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Article ; Online: The hydroclimate niche: A tool for predicting and managing riparian plant community responses to streamflow seasonality

Butterfield, Bradley J. / Palmquist, Emily C. / Yackulic, Charles B.

River Research and Applications. 2023 Jan., v. 39, no. 1 p.84-94

2023

Abstract: Habitat suitability is a consequence of interacting environmental factors. In riparian ecosystems, suitable plant habitat is influenced by interactions between stream hydrology and climate, hereafter referred to as “hydroclimate”. We tested the ... ...

Abstract	Habitat suitability is a consequence of interacting environmental factors. In riparian ecosystems, suitable plant habitat is influenced by interactions between stream hydrology and climate, hereafter referred to as “hydroclimate”. We tested the hypothesis that hydroclimate variables would improve the fit of ecological niche models for a suite of riparian species using occurrence data from the western United States. We focus on the climate conditions (temperature, precipitation and vapor pressure deficit) during the months of lowest and highest streamflow as integrative hydroclimate metrics of resource and stress levels. We found that the inclusion of hydroclimate variables improved model fit for all species in the western USA dataset. We then tested the utility of the improved habitat suitability models by projecting them onto a regulated segment of the Colorado River to assess potential impacts of streamflow seasonality on vegetation metrics of management concern. Species frequency derived from independent survey data in the Colorado River segment was significantly higher for species with predicted suitable habitat than for species without predicted suitable habitat. Under different simulated hydrographs for the Colorado River, overall species richness was predicted to be greatest with peak streamflows during summer, and native‐to‐non‐native species ratios were predicted to be greatest with lowest streamflows in winter. Summer high flows were particularly associated with higher predicted habitat suitability for species that have increased in cover over recent decades (e.g., Pluchea sericea, Baccharis species). We conclude that hydroclimate covariates can be useful tools for predicting how riparian vegetation communities respond to changes in the seasonal timing of low and high streamflows.
Keywords	Baccharis ; Pluchea ; climate ; data collection ; hydrograph ; niches ; plant communities ; research ; riparian vegetation ; rivers ; species richness ; stream flow ; streams ; summer ; surveys ; temperature ; vapor pressure deficit ; winter ; Colorado River ; Western United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Size	p. 84-94.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2072626-0
ISSN	1535-1459
ISSN	1535-1459
DOI	10.1002/rra.4067
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plant water‐use strategies predict restoration success across degraded drylands

Butterfield, Bradley J. / Munson, Seth M. / Farrell, Hannah L.

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023 June, v. 60, no. 6 p.1170-1180

2023

Abstract: Plant strategies for coping with water limitation are likely to mediate restoration outcomes in degraded dryland ecosystems. Trade‐offs in traits related to water acquisition and use can intensify in more arid environments, making their effects on ... ...

Abstract	Plant strategies for coping with water limitation are likely to mediate restoration outcomes in degraded dryland ecosystems. Trade‐offs in traits related to water acquisition and use can intensify in more arid environments, making their effects on dryland restoration success even more salient. However, isolating the effects of drought responses from those of other environmental factors, as well as identifying the specific drought resistance traits that influence restoration success, can be difficult. In the present study, we couple a controlled dry‐down experiment with a cross‐site restoration field trial of out‐planted seedlings (RestoreNet) using a suite of dryland herbaceous plant species from the same seed sources. We quantified interspecific variation in physiological responses to drought, specifically reductions in stomatal conductance (gₛ) and stem water potential (SWP), by comparing well‐watered control plants to those experiencing decreasing soil moisture. Drought responses of SWP and gₛ varied independently among species, but both were related to survival in the cross‐site restoration field trial when effect sizes were aggregated across all sites. Responses were consistent with acquisitive water‐use strategies resulting in greater success, where species with greater declines in SWP or weaker declines in gₛ under drought had greater survival. The correlation between SWP drought response and survival also intensified in sites with lower accumulated precipitation following restoration. Differences among functional groups revealed two different paths to restoration success: forbs that maintain high gₛ and narrow safety margins to maximize exploitation of moisture pulses before going into drought dormancy, or C₄ grasses that maintain efficient water uptake in drying soils while risking cavitation. C₃ grass species varied between these two strategies. Synthesis and applications. Taken together, the results of this study and others conducted at RestoreNet sites indicate that while a diversity of physiological responses to drought may exist in dryland plant communities, successfully restoring herbaceous species through out‐planting in degraded conditions is likely to be achieved with species that maximize water uptake via one of two strategies, with tolerance of low SWP being particularly important in the most arid settings.
Keywords	applied ecology ; arid lands ; dormancy ; drought ; drought tolerance ; field experimentation ; forbs ; grasses ; herbaceous plants ; interspecific variation ; soil water ; stomatal conductance ; water potential ; water uptake
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 1170-1180.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.14393
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Article ; Online: Species-specific trait-environment relationships among populations of widespread grass species.

