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Article: Hypoglycemic and Toxic Effect of

Tirwomwe, Michael / Echoru, Isaac / Maseruka, Richard / Kimanje, Kyobe Ronald / Byarugaba, Wilson

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

2019 Volume 2019, Page(s) 6712178

Abstract: Purpose: We investigated the hypoglycemic and toxic effect of : Method: Phytochemical analysis was done. Diabetes was induced by the use of alloxan monohydrate in six groups of rats, i.e., 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, glibenclamide, normal saline, ...

Abstract	Purpose: We investigated the hypoglycemic and toxic effect of Method: Phytochemical analysis was done. Diabetes was induced by the use of alloxan monohydrate in six groups of rats, i.e., 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, glibenclamide, normal saline, and normal control group. Blood glucose was measured at the time of inoculation, then at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after. After 14 days, rats were killed under anesthesia; blood collected for measurement of total protein, albumin, TAGs, cholesterol, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine; and whole tissue of liver and kidneys used for histological studies. Results: The extract possessed antidiabetic effects between 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg doses, which we attributed to the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and amino acids. There was a drop in total protein and albumin with no statistical significance ( Conclusion: We established credible evidence that
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171158-6
ISSN	1741-4288 ; 1741-427X
ISSN (online)	1741-4288
ISSN	1741-427X
DOI	10.1155/2019/6712178
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Article ; Online: Targeting wild-type Erythrocyte receptors for Plasmodium falciparum and vivax Merozoites by Zinc Finger Nucleases In- silico: Towards a Genetic Vaccine against Malaria.

Kajumbula, Henry / Byarugaba, Wilson / Wayengera, Misaki

Genetic vaccines and therapy

2012 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 8

Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1479-0556
ISSN (online)	1479-0556
DOI	10.1186/1479-0556-10-8
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Article ; Online: In silico evidence for the species-specific conservation of mosquito retroposons

Byarugaba Wilson / Kajumbula Henry / Wayengera Misaki

Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, Vol 6, Iss 1, p

implications as a molecular biomarker

2009 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Background Mosquitoes are the transmissive vectors for several infectious pathogens that affect man. However, the control of mosquitoes through insecticide and pesticide spraying has proved difficult in the past. We hypothesized that, by virtue ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Mosquitoes are the transmissive vectors for several infectious pathogens that affect man. However, the control of mosquitoes through insecticide and pesticide spraying has proved difficult in the past. We hypothesized that, by virtue of their reported vertical inheritance among mosquitoes, group II introns – a class of small coding ribonucleic acids (scRNAs) – may form a potential species-specific biomarker. Structurally, introns are a six-moiety complex. Depending on the function of the protein encoded within the IV moiety, the highly mobile class of group II introns or retroposons is sub-divided into two: Restriction Endonuclease (REase)-like and Apurinic aPyramydinic Endonuclease (APE)-like. REase-like retroposons are thought to be the ancestors of APE retroposons. Our aim in this study was to find evidence for the highly species-specific conservation of the APE subclass of mosquito retroposons. Methods and Results In silico targeted sequence alignments were conducted across a 1,779-organism genome database (1,518 bacterial, 59 archeal, 201 eukaryotic, and the human), using three mosquito retroposon sequence tags (RST) as BLASTN queries [<ext-link ext-link-id="AJ970181" ext-link-type="sprot">AJ970181</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-id="AJ90201" ext-link-type="sprot">AJ90201</ext-link> of Culex pipien origin and <ext-link ext-link-id="AJ970301" ext-link-type="sprot">AJ970301</ext-link> of Anoplese sinensis origin]. At a calibration of E = 10, A & D = 100, default filtration and a homology cut-off of >95% identity, no hits were found on any of the 1,518 bacterial genomes. Eleven (100%) and 15 (100%) hits obtained on the 201-eukaryote genome database were homologs (>95% score) of C . pipien quinquefasciatus JHB retroposons, but none of An. sinensis . Twenty and 221 low score (30–43% identity) spurious hits were found at flanking ends of genes and contigs in the human genome with the C . pipien and An. sinensis RSTs respectively. Functional and positional inference revealed these to be possible relatives of human genomic spliceosomes. We advance two models for the application of mosquito RST: as precursors for developing molecular biomarkers for mosquitoes, and as RST-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb)-DDT immunoconjugates to enhance targeted toxicity. Conclusion We offer evidence to support the species-specific conservation of mosquito retroposons among lower taxa. Our findings suggest that retroposons may therefore constitute a unique biomarker for mosquito species that may be exploited in molecular entomology. Mosquito RST-specific MAbs may possibly permit synthesis of DDT immunoconjugates that could be used to achieve species-tailored toxicity.
Keywords	Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Identification of restriction endonuclease with potential ability to cleave the HSV-2 genome

