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Article ; Online: Challenges in developing a quantitative method of measuring breast development using 3D imaging: An example of a novel method for use in induced breast development with exogenous oestrogen.

Burt, Elizabeth / Ruff, Clifford / Yasmin, Ephia / Davies, Melanie / Cameron-Pimblett, Antoinette / Butler, Gary / Conway, Gerard

Clinical endocrinology

2022 Volume 98, Issue 1, Page(s) 68–73

Abstract: Objective: Optimal breast development is an essential part of exogenous oestrogen treatment in females undergoing pubertal induction. We set out to develop a novel technique using three-dimensional (3D) imaging to determine change in breast volume that ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Optimal breast development is an essential part of exogenous oestrogen treatment in females undergoing pubertal induction. We set out to develop a novel technique using three-dimensional (3D) imaging to determine change in breast volume that is applicable when no pre-existing breast contours are present. Design: A prospective observational study. Patients: The imaging methodology was developed using a single male subject to assess reproducibility and validity. The technique was then applied to 29 participants undergoing pubertal induction with exogenous oestradiol who were recruited from Paediatric Gynaecology and Reproductive Endocrinology clinics at University College London Hospital. Measurements: Breast images were taken using a 3D photographic system. Two images, taken at different times, were manually superimposed to produce a differential breast volume. The initial step of method development set out to show that volume change was not secondary to positioning artefact or image manipulation. This was established by using images of a male participant taken on different occasions. The technique was then used to assess reproducibility in participants undergoing pubertal induction treatment. Results: Good intraobserver reproducibility (intraclass correlation (ICC) 0.77) was demonstrated with static image manipulation. Validity of the imaging technique was established as there was no significant difference between the known reference volume produced by computer generated warping and that calculated by manual image manipulation. There was excellent intraobserver reproducibility for breast volume calculation in participants undergoing induced breast development (ICC 0.99). Conclusions: 3D imaging is a promising novel tool to provide quantitative breast volume assessment in individuals undergoing breast induction with exogenous oestradiol treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Estradiol/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Estrogens ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121745-8
ISSN	1365-2265 ; 0300-0664
ISSN (online)	1365-2265
ISSN	0300-0664
DOI	10.1111/cen.14815
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Article ; Online: A critical assessment of case reports describing absent uterus in subjects with oestrogen deficiency.

Berglund, Agnethe / Burt, Elizabeth / Cameron-Pimblett, Antoinette / Davies, Melanie C / Conway, Gerard S

Clinical endocrinology

2019 Volume 90, Issue 6, Page(s) 822–826

Abstract: Objective: The dual diagnosis of hypoplastic uterus in association with ovarian dysgenesis is regularly reported but the pathogenesis of the association is unclear. The uterus, however, may be invisible to all imaging modalities without at least six ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The dual diagnosis of hypoplastic uterus in association with ovarian dysgenesis is regularly reported but the pathogenesis of the association is unclear. The uterus, however, may be invisible to all imaging modalities without at least six months of exogenous oestrogen exposure in complete ovarian failure. We assessed all available case reports in this category to estimate whether the apparent association between primary ovarian insufficiency or Turner syndrome and Mullerian agenesis can be largely accounted for by oestrogen deficiency. Design: A literature review of all cases in which an association between ovarian insufficiency or Turner syndrome and hypoplastic uterus has been reported. Patients: PubMed was searched for all case reports associated with relevant key terms. In total, 22 publications with a total of 25 patients were identified and reviewed; 14 subjects had the normal female karyotype (46,XX), and 11 subjects had Turner Syndrome. Measurements: Proportion of subjects who had been exposed to adequate oestrogen prior to the absent uterine diagnosis. Results: A diagnosis of absent uterus was made prior to exposure to exogenous oestrogen in 22/25 (88%) of subjects with primary hypogonadism including 14/14 females with normal karyotype and 8/11 females with Turner syndrome. Conclusions: Oestrogen deficiency is a possible explanation for most subjects being reported as having Mullerian agenesis in association with Turner syndrome or primary ovarian insufficiency. In the presence of oestrogen deficiency, no conclusion can be made about the status of the uterus until adequate exposure to exogenous oestrogen has been completed and we suggest reassessment of the uterus when full adult dose has been reached towards the end of induction of puberty.
MeSH term(s)	46, XX Disorders of Sex Development/complications ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Endocrine System Diseases/complications ; Estrogens/deficiency ; Female ; Humans ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/complications ; Sexual Maturation ; Turner Syndrome/complications ; Urogenital Abnormalities ; Uterus/abnormalities ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Estrogens
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	121745-8
ISSN	1365-2265 ; 0300-0664
ISSN (online)	1365-2265
ISSN	0300-0664
DOI	10.1111/cen.13963
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Article ; Online: Variability of response to early puberty induction demonstrated by transverse uterine diameter measurement and a novel method of 3D breast imaging.