Roybal, Carla M / Butterfield, Bradley J

Oecologia

2019 Volume 189, Issue 4, Page(s) 1017–1026

Abstract: Intraspecific trait variation can be substantial and is driven by many factors. To develop predictive models of intraspecific trait variation, an understanding of the drivers of that variation is essential. At fairly broad scales, differences in the ... ...

Abstract	Intraspecific trait variation can be substantial and is driven by many factors. To develop predictive models of intraspecific trait variation, an understanding of the drivers of that variation is essential. At fairly broad scales, differences in the environment are expected to drive genetic variation in functional traits among populations. To isolate this genetic variability, we conducted a greenhouse common garden experiment using nine grass species native to the western United States. We assessed relationships between several root, leaf, and whole plant traits and a number of environmental conditions from the source population locations, including aspects of temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture. We tested the hypotheses that (1) above- and belowground functional traits vary significantly within and among species, and (2) trait-environment relationships among populations of a species are consistent among species. First, we found that trait variation between species ranged from 13 to 77%, while trait variation within species ranged from 11 to nearly 39%. Traits related to overall plant size and growth rate exhibited the greatest intraspecific variation, and root traits the least variation. Second, while we found significant trait-environment relationships, they were highly variable among species. The magnitude of intraspecific trait variability found in this study indicates significant local adaptation with respect to specific trait-environment combinations, but that characterizing trait-environment relationships requires species-specific measurements and models.
MeSH term(s)	Phenotype ; Plant Leaves ; Poaceae ; Soil ; Species Specificity
Chemical Substances	Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-08
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-019-04372-6
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Article ; Online: Provenance, genotype, and flooding influence growth and resource acquisition characteristics in a clonal, riparian shrub

Palmquist, Emily C. / Ogle, Kiona / Whitham, Thomas G. / Allan, Gerard J. / Shafroth, Patrick B. / Butterfield, Bradley J.

American Journal of Botany. 2023 Feb., v. 110, no. 2 p.e16115-

2023

Abstract: PREMISE: Riparian plants can exhibit intraspecific phenotypic variability across the landscape related to temperature and flooding gradients. Phenotypes that vary across a climate gradient are often partly genetically determined and may differ in their ... ...

Abstract	PREMISE: Riparian plants can exhibit intraspecific phenotypic variability across the landscape related to temperature and flooding gradients. Phenotypes that vary across a climate gradient are often partly genetically determined and may differ in their response to inundation. Changes to inundation patterns across a climate gradient could thus result in site‐specific inundation responses. Phenotypic variability is more often studied in riparian trees, yet riparian shrubs are key elements of riparian systems and may differ from trees in phenotypic variability and environmental responses. METHODS: We tested whether individuals of a clonal, riparian shrub, Pluchea sericea, collected from provenances spanning a temperature gradient differed in their phenotypes and responses to inundation and to what degree any differences were related to genotype. Plants were subjected to different inundation depths and a subset genotyped. Variables related to growth and resource acquisition were measured and analyzed using hierarchical, multivariate Bayesian linear regressions. RESULTS: Individuals from different provenances differed in their phenotypes, but not in their response to inundation. Phenotypes were not related to provenance temperature but were partially governed by genotype. Growth was more strongly influenced by inundation, while resource acquisition was more strongly controlled by genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Growth and resource acquisition responses in a clonal, riparian shrub are affected by changes to inundation and plant demographics in unique ways. Shrubs appear to differ from trees in their responses to environmental change. Understanding environmental effects on shrubs separately from those of trees will be a key part of evaluating impacts of environmental change on riparian ecosystems.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; Pluchea ; botany ; climate ; demographic statistics ; genotype ; landscapes ; phenotypic variation ; provenance ; shrubs ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16115
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Functional composition of plant communities mediates biomass effects on ecosystem service recovery across an experimental dryland restoration network

Balazs, Kathleen R. / Munson, Seth M. / Butterfield, Bradley J.

Functional ecology. 2022 Sept., v. 36, no. 9

2022

Abstract: Land degradation can result in a loss of critical ecosystem services that we often seek to restore through re‐establishment of desired plant communities. Trait‐based approaches have the potential to target specific ecosystem services based on ... ...

