael / Lummaa, Virpi

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2023 Volume 290, Issue 1999, Page(s) 20230690

Abstract: Grandmother presence can improve the number and survival of their grandchildren, but what grandmothers protect against and how they achieve it remains poorly known. Before modern medical care, infections were leading causes of childhood mortality, ... ...

Abstract	Grandmother presence can improve the number and survival of their grandchildren, but what grandmothers protect against and how they achieve it remains poorly known. Before modern medical care, infections were leading causes of childhood mortality, alleviated from the nineteenth century onwards by vaccinations, among other things. Here, we combine two individual-based datasets on the genealogy, cause-specific mortality and vaccination status of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Finns to investigate two questions. First, we tested whether there were cause-specific benefits of grandmother presence on grandchild survival from highly lethal infections (smallpox, measles, pulmonary and diarrhoeal infections) and/or accidents. We show that grandmothers decreased all-cause mortality, an effect which was mediated through smallpox, pulmonary and diarrhoeal infections, but not via measles or accidents. Second, since grandmothers have been suggested to increase vaccination coverage, we tested whether the grandmother effect on smallpox survival was mediated through increased or earlier vaccination, but we found no evidence for such effects. Our findings that the beneficial effects of grandmothers are in part driven by increased survival from some (but not all) childhood infections, and are not mediated via vaccination, have implications for public health, societal development and human life-history evolution.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Grandparents ; Smallpox ; Finland ; Family ; Measles/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2023.0690
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Article ; Online: From January to June: Birth seasonality across two centuries in a rural Polish community.

Nenko, Ilona / Briga, Michael / Micek, Agnieszka / Jasienska, Grazyna

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 18579

Abstract: Seasonality of births is a worldwide phenomenon, but the mechanisms behind it remain insufficiently explored. Birth seasonality is likely to be driven by seasonal changes in women's fecundity (i.e. ability to conceive), which is strongly influenced by ... ...

Abstract	Seasonality of births is a worldwide phenomenon, but the mechanisms behind it remain insufficiently explored. Birth seasonality is likely to be driven by seasonal changes in women's fecundity (i.e. ability to conceive), which is strongly influenced by their energetic status. We tested whether birth seasonality is driven by high workload and/or low access to food using 200 years of birth data, from 1782 until 2004, in an agricultural rural Polish community. First, we analysed the time series of births and within-annual variance in births, a proxy for the extent of seasonality. Secondly, we tested the hypothesis that a high agricultural workload and/or low access to food decreases number of births. We found seasonality of births throughout more than 200 years of observation in an agricultural Polish population, with a dominant birth seasonality in January and February which gradually shifted towards June in the late twentieth century. The observed pattern does not support the hypothesis that birth seasonality resulted from women's energetic status. We discuss the possible reasons why our results do not support the tested hypothesis and some implications for our understanding of the birth seasonality.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Birth Rate ; Seasons ; Poland ; Parturition ; Fertility
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-22159-3
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Article ; Online: Author Correction: From January to June: Birth seasonality across two centuries in a rural Polish community.

Nenko, Ilona / Briga, Michael / Micek, Agnieszka / Jasienska, Grazyna

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 21107

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-25709-x
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Article ; Online: The Long-Term Success of Mandatory Vaccination Laws After Implementing the First Vaccination Campaign in 19th Century Rural Finland.

Ukonaho, Susanna / Lummaa, Virpi / Briga, Michael

American journal of epidemiology

2022 Volume 191, Issue 7, Page(s) 1180–1189

Abstract: In high-income countries, childhood infections are on the rise, a phenomenon attributed in part to persistent hesitancy toward vaccines. To combat vaccine hesitancy, several countries recently made vaccinating children mandatory, but the effect of such ... ...

