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  1. Article ; Online: Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults.

    Ahuja, Manik / Haeny, Angela M / Sartor, Carolyn E / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2022  Volume 232, Page(s) 109304

    Abstract: Background: The current study examines the association of perceived racial and social class discrimination with cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults.: Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM) ...

    Abstract Background: The current study examines the association of perceived racial and social class discrimination with cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults.
    Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM), a high-risk longitudinal family study of alcohol use disorder, oversampled for Black families. Offspring (n = 806) and their mothers were interviewed by telephone. Cox proportional hazards regression analyzes were used to examine associations of racial and social class discrimination (experienced by offspring and their mothers) with offspring cannabis involvement. Two stages of cannabis involvement were analyzed: timing of 1) initiation and 2) transition from initiation to first cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptom.
    Results: The study found that offspring report of experiencing racial (HR: 1.28, CI: 1.01-1.62) and social class discrimination (HR: 1.45, CI: 1.14-1.84) were associated with cannabis initiation in our fully adjusted model. Mothers' report of discrimination predicted a lower hazard of cannabis initiation among offspring (HR: 0.79, CI: 0.64-0.98). Offspring social class discrimination (HR: 2.45, CI: 1.71-3.51) predicted an increased hazard of transition from initiation to first CUD symptom, while offspring racial discrimination (HR: 0.57, CI: 0.39-0.85) was associated with lower hazard of transition in our fully adjusted model.
    Conclusions: As rates for cannabis use among Black youth are disproportionately rising, there is a critical need to identify pathways to its use among Black youth. These findings suggest racial and social class discrimination may be important targets in efforts to prevent cannabis involvement among Black youth and emerging adults.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Black or African American ; Black People ; Cannabis ; Humans ; Racism ; Social Class ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-13
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109304
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  2. Article ; Online: Social class discrimination as a predictor of first cigarette use and transition to nicotine use disorder in Black and White youth.

    Sartor, Carolyn E / Haeny, Angela M / Ahuja, Manik / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

    2021  Volume 56, Issue 6, Page(s) 981–992

    Abstract: Purpose: To characterize the association of social class discrimination with the timing of first cigarette use and progression to DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) in Black and White youth, examining variation by race, parent vs. youth experiences of ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To characterize the association of social class discrimination with the timing of first cigarette use and progression to DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) in Black and White youth, examining variation by race, parent vs. youth experiences of discrimination, socioeconomic status (SES), and stage of smoking.
    Methods: Data were drawn from 1461 youth (55.2% Black, 44.8% White; 50.2% female) and mothers in a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder and related conditions. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted, using youth's and mother's social class discrimination to predict first cigarette use and progression to ND, stratifying by race. Interactions between discrimination and SES indicators (parental education and household income) were tested. Adjusted models included psychiatric covariates.
    Results: In the adjusted first cigarette use models, neither youth's nor mother's social class discrimination was a significant predictor among Black youth, but mother's discrimination was associated with increased risk [HR = 1.53 (1.18-1.99)] among White youth. In the adjusted ND models, mother's discrimination was associated with reduced ND risk for Black youth in middle-income families [HR = 0.29 (CI 0.13-0.63)], but neither youth's nor mother's discrimination predicted transition to ND among White youth.
    Conclusions: The observed race and smoking stage-specific effects suggest that social class discrimination is more impactful on early stages of smoking for White youth and later stages for Black youth. The robustness of links with mother's discrimination experiences further suggests the importance of considering family-level effects and the need to explore possible mechanisms, such as socialization processes.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Black or African American ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Social Class ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology ; White People
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-02
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 623071-4
    ISSN 1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    ISSN (online) 1433-9285
    ISSN 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    DOI 10.1007/s00127-020-01984-9
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  3. Article ; Online: Gender discrimination and illicit drug use among African American and European American adolescents and emerging adults.

    Ahuja, Manik / Haeny, Angela M / Sartor, Carolyn E / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

    2020  Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 310–319

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; African Americans/psychology ; African Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Alcoholism/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Risk ; Sexism/psychology ; Sexism/statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology ; United States ; Whites/psychology ; Whites/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2101111-4
    ISSN 1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1501
    ISSN 0893-164X
    DOI 10.1037/adb0000683
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  4. Article ; Online: Alcohol Dependence and Reproductive Onset in Women, Updated: Analyses of Research and State-Level Administrative Data.

