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Article ; Online: Xenon tracers for cost effective laser induced fluorescence of alternative propellant Hall thrusters.

Simmonds, J B / Byrne, M P / Chaplin, V H

2024 Volume 95, Issue 2

Abstract: One of the limiting factors to developing plasma thrusters on alternative propellants is the cost associated with changing the diagnostic tools, which are often propellant-dependent. For laser induced fluorescence (LIF), which is typically used for ion ... ...

Abstract	One of the limiting factors to developing plasma thrusters on alternative propellants is the cost associated with changing the diagnostic tools, which are often propellant-dependent. For laser induced fluorescence (LIF), which is typically used for ion velocity distribution measurements to determine ion trajectories and potential profiles, either new lasers need to be bought, which are tuned to the wavelength of the new element's excitation level, or a costly tunable laser is required. A method to use existing LIF setups designed for xenon on any propellant has been demonstrated on a Hall thruster operating on krypton. In the demonstration test, a small amount of xenon (0.01%-4%) was mixed with the main krypton propellant for use as a diagnostic tracer, and xenon ion velocities were measured while also monitoring changes in the mean discharge current and oscillations. High signal-to-noise ratios in LIF data acquired along the channel centerline were obtained with tracer gas fractions ≤1% that negligibly affected the thruster operation. These results and comparison of the emission spectra of xenon and other common propellants suggest that the tracer LIF method should be broadly applicable to LIF measurements in Hall thrusters operating on alternative propellants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/5.0179938
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Article: Greenfield filter placement.

Byrne, M P

Surgery

1991 Volume 109, Issue 2, Page(s) 231

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Thrombosis/surgery ; Vascular Surgical Procedures/instrumentation ; Vascular Surgical Procedures/methods ; Venae Cavae/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	1991-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	202467-6
ISSN	1532-7361 ; 0039-6060
ISSN (online)	1532-7361
ISSN	0039-6060
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Article: Development of vaccines for prevention of botulism.

Byrne, M P / Smith, L A

Biochimie

2000 Volume 82, Issue 9-10, Page(s) 955–966

Abstract: Botulism is a potentially lethal disease caused by one of seven homologous neurotoxic proteins usually produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This neuromuscular disorder occurs through an exquisite series of molecular events, ultimately ending ...

Abstract	Botulism is a potentially lethal disease caused by one of seven homologous neurotoxic proteins usually produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This neuromuscular disorder occurs through an exquisite series of molecular events, ultimately ending with the arrest of acetylcholine release and hence, flaccid paralysis. The development of vaccines that protect against botulism dates back to the 1940s. Currently, a pentavalent vaccine that protects against BoNT serotypes A-E and a separate monovalent vaccine that protects against BoNT serotype F are available as Investigational New Drugs. However, due to the numerous shortcomings associated with the toxoid vaccines, several groups have efforts towards developing next-generation vaccines. Identifying a synthetic peptide that harbors a neutralizing epitope is one approach to a BoNT vaccine, while another employs the use of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon vector to produce protective antigens in vivo against BoNT. The strategy used in our laboratory is to design synthetic genes encoding non-toxic, carboxy-terminal fragments of the C. botulinum neurotoxins (rBoNT(H(C))). The gene products are expressed in the yeast, Pichia pastoris, and purified to greater than 98% with yields typically ranging from 200-500 mg per kg of wet cells. Protective immunity to the purified products against high-level challenges of neurotoxin is elicited in mice and in non-human primates. A pre-Investigational New Drug meeting was held with the Food and Drug Administration, and the next milestone for the vaccine candidates will be clinical trials.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Botulinum Antitoxin/therapeutic use ; Botulinum Toxins/genetics ; Botulinum Toxins/immunology ; Botulism/immunology ; Botulism/prevention & control ; Clostridium botulinum/immunology ; Mice ; Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Botulinum Antitoxin ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Botulinum Toxins (EC 3.4.24.69)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-09
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	120345-9
ISSN	0300-9084
ISSN	0300-9084
DOI	10.1016/s0300-9084(00)01173-1
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Article: Chemically crosslinked protein dimers: stability and denaturation effects.

Byrne, M P / Stites, W E

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society

1995 Volume 4, Issue 12, Page(s) 2545–2558

Abstract: Nine single substitution cysteine mutants of staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease) were preferentially crosslinked at the introduced cysteine residues using three different bifunctional crosslinking reagents; 1,6-bismaleimidohexane (BMH), 1,3-dibromo-2- ... ...

Abstract	Nine single substitution cysteine mutants of staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease) were preferentially crosslinked at the introduced cysteine residues using three different bifunctional crosslinking reagents; 1,6-bismaleimidohexane (BMH), 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol (DBP), and the chemical warfare agent, mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; mustard). BMH and mustard gas are highly specific reagents for cysteine residues, whereas DBP is not as specific. Guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) denaturations of the resulting dimeric proteins exhibited biphasic unfolding behavior that did not fit the two-state model of unfolding. The monofunctional reagent, epsilon-maleimidocaproic acid (MCA), was used as a control for the effects of alkylation. Proteins modified with MCA unfolded normally, showing that this unusual unfolding behavior is due to crosslinking. The data obtained from these crosslinked dimers was fitted to a three-state thermodynamic model of two successive transitions in which the individual subunits cooperatively unfold. These two unfolding transitions were very different from the unfolding of the monomeric protein. These differences in unfolding behavior can be attributed in large part to changes in the denatured state. In addition to GuHCl titrations, the crosslinked dimers were also thermally unfolded. In contrast to the GuHCl denaturations, analysis of this data fit a two-state model well, but with greatly elevated van't Hoff enthalpies in many cases. However, clear correlations between the thermal and GuHCl denaturations exist, and the differences in thermal unfolding can be rationalized by postulating interactions of the denatured crosslinked proteins.
MeSH term(s)	Cross-Linking Reagents ; Drug Stability ; Guanidine ; Guanidines ; Macromolecular Substances ; Maleimides ; Micrococcal Nuclease/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Mustard Gas ; Propanols ; Protein Denaturation ; Protein Folding ; Thermodynamics
Chemical Substances	Cross-Linking Reagents ; Guanidines ; Macromolecular Substances ; Maleimides ; Propanols ; 1,6-bismaleimidohexane (4856-87-5) ; 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol (96-21-9) ; Micrococcal Nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1) ; Guanidine (JU58VJ6Y3B) ; Mustard Gas (T8KEC9FH9P)
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1106283-6
ISSN	1469-896X ; 0961-8368
ISSN (online)	1469-896X
ISSN	0961-8368
DOI	10.1002/pro.5560041211
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Article: Needle biopsy.