Abstract	In high-income countries, childhood infections are on the rise, a phenomenon attributed in part to persistent hesitancy toward vaccines. To combat vaccine hesitancy, several countries recently made vaccinating children mandatory, but the effect of such vaccination laws on vaccination coverage remains debated, and the long-term consequences are unknown. Here we quantified the consequences of vaccination laws on vaccination coverage, monitoring for a period of 63 years (1837-1899) rural Finland's first vaccination campaign against the highly lethal childhood infection smallpox. We found that annual vaccination campaigns were focused on children up to 1 year old and that their vaccination coverage was low and declined over time until the implementation of the vaccination law, which stopped the declining trend and was associated with an abrupt coverage increase, of 20%, to cover >80% of all children. Our results indicate that vaccination laws can have a long-term beneficial effect of increasing the vaccination coverage and will help public health practitioners to make informed decisions on how to act against vaccine hesitancy and optimize the impact of vaccination programs.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Finland ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Vaccination ; Vaccination Coverage ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwac048
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Article ; Online: Glucose tolerance predicts survival in old zebra finches.

Montoya, Bibiana / Briga, Michael / Jimeno, Blanca / Verhulst, Simon

The Journal of experimental biology

2022 Volume 225, Issue 11

Abstract: The capacity to deal with external and internal challenges is thought to affect fitness, and the age-linked impairment of this capacity defines the ageing process. Using a recently developed intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), we tested for a ... ...

Abstract	The capacity to deal with external and internal challenges is thought to affect fitness, and the age-linked impairment of this capacity defines the ageing process. Using a recently developed intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), we tested for a link between the capacity to regulate glucose levels and survival in zebra finches. We also investigated for the effects of ambient factors, age, sex, and manipulated developmental and adult conditions (i.e. natal brood size and foraging cost, in a full factorial design) on glucose tolerance. Glucose tolerance was quantified using the incremental 'area under the curve' (AUC), with lower values indicating higher tolerance. Glucose tolerance predicted survival probability in old birds, above the median age, with individuals with higher glucose tolerance showing better survival than individuals with low or intermediate glucose tolerance. In young birds there was no association between glucose tolerance and survival. Experimentally induced adverse developmental conditions did not affect glucose tolerance, but low ambient temperature at sampling and hard foraging conditions during adulthood induced a fast return to baseline levels (i.e. high glucose tolerance). These findings can be interpreted as an efficient return to baseline glucose levels when energy requirements are high, with glucose presumably being used for energy metabolism or storage. Glucose tolerance was independent of sex. Our main finding that old birds with higher glucose tolerance had better survival supports the hypothesis that the capacity to efficiently cope with a physiological challenge predicts lifespan, at least in old birds.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Finches/physiology ; Glucose ; Longevity
Chemical Substances	Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.243205
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Article ; Online: Town population size and structuring into villages and households drive infectious disease risks in pre-healthcare Finland.

Ketola, Tarmo / Briga, Michael / Honkola, Terhi / Lummaa, Virpi

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2021 Volume 288, Issue 1949, Page(s) 20210356

Abstract: Social life is often considered to cost in terms of increased parasite or pathogen risk. However, evidence for this in the wild remains equivocal, possibly because populations and social groups are often structured, which affects the local transmission ... ...

Abstract	Social life is often considered to cost in terms of increased parasite or pathogen risk. However, evidence for this in the wild remains equivocal, possibly because populations and social groups are often structured, which affects the local transmission and extinction of diseases. We test how the structuring of towns into villages and households influenced the risk of dying from three easily diagnosable infectious diseases-smallpox, pertussis and measles-using a novel dataset covering almost all of Finland in the pre-healthcare era (1800-1850). Consistent with previous results, the risk of dying from all three diseases increased with the local population size. However, the division of towns into a larger number of villages decreased the risk of dying from smallpox and to some extent of pertussis but it slightly increased the risk for measles. Dividing towns into a larger number of households increased the length of the epidemic for all three diseases and led to the expected slower spread of the infection. However, this could be seen only when local population sizes were small. Our results indicate that the effect of population structure on epidemics, disease or parasite risk varies between pathogens and population sizes, hence lowering the ability to generalize the consequences of epidemics in spatially structured populations, and mapping the costs of social life, via parasites and diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Cities ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Delivery of Health Care ; Finland/epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Density
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2021.0356
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Article ; Online: Within-individual repeatability in telomere length: A meta-analysis in nonmammalian vertebrates.

