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Article ; Online: Union and Family Formation During Young Adulthood: Insights From the Add Health.

Brown, Susan L

The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine

2022 Volume 71, Issue 6S, Page(s) S32–S39

Abstract: Family formation patterns among US young adults are shifting, reflecting an accelerating retreat from marriage coupled with significant increases in cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing. Drawing on a selection of published longitudinal studies, this ... ...

Abstract	Family formation patterns among US young adults are shifting, reflecting an accelerating retreat from marriage coupled with significant increases in cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing. Drawing on a selection of published longitudinal studies, this article reviews key contributions to the literature on these trends in union and family formation that have stemmed from research conducted using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, or Add Health. Add Health is integral to deciphering the adolescent precursors to young adult union formation and childbearing, allowing researchers to gauge the roles of multiple social contexts such as family, schools, peers, and adolescent romance, with attention to variation across racial-ethnic groups and by socioeconomic status. In turn, researchers use Add Health to assess how young adult family formation behaviors are related to numerous indicators of health and well-being, ranging from mental and physical health to relationship quality and stability, interpersonal violence, and crime. With its sibling and couples samples, genetic data, and detailed partnership histories for both different- and same-sex relationships, Add Health is an invaluable data source for tracking the familial experiences (formation and dissolution) of a large cohort from adolescence into middle age.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Adult ; Longitudinal Studies ; Marriage ; Peer Group ; Family Characteristics ; Cohort Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1063374-1
ISSN	1879-1972 ; 1054-139X
ISSN (online)	1879-1972
ISSN	1054-139X
DOI	10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.020
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Article ; Online: The Graying of Divorce: A Half Century of Change.

Brown, Susan L / Lin, I-Fen

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2022 Volume 77, Issue 9, Page(s) 1710–1720

Abstract: Objectives: We traced the historical arc of the rise in gray divorce (i.e., divorce that occurs among adults aged 50 and older) in the United States since 1970, elucidating unique patterns for middle-aged (aged 50-64) versus older (aged 65 and older) ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: We traced the historical arc of the rise in gray divorce (i.e., divorce that occurs among adults aged 50 and older) in the United States since 1970, elucidating unique patterns for middle-aged (aged 50-64) versus older (aged 65 and older) adults. Methods: Data from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. Vital Statistics Reports and the 2010 and 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) were used to chart the trends in gray divorce over the past half century. Drawing on the 2019 ACS, we estimated gray divorce rates across sociodemographic subgroups for today's middle-aged and older adults. We pooled the 2010 (N = 757,835) and 2019 (N = 892,714) ACS data to assess whether divorce risks are shifting for middle-aged versus older adults. Results: The gray divorce rate was low and grew only modestly between 1970 and 1990 before doubling by 2010. Since 2010, the rate has decreased slightly (but the decrease is not statistically significant). The gray divorce rate has stagnated among middle-aged adults but continues to climb among older adults. Discussion: Our study illustrates the graying of divorce over the past half century. Nowadays, 36% of U.S. adults getting divorced are aged 50 or older. The only age group with an increasing divorce rate is adults aged 65 and older, raising new questions about how they will navigate old age.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Divorce ; Humans ; Marriage ; Middle Aged ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbac057
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Article ; Online: Gray Divorce During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Brown, Susan L / Lin, I-Fen / Julian, Christopher A

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2023 Volume 79, Issue 2

Abstract: Objectives: Drawing on emerging evidence that the pandemic appears to have impeded both the divorce process and actual divorces, we examined whether the gray divorce rate (i.e., divorce among adults aged 50+) declined following the onset of the COVID-19 ...

