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  1. Book ; Online: Applying Next Generation Sequencing and Transgenic Models to Rare Disease Research

    Gouw, Arvin M. / Jaishankar, Amritha / Brooks, George A.

    2020  

    Keywords Science: general issues ; Medical genetics ; Rare disease ; Genomics ; Next generation sequencing ; transgenic ; genetic analysis
    Size 1 electronic resource (119 pages)
    Publisher Frontiers Media SA
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT021230257
    ISBN 9782889635245 ; 2889635244
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Article ; Online: What the Lactate Shuttle Means for Sports Nutrition.

    Brooks, George A

    Nutrients

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 9

    Abstract: The discovery of the lactate shuttle (LS) mechanism may have two opposite perceptions, It may mean very little, because the body normally and inexorably uses the LS mechanism. On the contrary, one may support the viewpoint that understanding the LS ... ...

    Abstract The discovery of the lactate shuttle (LS) mechanism may have two opposite perceptions, It may mean very little, because the body normally and inexorably uses the LS mechanism. On the contrary, one may support the viewpoint that understanding the LS mechanism offers immense opportunities for understanding nutrition and metabolism in general, as well as in a sports nutrition supplementation setting. In fact, regardless of the specific form of the carbohydrate (CHO) nutrient taken, the bodily CHO energy flux is from a hexose sugar glucose or glucose polymer (glycogen and starches) to lactate with subsequent somatic tissue oxidation or storage as liver glycogen. In fact, because oxygen and lactate flow together through the circulation to sites of utilization, the bodily carbon energy flow is essentially the lactate disposal rate. Consequently, one can consume glucose or glucose polymers in various forms (glycogen, maltodextrin, potato, corn starch, and fructose or high-fructose corn syrup), and the intestinal wall, liver, integument, and active and inactive muscles make lactate which is the chief energy fuel for red skeletal muscle, heart, brain, erythrocytes, and kidneys. Therefore, if one wants to hasten the delivery of CHO energy delivery, instead of providing CHO foods, supplementation with lactate nutrient compounds can augment body energy flow.
    MeSH term(s) Lactic Acid ; Glucans ; Glycogen ; Starch ; Glucose ; Fructose
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Glucans ; Glycogen (9005-79-2) ; Starch (9005-25-8) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2) ; Fructose (30237-26-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
    ISSN (online) 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu15092178
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Reply from George A. Brooks.

    Brooks, George A

    The Journal of physiology

    2022  Volume 600, Issue 11, Page(s) 2815

    MeSH term(s) Glycolysis ; Lactic Acid
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 3115-x
    ISSN 1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
    ISSN (online) 1469-7793
    ISSN 0022-3751
    DOI 10.1113/JP283189
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Role of the Heart in Lactate Shuttling.

    Brooks, George A

    Frontiers in nutrition

    2021  Volume 8, Page(s) 663560

    Abstract: After almost a century of misunderstanding, it is time to appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important feature of energy flux and metabolic regulation that involves a complex series of metabolic, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cardiac ... ...

    Abstract After almost a century of misunderstanding, it is time to appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important feature of energy flux and metabolic regulation that involves a complex series of metabolic, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cardiac events
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2776676-7
    ISSN 2296-861X
    ISSN 2296-861X
    DOI 10.3389/fnut.2021.663560
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: The "Anaerobic Threshold" Concept Is Not Valid in Physiology and Medicine.

    Brooks, George A

    Medicine and science in sports and exercise

    2021  Volume 53, Issue 5, Page(s) 1093–1096

    MeSH term(s) Aerobiosis/physiology ; Anaerobic Threshold ; Animals ; Exercise/physiology ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Glycolysis/physiology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/biosynthesis ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Glycogen (9005-79-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603994-7
    ISSN 1530-0315 ; 0195-9131 ; 0025-7990
    ISSN (online) 1530-0315
    ISSN 0195-9131 ; 0025-7990
    DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002549
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 869: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: The Precious Few Grams of Glucose During Exercise.

    Brooks, George A

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 16

    Abstract: As exercise intensity exceeds 65% of maximal oxygen uptake carbohydrate energy sources predominate. However, relative to the meager 4-5 g blood glucose pool size in a postabsorptive individual (0.9-1.0 g· ... ...

    Abstract As exercise intensity exceeds 65% of maximal oxygen uptake carbohydrate energy sources predominate. However, relative to the meager 4-5 g blood glucose pool size in a postabsorptive individual (0.9-1.0 g·L
    MeSH term(s) Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Endurance Training ; Female ; Glucagon/blood ; Gluconeogenesis/physiology ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Homeostasis/physiology ; Humans ; Insulin/blood ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Muscles/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Physical Exertion/physiology
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; Insulin ; Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Glycogen (9005-79-2) ; Glucagon (9007-92-5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms21165733
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism.