Burt, Elizabeth / Yasmin, Ephia / Davies, Melanie C / Creighton, Sarah / Brain, Caroline / Ruff, Clifford / Learner, Hazel Isabella / Williams, Louise / Cameron-Pimblett, Antoinette / Talaulikar, Vikram / Conway, Gerard

Clinical endocrinology

2022 Volume 97, Issue 1, Page(s) 91–99

Abstract: Objective: Induction of puberty with exogenous oestrogen results in considerable variability in final uterine and breast volumes. We set out to quantify the variability of these two outcome measures with a view to establishing monitoring methods that ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Induction of puberty with exogenous oestrogen results in considerable variability in final uterine and breast volumes. We set out to quantify the variability of these two outcome measures with a view to establishing monitoring methods that could be used to individualise treatment protocols. Design: A prospective observational study. Participants: Sixteen participants with pubertal delay and primary amenorrhoea, due to hypogonadism were recruited from paediatric gynaecology and endocrinology clinics at University College London Hospital. A standardised protocol of transdermal 17β oestradiol (17βE) was used (Evorel™), with a starting dose of 12.5 mcg increasing to 25 mcg (patch changed twice weekly) after 4 months. Follow up was every 2 months for a total of 8 months. Measurements: Uterine dimensions using ultrasound, oestradiol concentrations and breast development assessed by both Tanner staging and 3D photographic imaging. Results: After 8 months of treatment, the changes in oestradiol concentrations (0-174 pmol), uterine volume growth (4.4-16.4 ml) and breast volume (1.76-140.1 ml) varied greatly between individuals. Of uterine parameters, transverse uterine diameter was most closely associated with serum oestradiol levels at 8 months (beta standardised coefficient = 0.80, p = .001). Change in breast volume was associated with age of treatment initiation (beta standardised coefficient 0.55 p = .04). Conclusions: We demonstrate variation in response to exogenous oestrogen, emphasising the necessity for individualised dose titration. In the absence of sensitive oestradiol assays, uterine transverse measurements may be used as a surrogate marker of oestrogen sensitivity to guide early dose adjustment. 3D breast imaging may provide a quantitative assessment of breast development to complement Tanner breast staging.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Estradiol ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Puberty/physiology ; Puberty, Precocious ; Uterus/diagnostic imaging
Chemical Substances	Estrogens ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	121745-8
ISSN	1365-2265 ; 0300-0664
ISSN (online)	1365-2265
ISSN	0300-0664
DOI	10.1111/cen.14740
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Article ; Online: Effects of Estrogen Therapies on Outcomes in Turner Syndrome: Assessment of Induction of Puberty and Adult Estrogen Use.

Cameron-Pimblett, Antoinette / Davies, Melanie C / Burt, Elizabeth / Talaulikar, Vikram Sinai / La Rosa, Clementina / King, Thomas F J / Conway, Gerard S

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

2019 Volume 104, Issue 7, Page(s) 2820–2826

Abstract: Context: Turner syndrome (TS) is often associated with delayed puberty. To induce puberty, estrogen is administered in incremental doses at an age determined by age of presentation. After puberty, various types of maintenance estrogen replacement ... ...