    Waldron, Mary / Bucholz, Kathleen K / Madden, Pamela A F / Heath, Andrew C

    Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

    2020  Volume 81, Issue 1, Page(s) 74–80

    Abstract: Objective: The present study updates prior research, incorporating state-level administrative data to examine associations between self-reported history of alcohol dependence and birth record-derived reproductive onset, the latter assessed through peak ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The present study updates prior research, incorporating state-level administrative data to examine associations between self-reported history of alcohol dependence and birth record-derived reproductive onset, the latter assessed through peak childbearing years.
    Method: Participants included 542 African ancestry (AA) and 2,928 European or other ancestry (EA) female twins ascertained through Missouri birth records and recruited as part of a birth cohort study of like-sex female pairs born between 1975 and 1985. Analyses were limited to twins for whom residence in Missouri when of reproductive age could be documented, including twins who left Missouri but later returned. Cox proportional hazards regression models were estimated predicting age at first childbirth from history of alcohol dependence, separately for AA and EA twins, without and with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid psychopathology and other substance involvement, overweight/obesity status, and family-of-origin and childhood risk factors.
    Results: Among EA twins, alcohol dependence predicted both early and delayed childbearing; in adjusted models, alcohol dependence was associated with overall delayed childbearing. Associations between alcohol dependence and reproductive onset were nonsignificant among AA twins.
    Conclusions: Findings for EA twins are consistent with the broader literature indicating increased risk of teen motherhood associated with early-onset and problem drinking, but suggest that this may be explained by other correlated risk factors. The more robust finding, confirming relatively recent research, is of delayed childbearing associated with alcohol dependence.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; African Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data ; Alcoholism/physiopathology ; Cohort Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Age ; Missouri ; Risk Factors ; Self Report ; Twins/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Twin Study
    ZDB-ID 2266450-6
    ISSN 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
    ISSN (online) 1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
    ISSN 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
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  5. Article: Racial Associations Between Gambling and Suicidal Behaviors Among Black and White Adolescents and Young Adults.

    Ahuja, Manik / Werner, Kimberly B / Cunningham-Williams, Renee M / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Current addiction reports

    2021  Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) 246–254

    Abstract: Purpose of review: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Black youth ages 10-19 years. Between 1991 and 2017, rates of suicide among Black youth have been increasing faster than rates among any other race/ethnic group. There are many ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Black youth ages 10-19 years. Between 1991 and 2017, rates of suicide among Black youth have been increasing faster than rates among any other race/ethnic group. There are many factors that may explain this increase, with gambling being suggested as one such potential risk factor. This review examines the association between gambling and suicide behaviors, and how these associations may vary between Black and White youth and young adults. The current review examines these associations using data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM).
    Recent findings: Recent findings have revealed distinct patterns of substance use initiation and gambling behaviors between Black youth and White youth. While strong links between gambling and suicide behaviors have also been reported, whether the associations were consistent across race/ethnicity groups was not investigated, nor in these cross-sectional analyses was it possible to determine whether the gambling behaviors preceded or followed suicidality. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether there are differences in the associations of gambling and suicide behaviors at the race/ethnicity level in tandem with data that examine the sequence of the behaviors. The current report focuses on racial/ethnic differences using data that allow for sequencing the occurrence of the behaviors via the age of first gambling experience, and of first suicidal symptom, to better distinguish the nature of the association.
    Summary: The current findings revealed that gambling initiation predicted suicide ideation among Black youth, while no significant association was found among White youth. This is of major public health concern, given the rising rates of suicide among Black youth, and the increased availability of gambling. The report did not find a link between gambling and suicide attempts. Culturally tailored interventions should be considered among schools, families, and clinicians/providers, to highlight the risk of adolescent gambling, particularly among Black youth.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2196-2952
    ISSN 2196-2952
    DOI 10.1007/s40429-021-00374-8
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  6. Article ; Online: Timing of mortality in mothers with recurrent convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol and their children, from childbirth to child age 17.