Abstract	Objectives: Drawing on emerging evidence that the pandemic appears to have impeded both the divorce process and actual divorces, we examined whether the gray divorce rate (i.e., divorce among adults aged 50+) declined following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data from the 2019 and 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) were used to track changes in gray divorce. With the 2021 ACS, we estimated pandemic-era gray divorce rates across sociodemographic subgroups for middle-aged and older adults. We then pooled the 2019 (N = 892,700) and 2021 (N = 898,828) data to examine whether the risk of divorce changed with the onset of the pandemic net of sociodemographic characteristics, distinguishing trends for middle-aged versus older adults. Results: The gray divorce rate dropped following the onset of the pandemic. This drop was more pronounced among middle-aged than older adults. For older adults, the divorce rate essentially stalled. Discussion: The gray divorce rate now mirrors the overall trend of modest decline in U.S. divorce patterns. Whether the gray divorce rate continues to shrink as society transitions to a postpandemic environment awaits future research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Divorce ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Marriage
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbad162
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Article: Union Formation Expectations among Older Adults Who Live Apart Together in the USA.

Wu, Huijing / Brown, Susan L

Journal of family issues

2021 Volume 43, Issue 10, Page(s) 2577–2598

Abstract: There is an ongoing debate over whether living apart together (LAT) relationships are simply long-term relationships or alternatives to cohabitation or marriage. This study examined cohabitation and marriage expectations among older adults who LAT in the ...

Abstract	There is an ongoing debate over whether living apart together (LAT) relationships are simply long-term relationships or alternatives to cohabitation or marriage. This study examined cohabitation and marriage expectations among older adults who LAT in the United States to address the debate. The analyses also compared the marriage expectations of older adults who LAT and cohabitors. Using data from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), we examined the union expectations of 250 individuals who LAT and 234 cohabitors. After providing a demographic portrait of older adults who LAT, we used ordered logistic regression models to predict their cohabitation and marriage expectations. Additional models predicted marriage expectations for older adults who LAT versus cohabitors. Older adults who LAT were unlikely to expect to formalize their unions. Adults who LAT were less likely to expect marriage than cohabitors. LAT relationships appear to be long-term partnerships in the United States.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1494068-1
ISSN	1552-5481 ; 0192-513X
ISSN (online)	1552-5481
ISSN	0192-513X
DOI	10.1177/0192513x211031518
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Article ; Online: A Brief Report on Living Arrangements Following Gray Divorce.

Brown, Susan L / Lin, I-Fen / Mellencamp PhD, Kagan A

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2023 Volume 78, Issue 8, Page(s) 1396–1401

Abstract: Objectives: We offer new insights on how older adults in the United States navigate the aftermath of gray divorce (i.e., divorce that occurs among adults aged 50+) by describing their living arrangements upon divorce and tracking the stability of these ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: We offer new insights on how older adults in the United States navigate the aftermath of gray divorce (i.e., divorce that occurs among adults aged 50+) by describing their living arrangements upon divorce and tracking the stability of these configurations over time. Living arrangements are important to decipher because they are linked to health, well-being, and longevity. Methods: Using data from the 1998-2014 Health and Retirement Study, we uncovered patterns of U.S. older adult living arrangements upon divorce (N = 1,057), distinguishing among those who lived alone, lived with others, and lived with a new partner. Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated to assess how individual characteristics (demographics, marital biography, economic resources, health, and social ties) were associated with these configurations. Cumulative survival probabilities gauged the relative stability of these 3 living arrangements. Results: About half of U.S. adults lived alone upon gray divorce, another one-third lived with others, and the remaining 14% lived with a new partner. Adults living with a new partner tended to exhibit the most advantaged sociodemographic profiles, whereas those living solo or with others were largely comparable. More than 70% of adults experienced a subsequent living arrangement transition if they lived with others upon divorce, versus just 50% of those living alone and only 30% of those with a new partner. Discussion: After divorce, older adults reside in a range of living arrangements, some of which are more stable than others. Future work should address whether and how these arrangements and their durability are related to postdivorce adjustment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Aged ; Divorce ; Marriage ; Residence Characteristics ; Longevity ; Retirement
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbad035
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Article ; Online: Income Pooling in Midlife: A Comparison of Remarried and Cohabiting Relationships.