Wayengera Misaki / Kajumbula Henry / Byarugaba Wilson

Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, Vol 5, Iss 1, p

Inherent potential for biosynthetic versus live recombinant microbicides

2008 Volume 18

Abstract: Abstract Background Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2 are enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA genome of ~120–200 kb. Genital infection with HSV-2 has been denoted as a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV-1. Developing biomedical ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2 are enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA genome of ~120–200 kb. Genital infection with HSV-2 has been denoted as a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV-1. Developing biomedical strategies for HSV-2 prevention is thus a central strategy in reducing global HIV-1 prevalence. This paper details the protocol for the isolation of restriction endunucleases (REases) with potent activity against the HSV-2 genome and models two biomedical interventions for preventing HSV-2. Methods and Results Using the whole genome of HSV-2, 289 REases and the bioinformatics software Webcutter2; we searched for potential recognition sites by way of genome wide palindromics. REase application in HSV-2 biomedical therapy was modeled concomitantly. Of the 289 enzymes analyzed; 77(26.6%) had potential to cleave the HSV-2 genome in > 100 but < 400 sites; 69(23.9%) in > 400 but < 700 sites; and the 9(3.1%) enzymes: BmyI, Bsp1286I, Bst2UI, BstNI, BstOI, EcoRII, HgaI, MvaI, and SduI cleaved in more than 700 sites. But for the 4: PacI, PmeI, SmiI, SwaI that had no sign of activity on HSV-2 genomic DNA, all 130(45%) other enzymes cleaved < 100 times. In silico palindromics has a PPV of 99.5% for in situ REase activity (2) Two models detailing how the REase EcoRII may be applied in developing interventions against HSV-2 are presented: a nanoparticle for microbicide development and a "recombinant lactobacillus" expressing cell wall anchored receptor (truncated nectin-1) for HSV-2 plus EcoRII. Conclusion Viral genome slicing by way of these bacterially- derived R-M enzymatic peptides may have therapeutic potential in HSV-2 infection; a cofactor for HIV-1 acquisition and transmission.
Keywords	Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: In silico evidence for the species-specific conservation of mosquito retroposons: implications as a molecular biomarker.