    McCutcheon, Vivia V / Bucholz, Kathleen K / Houston-Ludlam, Alexandra N / Waldron, Mary / Heath, Andrew C

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2021  Volume 221, Page(s) 108620

    Abstract: Background: We tested variation in the timing of child and maternal mortality associated with severe maternal AUD, as represented by recurrent arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol (rDUI).: Methods: rDUI mothers (N = 1614) and Controls ... ...

    Abstract Background: We tested variation in the timing of child and maternal mortality associated with severe maternal AUD, as represented by recurrent arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol (rDUI).
    Methods: rDUI mothers (N = 1614) and Controls with no alcohol-related driving offenses (N = 109,928) who gave birth in Missouri from 2000 to 2004 were identified using vital records. Propensity score matching adjusted for birth record measures including delayed prenatal care, smoking during pregnancy, relationship with reproductive partner [married/unmarried, paternity acknowledged/unacknowledged], partner DUI status from driving records, and for socioeconomic characteristics of maternal residential census tract at birth derived from census data. Survival analysis was used to test months from childbirth to child or maternal death as a function of lifetime rDUI status.
    Results: Maternal rDUIs were associated with a consistently elevated probability of child mortality from birth through child age 17 after propensity score-adjustment (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.70, 95 % CI = 1.17-2.47). Maternal mortality was not elevated, relative to Controls, until child age 6-11 (HR = 1.58, 95 % CI = 1.05-2.35) and increased again from child age 12-17 (HR = 4.12, 95 % CI = 3.04-5.86).
    Conclusions: Severe maternal AUD, as characterized by rDUI, increases the risk for child mortality over that of Controls through age 17. Delays in rDUI maternal mortality until child age 6 may indicate a period when maternal referral for intervention to reduce harm to child and mother is likely to be especially effective.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcoholism/mortality ; Child ; Child Mortality/trends ; Child of Impaired Parents/statistics & numerical data ; Child, Preschool ; Driving Under the Influence/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maternal Mortality/trends ; Missouri/epidemiology ; Mothers/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Propensity Score ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Time Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-16
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108620
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  7. Article ; Online: Associations between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behaviors among African-American adolescents and young adults: a latent class analysis.

    Xie, Tiffany H / Ahuja, Manik / McCutcheon, Vivia V / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

    2020  Volume 55, Issue 11, Page(s) 1479–1489

    Abstract: Purpose: Discrimination is a common stressor among African Americans and may increase vulnerability to risk behaviors, such as early initiation of substance use, substance use problems, and physical aggression; however, few studies have examined ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Discrimination is a common stressor among African Americans and may increase vulnerability to risk behaviors, such as early initiation of substance use, substance use problems, and physical aggression; however, few studies have examined different types of discrimination and their associations with patterns of risk behaviors. This study examines the relationship between experiences of racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behaviors in African-American adolescents and young adults.
    Methods: We investigated associations of two discrimination types with risk behavior patterns identified with latent class analysis in a high-risk sample of African Americans (N = 797, M
    Results: Four distinct classes of risk behaviors were characterized by High Use and Aggression (10%), Moderate Use and Aggression (10%), High Alcohol (17%), and Low Use and Aggression (63%). Classes that exhibit general risk behaviors, including substance use and aggression, were significantly associated with racial and socioeconomic discrimination, even in the fully adjusted model. Relative to other classes, the High Use and Aggression class demonstrated an elevated likelihood of experiencing both racial and socioeconomic discrimination.
    Conclusions: Findings support a link between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and risk behavior in African-American youth, which may be stronger for socioeconomic discrimination. Understanding the relationship between discrimination and risk behavior can inform future interventions to prevent substance misuse and conduct problems in youth. Further study is needed to elucidate the relationship between discrimination and other risk behaviors.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; African Americans ; Female ; Humans ; Latent Class Analysis ; Male ; Racism ; Risk-Taking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-16
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 623071-4
    ISSN 1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    ISSN (online) 1433-9285
    ISSN 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
    DOI 10.1007/s00127-020-01884-y
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  8. Article ; Online: The Association Between Racial Discrimination and Suicidality among African-American Adolescents and Young Adults.

