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  1. Article ; Online: Ctenophores and the evolutionary origin(s) of neurons.

    Burkhardt, Pawel

    Trends in neurosciences

    2022  Volume 45, Issue 12, Page(s) 878–880

    Abstract: Ctenophores (commonly known as comb jellies) are among the earliest branching extant lineages of the animal kingdom. Here, I present a brief overview of the ctenophore nervous system, discussing its cellular architecture and molecular composition, as ... ...

    Abstract Ctenophores (commonly known as comb jellies) are among the earliest branching extant lineages of the animal kingdom. Here, I present a brief overview of the ctenophore nervous system, discussing its cellular architecture and molecular composition, as well as insights it offers into the early evolution of neurons and chemical neurotransmission.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ctenophora/genetics ; Neurons ; Nervous System
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 282488-7
    ISSN 1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    ISSN (online) 1878-108X
    ISSN 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2022.09.001
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  2. Article ; Online: Evolution: Was the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio a key factor in the origin of animal multicellularity?

    Colgren, Jeffrey / Burkhardt, Pawel

    Current biology : CB

    2023  Volume 33, Issue 8, Page(s) R298–R300

    Abstract: The ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica, a protist closely related to animals, displays coenocytic development followed by cellularization and cell release. A new study reveals that the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio drives cellularization in these ... ...

    Abstract The ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica, a protist closely related to animals, displays coenocytic development followed by cellularization and cell release. A new study reveals that the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio drives cellularization in these fascinating organisms.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Eukaryota ; Mesomycetozoea ; Cytoplasm ; Cytosol ; Biological Evolution
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.010
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  3. Article ; Online: The premetazoan ancestry of the synaptic toolkit and appearance of first neurons.

    Colgren, Jeffrey / Burkhardt, Pawel

    Essays in biochemistry

    2022  Volume 66, Issue 6, Page(s) 781–795

    Abstract: Neurons, especially when coupled with muscles, allow animals to interact with and navigate through their environment in ways unique to life on earth. Found in all major animal lineages except sponges and placozoans, nervous systems range widely in ... ...

    Abstract Neurons, especially when coupled with muscles, allow animals to interact with and navigate through their environment in ways unique to life on earth. Found in all major animal lineages except sponges and placozoans, nervous systems range widely in organization and complexity, with neurons possibly representing the most diverse cell-type. This diversity has led to much debate over the evolutionary origin of neurons as well as synapses, which allow for the directed transmission of information. The broad phylogenetic distribution of neurons and presence of many of the defining components outside of animals suggests an early origin of this cell type, potentially in the time between the first animal and the last common ancestor of extant animals. Here, we highlight the occurrence and function of key aspects of neurons outside of animals as well as recent findings from non-bilaterian animals in order to make predictions about when and how the first neuron(s) arose during animal evolution and their relationship to those found in extant lineages. With advancing technologies in single cell transcriptomics and proteomics as well as expanding functional techniques in non-bilaterian animals and the close relatives of animals, it is an exciting time to begin unraveling the complex evolutionary history of this fascinating animal cell type.
    MeSH term(s) Phylogeny ; Neurons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1744-1358 ; 0071-1365
    ISSN (online) 1744-1358
    ISSN 0071-1365
    DOI 10.1042/EBC20220042
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  4. Article ; Online: Evolution of synapses and neurotransmitter systems: The divide-and-conquer model for early neural cell-type evolution.

    Burkhardt, Pawel / Jékely, Gáspár

    Current opinion in neurobiology

    2021  Volume 71, Page(s) 127–138

    Abstract: Nervous systems evolved around 560 million years ago to coordinate and empower animal bodies. Ctenophores - one of the earliest-branching lineages - are thought to share a few neuronal genes with bilaterians and may have evolved neurons convergently. ... ...