Byarugaba, Wilson / Kajumbula, Henry / Wayengera, Misaki

Theoretical biology & medical modelling

2009 Volume 6, Page(s) 14

Abstract: Background: Mosquitoes are the transmissive vectors for several infectious pathogens that affect man. However, the control of mosquitoes through insecticide and pesticide spraying has proved difficult in the past. We hypothesized that, by virtue of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Mosquitoes are the transmissive vectors for several infectious pathogens that affect man. However, the control of mosquitoes through insecticide and pesticide spraying has proved difficult in the past. We hypothesized that, by virtue of their reported vertical inheritance among mosquitoes, group II introns - a class of small coding ribonucleic acids (scRNAs) - may form a potential species-specific biomarker. Structurally, introns are a six-moiety complex. Depending on the function of the protein encoded within the IV moiety, the highly mobile class of group II introns or retroposons is sub-divided into two: Restriction Endonuclease (REase)-like and Apurinic aPyramydinic Endonuclease (APE)-like. REase-like retroposons are thought to be the ancestors of APE retroposons. Our aim in this study was to find evidence for the highly species-specific conservation of the APE subclass of mosquito retroposons. Methods and results: In silico targeted sequence alignments were conducted across a 1,779-organism genome database (1,518 bacterial, 59 archeal, 201 eukaryotic, and the human), using three mosquito retroposon sequence tags (RST) as BLASTN queries [AJ970181 and AJ90201 of Culex pipien origin and AJ970301 of Anoplese sinensis origin]. At a calibration of E = 10, A & D = 100, default filtration and a homology cut-off of >95% identity, no hits were found on any of the 1,518 bacterial genomes. Eleven (100%) and 15 (100%) hits obtained on the 201-eukaryote genome database were homologs (>95% score) of C.pipien quinquefasciatus JHB retroposons, but none of An. sinensis. Twenty and 221 low score (30-43% identity) spurious hits were found at flanking ends of genes and contigs in the human genome with the C.pipien and An. sinensis RSTs respectively. Functional and positional inference revealed these to be possible relatives of human genomic spliceosomes. We advance two models for the application of mosquito RST: as precursors for developing molecular biomarkers for mosquitoes, and as RST-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb)-DDT immunoconjugates to enhance targeted toxicity. Conclusion: We offer evidence to support the species-specific conservation of mosquito retroposons among lower taxa. Our findings suggest that retroposons may therefore constitute a unique biomarker for mosquito species that may be exploited in molecular entomology. Mosquito RST-specific MAbs may possibly permit synthesis of DDT immunoconjugates that could be used to achieve species-tailored toxicity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; Culex/genetics ; Culicidae/genetics ; Culicidae/parasitology ; Culicidae/pathogenicity ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Retroelements ; Species Specificity
Chemical Substances	Genetic Markers ; Retroelements
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-07-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2156462-0
ISSN	1742-4682 ; 1742-4682
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
ISSN	1742-4682
DOI	10.1186/1742-4682-6-14
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Article ; Online: Identification of restriction endonuclease with potential ability to cleave the HSV-2 genome: inherent potential for biosynthetic versus live recombinant microbicides.

Wayengera, Misaki / Kajumbula, Henry / Byarugaba, Wilson

Theoretical biology & medical modelling

2008 Volume 5, Page(s) 18

Abstract: Background: Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2 are enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA genome of approximately 120-200 kb. Genital infection with HSV-2 has been denoted as a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV-1. Developing ... ...

Abstract	Background: Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2 are enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA genome of approximately 120-200 kb. Genital infection with HSV-2 has been denoted as a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV-1. Developing biomedical strategies for HSV-2 prevention is thus a central strategy in reducing global HIV-1 prevalence. This paper details the protocol for the isolation of restriction endunucleases (REases) with potent activity against the HSV-2 genome and models two biomedical interventions for preventing HSV-2. Methods and results: Using the whole genome of HSV-2, 289 REases and the bioinformatics software Webcutter2; we searched for potential recognition sites by way of genome wide palindromics. REase application in HSV-2 biomedical therapy was modeled concomitantly. Of the 289 enzymes analyzed; 77(26.6%) had potential to cleave the HSV-2 genome in > 100 but < 400 sites; 69(23.9%) in > 400 but < 700 sites; and the 9(3.1%) enzymes: BmyI, Bsp1286I, Bst2UI, BstNI, BstOI, EcoRII, HgaI, MvaI, and SduI cleaved in more than 700 sites. But for the 4: PacI, PmeI, SmiI, SwaI that had no sign of activity on HSV-2 genomic DNA, all 130(45%) other enzymes cleaved < 100 times. In silico palindromics has a PPV of 99.5% for in situ REase activity (2) Two models detailing how the REase EcoRII may be applied in developing interventions against HSV-2 are presented: a nanoparticle for microbicide development and a "recombinant lactobacillus" expressing cell wall anchored receptor (truncated nectin-1) for HSV-2 plus EcoRII. Conclusion: Viral genome slicing by way of these bacterially- derived R-M enzymatic peptides may have therapeutic potential in HSV-2 infection; a cofactor for HIV-1 acquisition and transmission.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis ; Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism ; Biomedical Research/methods ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics ; Humans ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage ; Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use ; Viral Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Anti-Infective Agents ; Peptide Fragments ; Viral Proteins ; DNA Restriction Enzymes (EC 3.1.21.-) ; CCWGG-specific type II deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4) ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific (EC 3.1.21.4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-08-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2156462-0
ISSN	1742-4682 ; 1742-4682
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
ISSN	1742-4682
DOI	10.1186/1742-4682-5-18
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Article ; Online: Harnessing pharmacogenomics to tackle resistance to the "nucleoside reverse trancripatse inhibitor" backbone of highly active antiretroviral therapy in resource limited settings.