Abstract	Context: Turner syndrome (TS) is often associated with delayed puberty. To induce puberty, estrogen is administered in incremental doses at an age determined by age of presentation. After puberty, various types of maintenance estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) are used. Objective: We sought associations between age of induction of puberty and type of ERT on adult health outcomes. Design: Health surveillance data included blood profiles, bone density, and blood pressure. We assessed interactions between these data and age at first estrogen exposure in women with primary amenorrhea. We also assessed these data according to ERT subgroups [combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP), oral estrogen (OE), and transdermal estradiol (TE)] using data from each of 6679 clinic visits, controlling for age, body mass index, and height. Setting: Adult TS clinic at University College London Hospital. Patients: Of 799 women with TS, 624 had primary amenorrhea and 599 had accurate maintenance ERT data. Main outcome measures: Parameters of health surveillance derived from clinical guidelines. Results: Estrogen start age was negatively correlated with adult bone density (spine: r = -0.20 and hip: r = -0.022; P ≤ 0.001). OCP users had higher blood pressure and an adverse lipid profile compared with other ERT subgroups. TE was associated with elevated liver enzymes and hemoglobin A1c compared with OE (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: An earlier age of induction of puberty may be beneficial for adult bone density. Given the high prevalence of hypertension in TS, the use of OCP for ERT should be limited. OE may be a benefit for steatohepatitis.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Cutaneous ; Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alanine Transaminase/metabolism ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/therapeutic use ; Estradiol/therapeutic use ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods ; Estrogens/therapeutic use ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/metabolism ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Puberty, Delayed/drug therapy ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; Turner Syndrome/drug therapy ; Young Adult ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Contraceptives, Oral, Combined ; Estrogens ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; Triglycerides ; hemoglobin A1c protein, human ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E) ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J) ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2) ; Alanine Transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2) ; Alkaline Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3029-6
ISSN	1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
ISSN (online)	1945-7197
ISSN	0021-972X
DOI	10.1210/jc.2018-02137
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Article: Time-Line in HFEA Developments and Regulatory Challenges: 20 Years of Overseeing Fertility Practices and Research in the UK.

Agrawal, Rina / Burt, Elizabeth / Homburg, Roy

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India

2013 Volume 63, Issue 6, Page(s) 363–369

Abstract: In the wake of political upheaval, the Human Fertilisation and Embryo Authority (HFEA) has faced increasing insecurity over its future as a pivotal regulatory body of fertility practices in the UK. HFEA regulates activities by means of licensing, audit, ... ...

Abstract	In the wake of political upheaval, the Human Fertilisation and Embryo Authority (HFEA) has faced increasing insecurity over its future as a pivotal regulatory body of fertility practices in the UK. HFEA regulates activities by means of licensing, audit, and inspection of fertility centers and maintaining the Code of Practice, which ensures the optimum undertaking of licensed activities by fertility centers. In 2009, amendments to the 1990 Act came into force representing an amalgamation of cumulative proposals, debates, and changes in legislation, which have shaped the world of reproductive medicine. The medical world has, in many cases, adapted to righteous political and social demands, and continues to evolve at a rapid rate. The HFEA has faced many regulatory challenges and changes, and through this study, we aim to provide an overview of some of these changes, particularly those during the last 10 years and the implications that they may have had to fertility practices.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-11
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	410688-x
ISSN	0971-9202 ; 0022-3190
ISSN	0971-9202 ; 0022-3190
DOI	10.1007/s13224-013-0494-z
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Article ; Online: Reduced uterine volume after induction of puberty in women with hypogonadism.

Burt, Elizabeth / Davies, Melanie C / Yasmin, Ephia / Cameron-Pimblett, Antoinette / Mavrelos, Dimitri / Talaulikar, Vikram / Conway, Gerard S

Clinical endocrinology

2019 Volume 91, Issue 6, Page(s) 798–804

Abstract: Objective: Adequate uterine growth is an essential component of pubertal induction with exogenous oestradiol in those with hypogonadism. Poor uterine development will render the individual vulnerable in the context of fertility. We assessed uterine size ...

Abstract	Objective: Adequate uterine growth is an essential component of pubertal induction with exogenous oestradiol in those with hypogonadism. Poor uterine development will render the individual vulnerable in the context of fertility. We assessed uterine size using ultrasound in those who had undergone pubertal induction treatment compared with a reference group who had experienced spontaneous puberty. Design: This is a single-centre, retrospective, cross-sectional study of women who underwent pubertal induction compared with a reference group. Patients: Ninety-five women with hypogonadism who had previously undergone pubertal induction and were receiving maintenance oestrogen replacement as adults were recruited: 48 women with Turner syndrome, 32 with premature ovarian insufficiency and 15 with gonadotrophin deficiency. The reference group consisted of 35 nulliparous women attending with male factor subfertility with a normal pelvis on ultrasonography. Measurements: Pelvic ultrasound was performed by a single observer. Uterine dimensions (total length, anterior-posterior (AP), transverse, uterine volume and fundal cervical AP ratio (FCR) measurements) were recorded. Clinical details were also recorded. Results: Those with hypogonadism had significantly reduced uterine dimensions compared with the reference group (uterine length 64 mm vs 71 mm P = <.05, uterine volume 28.9 mL vs 43.9 mL P = <.05). All women in the reference group attained a mature uterine configuration with a FCR >1, compared with 84% of those with hypogonadism (P = .01). A total of 24% and 48% of the diagnostic group had total uterine length and uterine volume measurements less than the 5th percentile of the reference group, respectively. In a subgroup of 22 women in whom serum oestradiol concentrations could be analysed, there was a positive correlation between this parameter and uterine volume. Conclusion: Despite standard oestrogen therapy, uterine growth is often compromised in those with hypogonadism. Uterine health has historically been overlooked in pubertal induction protocols; however, with increasing options for fertility treatment, adequate uterine development is crucial. Given the variation in uterine size witnessed, a more tailored approach to treatment with regular monitoring of uterine dimensions should be advocated.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism/diagnostic imaging ; Puberty/physiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sexual Maturation/physiology ; Turner Syndrome/physiopathology ; Uterus/diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121745-8
ISSN	1365-2265 ; 0300-0664
ISSN (online)	1365-2265
ISSN	0300-0664
DOI	10.1111/cen.14092
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Article ; Online: Variation in antral follicle counts at different times in the menstrual cycle: does it matter?