    Abstract Nervous systems evolved around 560 million years ago to coordinate and empower animal bodies. Ctenophores - one of the earliest-branching lineages - are thought to share a few neuronal genes with bilaterians and may have evolved neurons convergently. Here we review our current understanding of the evolution of neuronal molecules in nonbilaterians. We also reanalyse single-cell sequencing data in light of new cell-cluster identities from a ctenophore and uncover evidence supporting the homology of one ctenophore neuron-type with neurons in Bilateria. The specific coexpression of the presynaptic proteins Unc13 and RIM with voltage-gated channels, neuropeptides and homeobox genes pinpoint a spiking sensory-peptidergic cell in the ctenophore mouth. Similar Unc13-RIM neurons may have been present in the first eumetazoans to rise to dominance only in stem Bilateria. We hypothesise that the Unc13-RIM lineage ancestrally innervated the mouth and conquered other parts of the body with the rise of macrophagy and predation during the Cambrian explosion.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ctenophora/genetics ; Ctenophora/metabolism ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Synapses/physiology
    Chemical Substances Neurotransmitter Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1078046-4
    ISSN 1873-6882 ; 0959-4388
    ISSN (online) 1873-6882
    ISSN 0959-4388
    DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2021.11.002
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  5. Article ; Online: Stable Laboratory Culture System for the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.

    Soto-Angel, Joan J / Nordmann, Eva-Lena / Sturm, Daniela / Sachkova, Maria / Pang, Kevin / Burkhardt, Pawel

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2024  Volume 2757, Page(s) 123–145

    Abstract: Ctenophores are marine organisms attracting significant attention from evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and ecological research. Here, we describe an easy and affordable setup to maintain a stable culture of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. The ... ...

    Abstract Ctenophores are marine organisms attracting significant attention from evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and ecological research. Here, we describe an easy and affordable setup to maintain a stable culture of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. The challenging delicacy of the lobate ctenophores can be met by monitoring the water quality, providing the right nutrition, and adapting the handling and tank set-up to their fragile gelatinous body plan. Following this protocol allows stable laboratory lines, a continuous supply of embryos for molecular biological studies, and independence from population responses to environmental fluctuations.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ctenophora/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_4
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  6. Article ; Online: The origin and evolution of synaptic proteins - choanoflagellates lead the way.

    Burkhardt, Pawel

    The Journal of experimental biology

    2015  Volume 218, Issue Pt 4, Page(s) 506–514

    Abstract: The origin of neurons was a key event in evolution, allowing metazoans to evolve rapid behavioral responses to environmental cues. Reconstructing the origin of synaptic proteins promises to reveal their ancestral functions and might shed light on the ... ...

    Abstract The origin of neurons was a key event in evolution, allowing metazoans to evolve rapid behavioral responses to environmental cues. Reconstructing the origin of synaptic proteins promises to reveal their ancestral functions and might shed light on the evolution of the first neuron-like cells in metazoans. By analyzing the genomes of diverse metazoans and their closest relatives, the evolutionary history of diverse presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins has been reconstructed. These analyses revealed that choanoflagellates, the closest relatives of metazoans, possess diverse synaptic protein homologs. Recent studies have now begun to investigate their ancestral functions. A primordial neurosecretory apparatus in choanoflagellates was identified and it was found that the mechanism, by which presynaptic proteins required for secretion of neurotransmitters interact, is conserved in choanoflagellates and metazoans. Moreover, studies on the postsynaptic protein homolog Homer revealed unexpected localization patterns in choanoflagellates and new binding partners, both which are conserved in metazoans. These findings demonstrate that the study of choanoflagellates can uncover ancient and previously undescribed functions of synaptic proteins.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Choanoflagellata/genetics ; Choanoflagellata/physiology ; Genome, Protozoan ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology ; Synapses/physiology
    Chemical Substances Nerve Tissue Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-02-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 218085-6
    ISSN 1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
    ISSN (online) 1477-9145
    ISSN 0022-0949
    DOI 10.1242/jeb.110247
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  7. Article: Spatial Cell Disparity in the Colonial Choanoflagellate

    Naumann, Benjamin / Burkhardt, Pawel

    Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

    2019  Volume 7, Page(s) 231

    Abstract: Choanoflagellates are the closest unicellular relatives of animals (Metazoa). These tiny protists display complex life histories that include sessile as well as different pelagic stages. Some choanoflagellates have the ability to form colonies as well. ... ...

    Abstract Choanoflagellates are the closest unicellular relatives of animals (Metazoa). These tiny protists display complex life histories that include sessile as well as different pelagic stages. Some choanoflagellates have the ability to form colonies as well. Up until recently, these colonies have been described to consist of mostly identical cells showing no spatial cell differentiation, which supported the traditional view that spatial cell differentiation, leading to the co-existence of specific cell types in animals, evolved after the split of the last common ancestor of the Choanoflagellata and Metazoa. The recent discovery of single cells in colonies of the choanoflagellate
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-15
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2737824-X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    DOI 10.3389/fcell.2019.00231
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  8. Article ; Online: Exciting times to study the identity and evolution of cell types.