Abstract	Land degradation can result in a loss of critical ecosystem services that we often seek to restore through re‐establishment of desired plant communities. Trait‐based approaches have the potential to target specific ecosystem services based on associations between the functional composition of plant communities and ecosystem properties that serve as indicators of those services. The effect of functional composition on ecosystem recovery may depend on the amount of restored plant biomass, itself a supporting service frequently targeted in restoration efforts. Yet, interactions between functional composition and biomass are not formally integrated into trait‐based analytical frameworks. We tested the hypothesis that functional composition of plant communities both drives, and interacts with, biomass production to influence indicators of soil functioning and weed suppression across a network of degraded dryland restoration experiments. This networked approach allowed us to identify generalized effects of functional composition on ecosystem recovery across a range of dryland climate conditions. Climate had a substantial effect on ecosystem indicators, with weed cover and soil surface stability increasing in more arid climates, water infiltration increasing with precipitation, and aggregate structure increasing with less freezing. After accounting for climate effects across study sites, we found significant effects of community‐weighted mean (CWM) trait values on biomass, particularly a positive effect of leaf carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio, and of CWM‐biomass interactions on other ecosystem indicators. Cover of exotic species was reduced in restored communities with a combination of low leaf dry matter content and high biomass, soil water infiltration increased with lower specific root length and high biomass, and soil aggregate stability increased with higher root dry matter content and high biomass, among other effects. Functional diversity had no significant effects on any ecosystem indicators. Synthesis: The influence of community functional composition on ecosystem properties increases with community biomass, particularly in disturbed or low productivity systems. This suggests that active management should not only focus on trait values that optimize individual ecosystem indicators but also how those functional strategies are complementary or counter to those that increase biomass. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog
Keywords	aggregate stability ; arid lands ; biomass production ; carbon nitrogen ratio ; climate ; dry matter content ; ecosystem services ; ecosystems ; functional diversity ; infiltration (hydrology) ; introduced species ; land degradation ; leaf dry matter content ; leaves ; phytomass ; soil aggregates ; weed control ; weeds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 2317-2330.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.14129
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Directional selection shifts trait distributions of planted species in dryland restoration

Balazs, Kathleen R. / Munson, Seth M. / Havrilla, Caroline A. / Butterfield, Bradley J.

journal of ecology. 2022 Mar., v. 110, no. 3

2022

Abstract: The match between species trait values and local abiotic filters can restrict community membership. An often‐implicit assumption of this relationship is that abiotic filters select for a single locally optimal strategy, though difficulty in isolating ... ...

Abstract	The match between species trait values and local abiotic filters can restrict community membership. An often‐implicit assumption of this relationship is that abiotic filters select for a single locally optimal strategy, though difficulty in isolating effects of the abiotic environment from those of dispersal limitation and biotic interactions has resulted in few empirical tests of this assumption. Similar constraints have made it difficult to assess whether the type and intensity of abiotic filters shift along gradients of environmental harshness, as predicted by the stress‐dominance hypothesis. We planted 9,216 plants of 29 perennial grass and forb species that had a range of functional trait values and were assigned to a warm, intermediate or cool temperature tolerance pool across eight sites on the Colorado Plateau. We compared the distributions of traits of surviving individuals to null distributions to evaluate whether there were shifts in trait means and variation. Borrowing from phenotypic selection concepts in evolutionary biology, we assessed support for stabilizing, directional and disruptive abiotic filtering of trait distributions and whether these types of filtering varied with initial species pool. Functional composition was significantly different from null distributions for nearly all traits at all sites, with trait variation more restricted in harsher abiotic conditions, supporting the stress‐dominance hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, we primarily found evidence for directional selection, which increased in frequency in warm species pools while disruptive selection was found more often in cool and intermediate species pools. Synthesis. This study provides a controlled experimental approach to test the effect of the abiotic environment on plant trait filtering. We found that opportunistic strategies allowing for rapid water acquisition during favourable periods improved survival at warmer sites. Species with these strategies may be expected to benefit from increasing aridity and may be selected for active management efforts. More generally, the prevalence of directional selection may have important implications for dynamic vegetation models that rely on trait distributions for translating environmental variation into ecosystem processes.
Keywords	arid lands ; dry environmental conditions ; ecosystems ; evolutionary biology ; forbs ; perennial grasses ; phenotypic selection ; plateaus ; temperature ; vegetation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 540-552.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13816
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Primary production responses to extreme changes in North American Monsoon precipitation vary by elevation and plant functional composition through time

Munson, Seth M. / Bradford, John B. / Butterfield, Bradley J. / Gremer, Jennifer R.

journal of ecology. 2022 Sept., v. 110, no. 9

2022

Abstract: Primary production in dryland ecosystems is limited by water availability and projected to be strongly affected by future shifts in seasonal precipitation. Warm‐season precipitation derived from the North American Monsoon contributes 40% of annual ... ...