Mavrelos, Dimitrios / Al Chami, Ali / Talaulikar, Vikram / Burt, Elizabeth / Webber, Lisa / Ploubidis, George / Yasmin, Ephia

Reproductive biomedicine online

2016 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 174–179

Abstract: Antral follicle count (AFC) variation was examined across the menstural cycle and its effect on clinical management assessed. In 79 women, AFC was documented in early (iAFC) and late follicular phase (sAFC). Absolute agreement between iAFC and sAFC and ... ...

Abstract	Antral follicle count (AFC) variation was examined across the menstural cycle and its effect on clinical management assessed. In 79 women, AFC was documented in early (iAFC) and late follicular phase (sAFC). Absolute agreement between iAFC and sAFC and agreement for classification into categories of risk of extremes of ovarian response were examined. Ovarian stimulation protocols designed with iAFC and sAFC, and the predictive value of iAFC and sAFC for extremes of ovarian response, were compared in women undergoing ovarian stimulation. Significant differences were found between iAFC and sAFC (16 [IQR 9-24] versus 13 [IQR 7- 21]; P = 0.001), with moderate agreement for the classification into at risk of extremes of response (k = 0.525). Agreement for protocol selection based on either AFC (k = 0.750) and starting gonadotrophin dose was good (concordance correlation coefficient 0.970 [95% CI 0.951 to 0.982]). Predictive value for iAFC and sAFC was maintained for poor ovarian response and risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OR 0.634 [0.427 to 0.920], 0.467 [0.233 to 0.935]) and (OR 1.049 [0.974 to 1.131], 1.140 [1.011 to 1.285]). Across the cycle, AFC varies but does not significantly affect ovarian stimulation protocol design and prediction of extreme ovarian response.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anti-Mullerian Hormone/metabolism ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/metabolism ; Gonadotropins/metabolism ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/therapy ; Menstrual Cycle ; Observer Variation ; Odds Ratio ; Ovarian Follicle/physiology ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome/therapy ; Ovulation Induction/methods ; Risk
Chemical Substances	Gonadotropins ; Anti-Mullerian Hormone (80497-65-0) ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone (9002-68-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2113823-0
ISSN	1472-6491 ; 1472-6483
ISSN (online)	1472-6491
ISSN	1472-6483
DOI	10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.04.012
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Article ; Online: The "Ruston Stretch": a simple way to get a large specimen out through a small hole.

Burt, Elizabeth / Moustafa, Mohsen / Georgantzis, Dimitrios / Papoutsis, Dimitrios / Halmos, Gabor / Ruston, John / Magos, Adam

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology

2012 Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) 636–638

Abstract: The balance between port-site size and ease of specimen removal is often a challenge in laparoscopic surgery. Herein we describe a simple technique that circumvents this dilemma by means of port-site dilation using Hegar dilators. ...

Abstract	The balance between port-site size and ease of specimen removal is often a challenge in laparoscopic surgery. Herein we describe a simple technique that circumvents this dilemma by means of port-site dilation using Hegar dilators.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy/instrumentation ; Laparoscopy/methods ; Leiomyoma/surgery ; Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery ; Ovariectomy/instrumentation ; Ovariectomy/methods ; Salpingectomy/instrumentation ; Salpingectomy/methods ; Teratoma/surgery ; Uterine Neoplasms/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2186934-0
ISSN	1553-4669 ; 1553-4650
ISSN (online)	1553-4669
ISSN	1553-4650
DOI	10.1016/j.jmig.2012.05.010
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Zs.A 4205: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Prospective randomized trial of multiple micronutrients in subfertile women undergoing ovulation induction: a pilot study.