Wright, Matthew R / Schwartz, Tatum A / Brown, Susan L / Manning, Wendy D

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2023 Volume 78, Issue 8, Page(s) 1402–1411

Abstract: Objectives: The share of adults cohabiting at later ages has risen in the past few decades, though little is known about income pooling among midlife cohabitors. Cohabitation could be an attractive option because partners may be able to preserve their ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The share of adults cohabiting at later ages has risen in the past few decades, though little is known about income pooling among midlife cohabitors. Cohabitation could be an attractive option because partners may be able to preserve their economic autonomy and maintain assets for the next generation. Conversely, cohabitation may operate as an alternative to marriage, allowing midlife adults to combine their resources to achieve economies of scale without the legal obligations of marriage. This study compared income pooling among middle-aged remarried and cohabiting adults in the United States. Methods: Data were from the nationally representative 2013 Families and Relationships Survey. The analytic sample included adults aged 50-65 who were cohabiting or remarried (N = 888). Logistic regression models were used to predict the likelihood of income pooling among cohabiting and remarried midlife adults, net of relationship, demographic, and economic characteristics. Results: Aligning with the hypothesis that cohabitation and remarriage are distinct in middle age, the odds of income pooling were lower for cohabitors than remarrieds. However, the gap between cohabitors and remarrieds narrowed by later ages. Discussion: This study provides insight into the economic organization of midlife cohabiting relationships, which may have implications for individual well-being and relationship decision-making among middle-aged couples.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Middle Aged ; Marriage ; Family Characteristics ; Income ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Logistic Models
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbad051
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Article: The Rising Midlife First Marriage Rate in the U.S.

Brown, Susan L / Lin, I-Fen / Mellencamp, Kagan A

Journal of marriage and the family

2022 Volume 84, Issue 4, Page(s) 1220–1233

Abstract: Objective: This study documented change in the midlife first marriage rate for U.S. adults aged 40-59 between 1990 and 2019 and assessed the sociodemographic correlates of midlife first marriage formation for today's women and men.: Background: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This study documented change in the midlife first marriage rate for U.S. adults aged 40-59 between 1990 and 2019 and assessed the sociodemographic correlates of midlife first marriage formation for today's women and men. Background: Median ages at first marriage are at record highs for women and men, signaling that marriage may be increasingly occurring at older ages. However, first marriage formation among midlife adults remains largely overlooked. Method: Data from the 1990 U.S. Vital Statistics and the 2010 and 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) were used to estimate change in women's and men's first marriage rates across age groups, with a focus on how the rate has changed for midlife adults. Average marginal effects (AMEs) were derived from logistic regression analyses that drew on the 2019 ACS to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and midlife first marriage formation for women and men. Results: Since 1990, the midlife first marriage rate has increased by 75% for women and 45% for men. The shares of women and men entering a first marriage who were aged 40-59 quadrupled between 1990 and 2019 (rising from 2% to 9% among women and from 3% to 12% among men). Some of the well-established predictors of first marriage in young adulthood operated uniquely for first marriage formation in midlife. Conclusion: Future research on first marriage formation should incorporate midlife adults.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066605-6
ISSN	1741-3737 ; 0022-2445
ISSN (online)	1741-3737
ISSN	0022-2445
DOI	10.1111/jomf.12861
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Article ; Online: The Economic Consequences of Gray Divorce for Women and Men.

Lin, I-Fen / Brown, Susan L

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2020 Volume 76, Issue 10, Page(s) 2073–2085