    Sachkova, Maria / Burkhardt, Pawel

    Development (Cambridge, England)

    2019  Volume 146, Issue 18

    Abstract: The EMBO/EMBL Symposium on 'The Identity and Evolution of Cell Types' took place in Heidelberg, Germany, on 15-19 May 2019. The symposium, which brought together a diverse group of speakers addressing a wide range of questions in multiple model systems, ... ...

    Abstract The EMBO/EMBL Symposium on 'The Identity and Evolution of Cell Types' took place in Heidelberg, Germany, on 15-19 May 2019. The symposium, which brought together a diverse group of speakers addressing a wide range of questions in multiple model systems, provided a platform to discuss how the concept of a cell type should be considered in the era of single cell omics techniques and how cell type evolution can be studied.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cells/cytology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Congress ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 90607-4
    ISSN 1477-9129 ; 0950-1991
    ISSN (online) 1477-9129
    ISSN 0950-1991
    DOI 10.1242/dev.178996
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  9. Article ; Online: Histone demethylase Lsd1 is required for the differentiation of neural cells in Nematostella vectensis.

    Gahan, James M / Kouzel, Ian U / Jansen, Kamilla Ormevik / Burkhardt, Pawel / Rentzsch, Fabian

    Nature communications

    2022  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 465

    Abstract: Chromatin regulation is a key process in development but its contribution to the evolution of animals is largely unexplored. Chromatin is regulated by a diverse set of proteins, which themselves are tightly regulated in a cell/tissue-specific manner. ... ...

    Abstract Chromatin regulation is a key process in development but its contribution to the evolution of animals is largely unexplored. Chromatin is regulated by a diverse set of proteins, which themselves are tightly regulated in a cell/tissue-specific manner. Using the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis as a basal metazoan model, we explore the function of one such chromatin regulator, Lysine specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1). We generated an endogenously tagged allele and show that NvLsd1 expression is developmentally regulated and higher in differentiated neural cells than their progenitors. We further show, using a CRISPR/Cas9 generated mutant that loss of NvLsd1 leads to developmental abnormalities. This includes the almost complete loss of differentiated cnidocytes, cnidarian-specific neural cells, as a result of a cell-autonomous requirement for NvLsd1. Together this suggests that the integration of chromatin modifying proteins into developmental regulation predates the split of the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages and constitutes an ancient feature of animal development.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatin/genetics ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Histone Demethylases/genetics ; Histone Demethylases/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/enzymology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Sea Anemones/embryology ; Sea Anemones/enzymology ; Sea Anemones/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Chromatin ; Histone Demethylases (EC 1.14.11.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-28107-z
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  10. Article ; Online: Evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons - Bridging the gap.

    Burkhardt, Pawel / Sprecher, Simon G

    BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology

    2017  Volume 39, Issue 10

    Abstract: The evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons is an enigmatic subject that inspires much debate. Non-bilaterian metazoans, both with and without neurons and their closest relatives already contain many components of the molecular toolkits for synapse ... ...

    Abstract The evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons is an enigmatic subject that inspires much debate. Non-bilaterian metazoans, both with and without neurons and their closest relatives already contain many components of the molecular toolkits for synapse functions. The origin of these components and their assembly into ancient synaptic signaling machineries are particularly important in light of recent findings on the phylogeny of non-bilaterian metazoans. The evolution of synapses and neurons are often discussed only from a metazoan perspective leaving a considerable gap in our understanding. By taking an integrative approach we highlight the need to consider different, but extremely relevant phyla and to include the closest unicellular relatives of metazoans, the ichthyosporeans, filastereans and choanoflagellates, to fully understand the evolutionary origin of synapses and neurons. This approach allows for a detailed understanding of when and how the first pre- and postsynaptic signaling machineries evolved.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Synapses/metabolism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 50140-2
    ISSN 1521-1878 ; 0265-9247
    ISSN (online) 1521-1878
    ISSN 0265-9247
    DOI 10.1002/bies.201700024
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