Agrawal, Rina / Burt, Elizabeth / Gallagher, Anne Marie / Butler, Lisa / Venkatakrishnan, Radha / Peitsidis, Panagiotis

Reproductive biomedicine online

2012 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 54–60

Abstract: This study investigated whether subfertile women undergoing ovulation induction using standard treatment regimens with clomiphene citrate/gonadotrophins have higher pregnancy rates when on an adjuvant multiple micronutrient (MMN) nutritional supplement ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated whether subfertile women undergoing ovulation induction using standard treatment regimens with clomiphene citrate/gonadotrophins have higher pregnancy rates when on an adjuvant multiple micronutrient (MMN) nutritional supplement compared with folic acid alone. A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in a teaching-hospital fertility clinic on 58 subfertile women, of which 56 women completed the study. Women undergoing ovulation induction were allocated to either receive adjuvant MMN supplementation or folic acid. Clinical pregnancy rates and blood nutrient concentrations were assessed after the third treatment attempt or as soon as the women achieved pregnancy. Using intention-to-treat analysis, it was observed that women on adjuvant MMN supplementation had a significantly higher cumulative clinical pregnancy rate (66.7%) compared with those on folic acid (39.3%; P = 0.013). The ongoing pregnancy rate in women on MMN supplementation was 60.0% versus 25.0% (P < 0.02) in the folic-acid group. Further, women who were on MMN supplementation had significantly fewer attempts to achieve pregnancy compared with women on folic acid (P < 0.001). The results of this pilot study suggest that women who take adjuvant MMN supplementation during ovulation induction have a higher chance of pregnancy compared with women on folic acid.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Folic Acid/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/drug therapy ; Life Style ; Micronutrients/therapeutic use ; Ovulation ; Pilot Projects ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Micronutrients ; Folic Acid (935E97BOY8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2113823-0
ISSN	1472-6491 ; 1472-6483
ISSN (online)	1472-6491
ISSN	1472-6483
DOI	10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.10.004
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Article ; Online: Metabolic induction and early responses of mouse blastocyst developmental programming following maternal low protein diet affecting life-long health.

Eckert, Judith J / Porter, Richard / Watkins, Adam J / Burt, Elizabeth / Brooks, Suzanne / Leese, Henry J / Humpherson, Peter G / Cameron, Iain T / Fleming, Tom P

PloS one

2012 Volume 7, Issue 12, Page(s) e52791

Abstract: Previously, we have shown that a maternal low protein diet, fed exclusively during the preimplantation period of mouse development (Emb-LPD), is sufficient to induce by the blastocyst stage a compensatory growth phenotype in late gestation and ... ...

Abstract	Previously, we have shown that a maternal low protein diet, fed exclusively during the preimplantation period of mouse development (Emb-LPD), is sufficient to induce by the blastocyst stage a compensatory growth phenotype in late gestation and postnatally, correlating with increased risk of adult onset cardiovascular disease and behavioural dysfunction. Here, we examine mechanisms of induction of maternal Emb-LPD programming and early compensatory responses by the embryo. Emb-LPD induced changes in maternal serum metabolites at the time of blastocyst formation (E3.5), notably reduced insulin and increased glucose, together with reduced levels of free amino acids (AAs) including branched chain AAs leucine, isoleucine and valine. Emb-LPD also caused reduction in the branched chain AAs within uterine fluid at the blastocyst stage. These maternal changes coincided with an altered content of blastocyst AAs and reduced mTORC1 signalling within blastocysts evident in reduced phosphorylation of effector S6 ribosomal protein and its ratio to total S6 protein but no change in effector 4E-BP1 phosphorylated and total pools. These changes were accompanied by increased proliferation of blastocyst trophectoderm and total cells and subsequent increased spreading of trophoblast cells in blastocyst outgrowths. We propose that induction of metabolic programming following Emb-LPD is achieved through mTORC1signalling which acts as a sensor for preimplantation embryos to detect maternal nutrient levels via branched chain AAs and/or insulin availability. Moreover, this induction step associates with changes in extra-embryonic trophectoderm behaviour occurring as early compensatory responses leading to later nutrient recovery.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acids/blood ; Animals ; Blastocyst/metabolism ; Blood Glucose ; Corticosterone/blood ; Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects ; Embryonic Development ; Estrogens/blood ; Female ; Health ; Insulin/blood ; Male ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 ; Mice ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Uterus/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Amino Acids ; Blood Glucose ; Estrogens ; Insulin ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Proteins ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.1.1) ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Corticosterone (W980KJ009P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0052791
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