Wayengera, Misaki / Kajumbula, Henry / Byarugaba, Wilson

The open AIDS journal

2008 Volume 2, Page(s) 78–81

Abstract: Background: The sustainable use of HAART within the sub-Saharan and other developing world settings faces the emerging challenge of drug resistance. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) form the backbone of HAART and preserving their " ... ...

Abstract	Background: The sustainable use of HAART within the sub-Saharan and other developing world settings faces the emerging challenge of drug resistance. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) form the backbone of HAART and preserving their "antiviral efficacy" is thus critical to sustainable HAART use. Methods: A systematic review of the "mechanisms of evolution" of resistance to NRTI at the HIV genome level, and the phenotypic manifestations on drug pharmacokinetics was done. Conclusion: This paper provides an evidence based account of how the knowledge of pharmacogenomics may be exploited to tackle NRTI resistance within limited resource.
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-11-05
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2396652-X
ISSN	1874-6136 ; 1874-6136
ISSN (online)	1874-6136
ISSN	1874-6136
DOI	10.2174/1874613600802010078
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Article ; Online: EBV, HHV8 and HIV in B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma in Kampala, Uganda

Pileri Stefano A / Byarugaba Wilson / Kerchan Patrick / Orem Jackson / Tumwine Lynnette K

Infectious Agents and Cancer, Vol 5, Iss 1, p

2010 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Background B cell non Hodgkin lymphomas account for the majority of lymphomas in Uganda. The commonest is endemic Burkitt lymphoma, followed by diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). There has been an increase in incidence of malignant lymphoma ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background B cell non Hodgkin lymphomas account for the majority of lymphomas in Uganda. The commonest is endemic Burkitt lymphoma, followed by diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). There has been an increase in incidence of malignant lymphoma since the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, the possible linkages of HHV8 and EBV to the condition of impaired immunity present in AIDS are still not yet very clearly understood. Objectives 1. To describe the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes virus 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma biopsy specimens in Kampala, Uganda. 2. To describe the histopathology of non Hodgkin lymphoma by HIV serology test result in Kampala, Uganda Method Tumour biopsies specimens from 119 patients with B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma were classified according to the WHO classification. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of HHV8 and in situ hybridization with Epstein Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) for EBV. Real time and nested PCR were used for the detection of HIV. The patients from whom the 1991-2000 NHL biopsies had been taken did not have HIV serology results therefore 145 patients biopsies where serology results were available were used to describe the association of HIV with non Hodgkin lymphoma type during 2008-2009. Results In this study, the majority (92%) of the Burkitt lymphomas and only 34.8% of the diffuse large B cell lymphomas were EBV positive. None of the precursor B lymphoblastic lymphomas or the mantle cell lymphomas showed EBV integration in the lymphoma cells. None of the Burkitt lymphoma biopsies had HIV by PCR. Of the 121 non Hodgkin B cell lymphoma patients with HIV test results, 19% had HIV. However, only 1(0.04%) case of Burkitt lymphoma had HIV. All the tumours were HHV8 negative. Conclusions The majority of the Burkitt lymphomas and two fifths of the diffuse large B cell lymphomas had EBV. All the tumours were HHV8 negative. Generally, the relationship of NHL and HIV was weaker than what has been reported from the developed countries. We discuss the role of these viruses in lymphomagenesis in light of current knowledge.
Keywords	Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282 ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Oncology ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: EBV, HHV8 and HIV in B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma in Kampala, Uganda.

Tumwine, Lynnette K / Orem, Jackson / Kerchan, Patrick / Byarugaba, Wilson / Pileri, Stefano A

Infectious agents and cancer

2010 Volume 5, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Background: B cell non Hodgkin lymphomas account for the majority of lymphomas in Uganda. The commonest is endemic Burkitt lymphoma, followed by diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). There has been an increase in incidence of malignant lymphoma since ... ...