Abstract	Primary production in dryland ecosystems is limited by water availability and projected to be strongly affected by future shifts in seasonal precipitation. Warm‐season precipitation derived from the North American Monsoon contributes 40% of annual precipitation to dryland ecosystems in the southwestern United States and is projected to become more variable. However, there is large uncertainty on whether this variability will be expressed as either extreme wet or dry years and how primary production of different plant functional types will respond across widespread elevation gradients in this region. We experimentally imposed extreme drought and water addition treatments from 2016 to 2020, during which ambient warm‐season precipitation declined to reach historic lows, to understand production sensitivity of dominant plant functional types along a 1000 m elevation gradient. We found that the production responses of plant functional types to monsoon precipitation extremes were dependent on the number of treatment years that occurred across sites along the elevation gradient. C₄ perennial grasses were most responsive to precipitation manipulation treatments, followed by C₃ perennial grasses and annuals, while perennial forbs and shrubs had weak or no responses. C₄ perennial grass reductions due to extreme drought were generally stronger or occurred earlier at low elevation sites, while multi‐year extreme drought extended negative effects to C₃ perennial grasses at high elevation, and all sites showed delayed responses to multi‐year water addition. We found that the sensitivity of C₃ perennial grass production differed for extreme drought and water addition compared to ambient precipitation at one site, but other sites and plant functional types had similar sensitivities to the different treatment types. Synthesis. The upward advance of primary production responsiveness from single‐ to multi‐year extreme changes in warm‐season precipitation suggests more immediate shifts in functional composition and carbon cycling at low elevation, while high elevation ecosystems may become less resistant as the effects of extreme precipitation compound through time.
Keywords	altitude ; arid lands ; atmospheric precipitation ; carbon ; drought ; forbs ; monsoon season ; perennial grasses ; primary productivity ; uncertainty ; warm season
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 2232-2245.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13947
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Article ; Online: Provenance, genotype, and flooding influence growth and resource acquisition characteristics in a clonal, riparian shrub.

Palmquist, Emily C / Ogle, Kiona / Whitham, Thomas G / Allan, Gerard J / Shafroth, Patrick B / Butterfield, Bradley J

American journal of botany

2023 Volume 110, Issue 2, Page(s) e16115

Abstract: Premise: Riparian plants can exhibit intraspecific phenotypic variability across the landscape related to temperature and flooding gradients. Phenotypes that vary across a climate gradient are often partly genetically determined and may differ in their ... ...

Abstract	Premise: Riparian plants can exhibit intraspecific phenotypic variability across the landscape related to temperature and flooding gradients. Phenotypes that vary across a climate gradient are often partly genetically determined and may differ in their response to inundation. Changes to inundation patterns across a climate gradient could thus result in site-specific inundation responses. Phenotypic variability is more often studied in riparian trees, yet riparian shrubs are key elements of riparian systems and may differ from trees in phenotypic variability and environmental responses. Methods: We tested whether individuals of a clonal, riparian shrub, Pluchea sericea, collected from provenances spanning a temperature gradient differed in their phenotypes and responses to inundation and to what degree any differences were related to genotype. Plants were subjected to different inundation depths and a subset genotyped. Variables related to growth and resource acquisition were measured and analyzed using hierarchical, multivariate Bayesian linear regressions. Results: Individuals from different provenances differed in their phenotypes, but not in their response to inundation. Phenotypes were not related to provenance temperature but were partially governed by genotype. Growth was more strongly influenced by inundation, while resource acquisition was more strongly controlled by genotype. Conclusions: Growth and resource acquisition responses in a clonal, riparian shrub are affected by changes to inundation and plant demographics in unique ways. Shrubs appear to differ from trees in their responses to environmental change. Understanding environmental effects on shrubs separately from those of trees will be a key part of evaluating impacts of environmental change on riparian ecosystems.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Bayes Theorem ; Floods ; Climate ; Genotype ; Rivers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16115
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Article: Ontogenetic trait shifts: Seedlings display high trait variability during early stages of development

Havrilla, Caroline A. / Munson, Seth M. / Yackulic, Ethan O. / Butterfield, Bradley J.

Functional ecology. 2021 Nov., v. 35, no. 11

2021

Abstract: Characterizing variation in plant functional traits is often key to understanding community‐level processes and predicting ecosystem responses to environmental change. Trait‐based ecology has focused on interspecific trait variation, but sources and ... ...