    Brooks, George A

    Redox biology

    2020  Volume 35, Page(s) 101454

    Abstract: Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions and is utilized continuously in diverse cells, tissues, organs and at ... ...

    Abstract Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions and is utilized continuously in diverse cells, tissues, organs and at the whole-body level. By shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer (recipient) cells lactate fulfills at least three purposes: 1] a major energy source for mitochondrial respiration; 2] the major gluconeogenic precursor; and 3] a signaling molecule. Working by mass action, cell redox regulation, allosteric binding, and reprogramming of chromatin by lactylation of lysine residues on histones, lactate has major influences in energy substrate partitioning. The physiological range of tissue [lactate] is 0.5-20 mM and the cellular Lactate/Pyruvate ratio (L/P) can range from 10 to >500; these changes during exercise and other stress-strain responses dwarf other metabolic signals in magnitude and span. Hence, lactate dynamics have rapid and major short- and long-term effects on cell redox and other control systems. By inhibiting lipolysis in adipose via HCAR-1, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid uptake via malonyl-CoA and CPT1, lactate controls energy substrate partitioning. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in major effects on the expression of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Lactate is the fulcrum of metabolic regulation in vivo.
    MeSH term(s) Energy Metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-09
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2701011-9
    ISSN 2213-2317 ; 2213-2317
    ISSN (online) 2213-2317
    ISSN 2213-2317
    DOI 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: The tortuous path of lactate shuttle discovery: From cinders and boards to the lab and ICU.

    Brooks, George A

    Journal of sport and health science

    2020  Volume 9, Issue 5, Page(s) 446–460

    Abstract: Once thought to be a waste product of oxygen limited (anaerobic) metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under fully oxygenated (aerobic) conditions. Lactate shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer cells fulfills at least 3 ... ...

    Abstract Once thought to be a waste product of oxygen limited (anaerobic) metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under fully oxygenated (aerobic) conditions. Lactate shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer cells fulfills at least 3 purposes; lactate is: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. The Lactate Shuttle theory is applicable to diverse fields such as sports nutrition and hydration, resuscitation from acidosis and Dengue, treatment of traumatic brain injury, maintenance of glycemia, reduction of inflammation, cardiac support in heart failure and following a myocardial infarction, and to improve cognition. Yet, dysregulated lactate shuttling disrupts metabolic flexibility, and worse, supports oncogenesis. Lactate production in cancer (the Warburg effect) is involved in all main sequela for carcinogenesis: angiogenesis, immune escape, cell migration, metastasis, and self-sufficient metabolism. The history of the tortuous path of discovery in lactate metabolism and shuttling was discussed in the 2019 American College of Sports Medicine Joseph B. Wolffe Lecture in Orlando, FL.
    MeSH term(s) Anaerobiosis ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Critical Care ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Endurance Training ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/biosynthesis ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Lactic Acid/therapeutic use ; Lipolysis ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Sepsis/therapy ; Signal Transduction ; Warburg Effect, Oncologic
    Chemical Substances Blood Glucose ; Fatty Acids ; Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters ; Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-21
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2673028-5
    ISSN 2213-2961 ; 2095-2546
    ISSN (online) 2213-2961
    ISSN 2095-2546
    DOI 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory.

    Brooks, George A

    Cell metabolism

    2018  Volume 27, Issue 4, Page(s) 757–785

    Abstract: Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the ...

    Abstract Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. "Lactate shuttle" (LS) concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signaling. In medicine, it has long been recognized that the elevation of blood lactate correlates with illness or injury severity. However, with lactate shuttle theory in mind, some clinicians are now appreciating lactatemia as a "strain" and not a "stress" biomarker. In fact, clinical studies are utilizing lactate to treat pro-inflammatory conditions and to deliver optimal fuel for working muscles in sports medicine. The above, as well as historic and recent studies of lactate metabolism and shuttling, are discussed in the following review.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glycolysis/physiology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Authors' Reply to Monferrer-Marín J, et al.: Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals.

    San-Millán, Iñigo / Brooks, George A

    Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

    2022  Volume 52, Issue 8, Page(s) 2011–2012

    MeSH term(s) Athletes ; Carbohydrates ; Exercise/physiology ; Humans ; Lactates ; Oxidation-Reduction
    Chemical Substances Carbohydrates ; Lactates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-14
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 605911-9
    ISSN 1179-2035 ; 0112-1642
    ISSN (online) 1179-2035
    ISSN 0112-1642
    DOI 10.1007/s40279-022-01656-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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