Kärkkäinen, Tiia / Briga, Michael / Laaksonen, Toni / Stier, Antoine

Molecular ecology

2021 Volume 31, Issue 23, Page(s) 6339–6359

Abstract: Telomere length is increasingly used as a biomarker of long-term somatic state and future survival prospects. While most studies have overlooked this aspect, biological interpretations based on a given telomere length will benefit from considering the ... ...

Abstract	Telomere length is increasingly used as a biomarker of long-term somatic state and future survival prospects. While most studies have overlooked this aspect, biological interpretations based on a given telomere length will benefit from considering the level of within-individual repeatability of telomere length through time. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis on 74 longitudinal studies in nonmammalian vertebrates, with the aim to establish the current pattern of within-individual repeatability in telomere length and to identify the methodological (e.g., qPCR/TRF) and biological factors (e.g., age class, phylogeny) that may affect it. While the median within-individual repeatability of telomere length was moderate to high (R = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.05-0.95; N = 82), marked heterogeneity between studies was evident. Measurement method affected the repeatability estimate strongly, with TRF-based studies exhibiting high repeatability (R = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.34-0.96; N = 25), while repeatability of qPCR-based studies was markedly lower and more variable (R = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.04-0.82; N = 57). While phylogeny explained some variance in repeatability, phylogenetic signal was not significant (λ = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.00-0.83). None of the biological factors investigated here significantly explained variation in the repeatability of telomere length, being potentially obscured by methodological differences. Our meta-analysis highlights the high variability in within-individual repeatability estimates between studies and the need to put more effort into separating technical and biological explanations. This is important to better understand to what extent biological factors can affect the repeatability of telomere length and thus the interpretation of telomere length data.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Phylogeny ; Telomere/genetics ; Vertebrates/genetics ; Biomarkers ; Telomere Shortening
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1126687-9
ISSN	1365-294X ; 0962-1083
ISSN (online)	1365-294X
ISSN	0962-1083
DOI	10.1111/mec.16155
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Article ; Online: Glucose regulation is a repeatable trait affected by successive handling in zebra finches.

Montoya, Bibiana / Briga, Michael / Jimeno, Blanca / Verhulst, Simon

Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology

2020 Volume 190, Issue 4, Page(s) 455–464

Abstract: The capacity to adequately respond to (physiological) perturbations is a fundamental aspect of physiology, and may affect health and thereby Darwinian fitness. However, little is known of the degree of individual variation in this capacity in non-model ... ...

Abstract	The capacity to adequately respond to (physiological) perturbations is a fundamental aspect of physiology, and may affect health and thereby Darwinian fitness. However, little is known of the degree of individual variation in this capacity in non-model organisms. The glucose tolerance test evaluates the individual's ability to regulate circulating glucose levels, and is a widely used tool in medicine and biomedical research, because glucose regulation is thought to play a role in the ageing process, among other reasons. Here, we developed an application of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IP-GTT) to be used in small birds, to test whether individuals can be characterized by their regulation of glucose levels and the effect of successive handling on such regulation. Since the IP-injection (intraperitoneal glucose injection), repeated handling and blood sampling may trigger a stress response, which involves a rise in glucose levels, we also evaluated the effects of handling protocols on glucose response. Blood glucose levels decreased immediately following an IP-injection, either vehicle or glucose loaded, and increased with successive blood sampling. Blood glucose levels peaked, on average, at 20 min post-injection (PI) and had not yet returned back to initial levels at 120 min PI. Glucose measurements taken during the IP-GTT were integrated to estimate magnitude of changes in glucose levels over time using the incremental area under the curve (AUC) up to 40 min PI. Glucose levels integrated in the AUC were significantly repeatable within individuals over months (r = 50%; 95% CI 30-79%), showing that the ability to regulate glucose differs consistently between individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Female ; Finches/blood ; Glucose/administration & dosage ; Glucose Tolerance Test/methods ; Glucose Tolerance Test/veterinary ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male
Chemical Substances	Blood Glucose ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-18
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	231245-1
ISSN	1432-136X ; 0174-1578
ISSN (online)	1432-136X
ISSN	0174-1578
DOI	10.1007/s00360-020-01283-4
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