Abstract	Characterizing variation in plant functional traits is often key to understanding community‐level processes and predicting ecosystem responses to environmental change. Trait‐based ecology has focused on interspecific trait variation, but sources and consequences of within‐species ontogenetic trait variation, particularly during early stages of development, remain understudied. Using a manipulative greenhouse experiment, we investigated trait variation during early stages of seedling development in seven dominant perennial plant species in the western United States. We examined variability in key trait values (i.e. SLA, root:shoot ratio (RSR), specific root length (SRL) and root dry matter content (RDMC)) of 20‐ to 62‐day‐old seedlings grown under low and high levels of water availability. We also compared these to compiled trait databases to assess how representative these readily available data sources are of seedling trait values. Early seedling trait values shifted greatly during early stages of development and generally differed from average plant trait database values. Trait shifts were greatest in forbs versus grasses. Overall, observed trait shifts suggested a transition from fast‐growing resource acquisitional strategies towards more slow‐growing conservative strategies over time. For example, seedling SLA decreased while RSR and RDMC increased over time. That seedling trait values aconsistently differed from trait database values indicates that plant trait database values may be poor predictors of seedling trait values. Such mismatches in species trait information could result in inaccurate predictions of community assembly outcomes or incongruities between seedling traits and environmental filters experienced by seedlings during early stages of recruitment in applied settings. We suggest that additional work is needed to characterize intraspecific trait variation across plant ontogeny, and that this information should be incorporated into studies ranging from understanding early plant growth and survival to evaluating the outcomes of ecological restoration. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Keywords	databases ; dry matter content ; ecological restoration ; ecosystems ; forbs ; greenhouse experimentation ; ontogeny ; perennials ; root shoot ratio ; seedlings
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 2409-2423.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.13897
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Article: Regional coordination between riparian dependence and atmospheric demand in willows (Salix L.) of western North America

Butterfield, Bradley J / Palmquist, Emily C / Hultine, Kevin R

Diversity & distributions. 2021 Feb., v. 27, no. 2

2021

Abstract: AIM: Plants vary in their hydrological and climatic niches. How these niche dimensions covary among closely related species can help identify co‐adaptations to hydrological and climatic factors, as well as predict biodiversity responses to environmental ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Plants vary in their hydrological and climatic niches. How these niche dimensions covary among closely related species can help identify co‐adaptations to hydrological and climatic factors, as well as predict biodiversity responses to environmental change. LOCATION: Western United States. METHODS: Relationships between riparian dependence and climate niches of willows (Salix L.) were assessed, incorporating phylogenetics and functional traits to understand the adaptive nature of those relationships. The riparian dependence niche was estimated as the mean distance between georeferenced occurrence records and the nearest stream based on the National Hydrography Database. Results were compared to oaks (Quercus L.), a less riparian‐dependent clade, with the expectation of different niche relationships. RESULTS: Willows generally occurred closer to streams than expected by chance, but riparian dependence varied substantially among species. Riparian dependence was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and diurnal temperature range niche, both indicators of atmospheric demand on evapotranspiration. Phylogenetic independent contrast correlations for these relationships were significant as well, and the high degree of niche convergence among species indicated evolutionarily labile co‐adaptations to riparian dependence and atmospheric demand. Plant height increased with mean annual temperature niche, and specific leaf area increased with residual variation in height, indicating underlying morphological correlates of niche variation. Oaks, on the other hand, exhibited no relationship between atmospheric demand and riparian dependence, and weaker niche relationships with riparian dependence overall. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: These results support the assertion that hydric‐adapted, woody riparian plants compensate for increased atmospheric demand on transpiration with a reliable supply of water provided by riparian habitats and that this trade‐off may be unique from mesic–xeric woody plants. Conservation of warm‐adapted riparian trees and shrubs under increasing temperatures and atmospheric demand may necessitate reversal of groundwater depletion. Cool‐adapted species may be best conserved through maintenance or expansion of riparian buffers as they become more riparian obligate with warming.
Keywords	Quercus ; Salix ; biodiversity ; climatic factors ; correlation ; databases ; dimensions ; evapotranspiration ; georeferencing ; niches ; occurrence ; phylogeny ; plant height ; riparian areas ; riparian buffers ; shrubs ; specific leaf area ; streams ; supply ; temperature ; transpiration ; water ; water shortages ; willows ; woody plants ; Western United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-02
Size	p. 377-388.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020139-4
ISSN	1472-4642 ; 1366-9516
ISSN (online)	1472-4642
ISSN	1366-9516
DOI	10.1111/ddi.13192
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