    Arshanapally, Suraj / Werner, Kimberly B / Sartor, Carolyn E / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research

    2018  Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 584–595

    Abstract: This study assessed the association between racial discrimination and suicidality (ideation, plan, or attempt) in African-American adolescents and young adults (n = 806, mean age = 17.9 years). Structured psychiatric phone interviews were conducted in ... ...

    Abstract This study assessed the association between racial discrimination and suicidality (ideation, plan, or attempt) in African-American adolescents and young adults (n = 806, mean age = 17.9 years). Structured psychiatric phone interviews were conducted in offspring and their mothers in a high-risk alcoholism family study. Logistic regression analyses using offspring's own racial discrimination as a predictor revealed elevated odds of suicidality, even after adjusting for correlated psychiatric conditions (OR = 1.76) but was reduced to non-significance after adjusting for maternal experiences of racial discrimination (OR = 3.19 in males), depression, and problem drinking. Findings support a link between racial discrimination and suicidality in African-American youth that, for males, is partially explained by maternal racial discrimination.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; African Americans/psychology ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/psychology ; Family Health ; Female ; Humans ; Interview, Psychological ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Mothers/psychology ; Racism/ethnology ; Racism/prevention & control ; Racism/psychology ; Racism/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Risk Factors ; Suicide/ethnology ; Suicide/prevention & control ; Suicide/psychology ; Suicide/statistics & numerical data ; United States/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1283671-0
    ISSN 1543-6136 ; 1381-1118
    ISSN (online) 1543-6136
    ISSN 1381-1118
    DOI 10.1080/13811118.2017.1387207
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    Zs.A 4465: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article: Risk Factors Associated With Gambling Involvement among a National Sample of African American and European American Young Adults.

    Ahuja, Manik / Cunningham-Williams, Renee / Werner, Kimberly B / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Journal of substance abuse and alcoholism

    2018  Volume 6, Issue 3

    Abstract: In the current research, we examined the association of key risk and protective factors for gambling involvement from the domains of family environment, conduct problems/delinquency, substance use, and depressive psychopathology in a nationally ... ...

    Abstract In the current research, we examined the association of key risk and protective factors for gambling involvement from the domains of family environment, conduct problems/delinquency, substance use, and depressive psychopathology in a nationally representative sample. The sample was comprised of 13,291 young adults (ages 18-26; Meanage = 22.8) self-identifying as European American (n=9,939) or African American (n=3,335) who participated in Wave III (n = 15,170) of the restricted-use National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used separate logistic regressions to study participation in specific gam bling categories (lottery games, casino-type games, other games). Childhood neglect, physical discipline, and current alcohol use was associated across each of the three gam bling categories. Our results also revealed differences between European American and African American subjects. Current cannabis use was associated with all three categories among African Americans, while current cigarette use was associated among European Americans for lottery games, and depression (female) was associated with other games. We also applied multinomial logistic regression to study gambling involvement based on the number of gam bling categories that the participant engaged in 2 or more (referent), only 1, or none at all. Our results revealed that delinquency/conduct symptoms (AOR=0.83) along with cannabis use (African American; AOR =0.66), cigarette use (European American; AOR =0.83), current alcohol use (AOR=0.66) were associated with gambling in two categories vs. gambling in one category. Childhood physical discipline (AOR=0.75) and childhood neglect (AOR=0.75) were associated with gam bling in two categories vs. no gambling. Further are needed to investigate the developmental pathways leading to increased gam bling involvement among African American and European American adolescents and young adults.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2373-9363
    ISSN 2373-9363
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  10. Article ; Online: Patterns of gambling and substance use initiation in African American and White adolescents and young adults.

    Werner, Kimberly B / Cunningham-Williams, Renee M / Ahuja, Manik / Bucholz, Kathleen K

    Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

    2019  Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 382–391

    Abstract: The focus of the current investigation is to examine the temporal relationship of gambling onset and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis initiation in adolescents and young adults ( ...

    Abstract The focus of the current investigation is to examine the temporal relationship of gambling onset and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis initiation in adolescents and young adults (
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Adult ; African Americans/ethnology ; Alcoholism/epidemiology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology ; Female ; Gambling/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Marijuana Use/epidemiology ; Missouri/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2101111-4
    ISSN 1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1501
    ISSN 0893-164X
    DOI 10.1037/adb0000531
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