Abstract: Objectives: Gray divorce, which describes divorce among persons aged 50 and older, is increasingly common reflecting the doubling of the gray divorce rate since 1990. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the consequences of gray divorce and in ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Gray divorce, which describes divorce among persons aged 50 and older, is increasingly common reflecting the doubling of the gray divorce rate since 1990. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the consequences of gray divorce and in particular how women and men fare economically during the aftermath. Method: Using longitudinal data from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study, we estimated hybrid fixed/random-effects models comparing women's and men's economic well-being prior to, during, and following gray divorce and subsequent repartnering. Results: Women experienced a 45% decline in their standard of living (measured by an income-to-needs ratio), whereas men's dropped by just 21%. These declines persisted over time for men, and only reversed for women following repartnering, which essentially offset women's losses associated with gray divorce. No gender gap emerged for changes in wealth following divorce with both women and men experiencing roughly a 50% drop. Similarly, repartnering was ameliorative only for women's wealth. Discussion: Gray divorce is often financially devastating, especially for women. Although repartnering seems to reverse most of the economic costs of gray divorce for women, few form new co-residential unions after divorce. This study offers a cautionary tale about the financial aftermath of gray divorce, which is likely to contribute to growing economic disadvantage among older adults.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Divorce/economics ; Divorce/psychology ; Divorce/statistics & numerical data ; Financial Stress/epidemiology ; Financial Stress/psychology ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Income ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological/economics ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbaa157
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Article ; Online: Sole Family Survivors: Older Adults Lacking Family of Origin Kin.

Brown, Susan L / Mellencamp, Kagan A / Lin, I-Fen

The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences

2021 Volume 77, Issue 5, Page(s) 930–935

Abstract: Objectives: We introduced a unique form of kinlessness: sole family survivorship, which describes the lack of family of origin (i.e., biological parents and siblings) kin. This form of kinlessness may be particularly consequential for older adults who ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: We introduced a unique form of kinlessness: sole family survivorship, which describes the lack of family of origin (i.e., biological parents and siblings) kin. This form of kinlessness may be particularly consequential for older adults who experience other forms of kinlessness (e.g., no spouse/partner or no children) as they are especially likely to have relied on their family of origin for support. Methods: Data from the 1998-2014 Health and Retirement Study (N = 148,346 person-waves) were used to estimate the prevalence of sole family survivorship among adults aged 55 and older and men and women aged 55-74 and 75+. Variation in prevalence levels of sole family survivorship across sociodemographic characteristics, health indicators, and family factors were also estimated. Finally, we tracked cohort trends in sole family survivorship. Results: More than 1 in 10 adults aged 55+ were sole family survivors and this figure rose to more than 1 in 4 among those aged 75+. Adults with no spouse/partner and no children were especially likely to be sole family survivors, meaning they face a double burden of kinlessness. Discussion: Sole family survivorship represents the culmination of loss of multiple, lifelong kin ties. It is more common among those lacking other close kin, signaling the presence of a uniquely vulnerable group of older adults who experience multiple forms of kinlessness. Future research should address how older adults and society at large adapt to kinlessness to ensure successful aging.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aging ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Survivors
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223664-0
ISSN	1758-5368 ; 1079-5014
ISSN (online)	1758-5368
ISSN	1079-5014
DOI	10.1093/geronb/gbab239
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Article: Divorce Attitudes among Older Adults: Two Decades of Change.

Brown, Susan L / Wright, Matthew R

Journal of family issues

2019 Volume 40, Issue 8, Page(s) 1018–1037

Abstract: The authors used data from the 1994, 2002, and 2012 General Social Survey (N = 1,450) to examine whether support for divorce has increased among adults aged 50 and older. Consistent with the rise in the gray divorce rate, today's older adults were more ... ...

Abstract	The authors used data from the 1994, 2002, and 2012 General Social Survey (N = 1,450) to examine whether support for divorce has increased among adults aged 50 and older. Consistent with the rise in the gray divorce rate, today's older adults were more accepting of divorce than their predecessors were two decades ago. Attitudinal change was modest between 1994 and 2002 but accelerated after 2002. The acceleration was primarily due to period rather than cohort change, signaling the role of broader shifts in the meaning of marriage as it has become deinstitutionalized. Older birth cohorts and individuals who were either divorced or remarried were especially likely to hold supportive attitudes toward divorce.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1494068-1
ISSN	1552-5481 ; 0192-513X
ISSN (online)	1552-5481
ISSN	0192-513X
DOI	10.1177/0192513X19832936
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