Abstract	Background: B cell non Hodgkin lymphomas account for the majority of lymphomas in Uganda. The commonest is endemic Burkitt lymphoma, followed by diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). There has been an increase in incidence of malignant lymphoma since the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, the possible linkages of HHV8 and EBV to the condition of impaired immunity present in AIDS are still not yet very clearly understood. Objectives: 1. To describe the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes virus 8 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma biopsy specimens in Kampala, Uganda.2. To describe the histopathology of non Hodgkin lymphoma by HIV serology test result in Kampala, Uganda Method: Tumour biopsies specimens from 119 patients with B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma were classified according to the WHO classification. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of HHV8 and in situ hybridization with Epstein Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) for EBV. Real time and nested PCR were used for the detection of HIV.The patients from whom the 1991-2000 NHL biopsies had been taken did not have HIV serology results therefore 145 patients biopsies where serology results were available were used to describe the association of HIV with non Hodgkin lymphoma type during 2008-2009. Results: In this study, the majority (92%) of the Burkitt lymphomas and only 34.8% of the diffuse large B cell lymphomas were EBV positive. None of the precursor B lymphoblastic lymphomas or the mantle cell lymphomas showed EBV integration in the lymphoma cells.None of the Burkitt lymphoma biopsies had HIV by PCR. Of the 121 non Hodgkin B cell lymphoma patients with HIV test results, 19% had HIV. However, only 1(0.04%) case of Burkitt lymphoma had HIV. All the tumours were HHV8 negative. Conclusions: The majority of the Burkitt lymphomas and two fifths of the diffuse large B cell lymphomas had EBV. All the tumours were HHV8 negative. Generally, the relationship of NHL and HIV was weaker than what has been reported from the developed countries. We discuss the role of these viruses in lymphomagenesis in light of current knowledge.
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-06-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2251117-9
ISSN	1750-9378 ; 1750-9378
ISSN (online)	1750-9378
ISSN	1750-9378
DOI	10.1186/1750-9378-5-12
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Article ; Online: An up-date on the prevalence of sickle cell trait in Eastern and Western Uganda.

Okwi, Andrew L / Byarugaba, Wilson / Ndugwa, Christopher M / Parkes, Arthur / Ocaido, Michael / Tumwine, James K

BMC blood disorders

2010 Volume 10, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Background: The first survey on sickle cell disease (SCD) done in Uganda in 1949, reported the district of Bundibugyo in Western Uganda to have the highest sickle cell trait (SCT) prevalence (45%). This is believed to be the highest in the whole world. ... ...

Abstract	Background: The first survey on sickle cell disease (SCD) done in Uganda in 1949, reported the district of Bundibugyo in Western Uganda to have the highest sickle cell trait (SCT) prevalence (45%). This is believed to be the highest in the whole world. According to the same survey, the prevalence of SCT in the districts of Mbale and Sironko in the East was 20-28%, whilst the districts of Mbarara and Ntungamo in the West had 1-5%. No follow-up surveys have been conducted over the past 60 years. SCA accounts for approximately 16.2% of all pediatric deaths in Uganda. The pattern of SCT inheritance, however, predicts likely changes in the prevalence and distribution of the SCT. The objective of the study therefore was to establish the current prevalence of the SCT in Uganda. Methods: This study was a cross sectional survey which was carried out in the districts of Mbale and Sironko in the Eastern, Mbarara/Ntungamo and Bundibugyo in Western Uganda. The participants were children (6 months-5 yrs). Blood was collected from each subject and analyzed for hemoglobin S using cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis. Results: The established prevalence of the SCT (As) in Eastern Uganda was 17.5% compared to 13.4% and 3% in Bundibugyo and Mbarara/Ntungamo respectively. 1.7% of the children in Eastern Uganda tested positive for haemoglobin ss relative to 3% in Bundibugyo, giving gene frequencies of 0.105 and 0.097 for the recessive gene respectively. No ss was detected in Mbarara/Ntungamo. Conclusions: A shift in the prevalence of the SCT and ss in Uganda is notable and may be explained by several biological and social factors. This study offers some evidence for the possible outcome of intermarriages in reducing the incidence of the SCT.
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050427-5
ISSN	1471-2326 ; 1471-2326
ISSN (online)	1471-2326
ISSN	1471-2326
DOI	10.1186/1471-2326-10-5
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