Byrne, M P

Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)

1981 Volume 116, Issue 2, Page(s) 252

MeSH term(s)	Biopsy, Needle ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Female ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	1981-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	80055-7
ISSN	1538-3644 ; 0004-0010 ; 0096-6908 ; 0272-5533
ISSN (online)	1538-3644
ISSN	0004-0010 ; 0096-6908 ; 0272-5533
DOI	10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380140096031
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Article: Laparoscopic transcystic management of choledocholithiasis.

Hyser, M J / Chaudhry, V / Byrne, M P

The American surgeon

1999 Volume 65, Issue 7, Page(s) 606–9; discussion 610

Abstract: Our objective was to review our community hospital experience with laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis from 1991 to 1997. We performed a retrospective review of all case records of patients with choledocholithiasis managed surgically at St. ... ...

Abstract	Our objective was to review our community hospital experience with laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis from 1991 to 1997. We performed a retrospective review of all case records of patients with choledocholithiasis managed surgically at St. Francis Hospital during the study period. Data regarding the history, presentation, investigations, operative details, and follow-up were recorded. Procedures were performed by multiple attending surgeons supervising surgical residents. All common bile duct explorations (CBDEs) were performed by a transcystic approach and followed routine cholangiography. In most cases, cystic duct dilatation over a guide wire was followed by transcystic CBDE with choledochoscopy. Stone extraction was accomplished through a combination of flushing, basket manipulation, fragmentation, retrieval, or advancement of stones through the ampulla. Data were analyzed using SPSS computer software, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. During the period of study there were 1053 laparoscopic cholecystectomies with and without cholangiography and 100 total CBDE performed. Of these, 54/100 had an attempt at laparoscopic CBDE. There were 39 females and 15 males, with a median age of 52 years (range 14-88). Presentation included acute cholecystitis or biliary colic (63%), gallstone pancreatitis (20%), and jaundice or cholangitis (17%). Successful laparoscopic stone removal was achieved in 36 of 54 (67%) cases. Eighteen of the remainder (33%) were converted to an open procedure. Size, number, position of stones, technical difficulties in accessing the common bile duct, and patient factors contributed to open conversion. The rate of successful laparoscopic CBDE improved for each individual surgeon from an average of 22 per cent in the first half of the study period (1991-1994) to 87 per cent in the second half (1995-1997). There was no operative mortality. Significant morbidity in the laparoscopic group included one retained stone and two cases of postoperative pancreatitis. There were three false negative preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography examinations. Multivariate analysis showed that experience of the individual surgeon was the only significant factor predicting successful laparoscopic CBDE. Low initial success rate in the early phase of the study period improved dramatically to reach an overall success rate of 87 per cent in the second half. Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones is possible in a community setting with a high success rate and minimal morbidity. It precludes excessive use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with its own set of complications but is associated with a significant learning curve. It is currently our preferred therapeutic approach for choledocholithiasis discovered pre- or intraoperatively.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Female ; Gallstones/surgery ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	202465-2
ISSN	1555-9823 ; 0003-1348
ISSN (online)	1555-9823
ISSN	0003-1348
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Article: Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in the Jehovah's Witness. Use of auto transfusion.

Byrne, M P

IMJ. Illinois medical journal

1976 Volume 150, Issue 1, Page(s) 87, 90

MeSH term(s)	Aorta, Abdominal/surgery ; Aortic Aneurysm/surgery ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Religion and Medicine
Language	English
Publishing date	1976-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
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Article: Mustard gas crosslinking of proteins through preferential alkylation of cysteines.

Byrne, M P / Broomfield, C A / Stites, W E

Journal of protein chemistry

1996 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 131–136

Abstract: Mustard gas, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, treatment of proteins is shown to generate significant amounts of covalently crosslinked protein dimers. This is due to the preferential alkylation of cysteine residues. Crosslinking does not occur in the model ... ...

Abstract	Mustard gas, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, treatment of proteins is shown to generate significant amounts of covalently crosslinked protein dimers. This is due to the preferential alkylation of cysteine residues. Crosslinking does not occur in the model protein staphylococcal nuclease, which has no cysteine residues. Treatment of cysteine-containing mutants of staphylococcal nuclease with this chemical warfare agent did result in crosslinking. However, these dimers are slowly cleaved back to monomers by an unknown mechanism. The alkylation and crosslinking of cysteine-containing proteins by mustard gas may contribute to its toxicity.
MeSH term(s)	Alkylation ; Chromatography, Gel ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Cysteine/analysis ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Micrococcal Nuclease/chemistry ; Mustard Gas/chemistry ; Mustard Gas/toxicity ; Proteins/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Cross-Linking Reagents ; Proteins ; Micrococcal Nuclease (EC 3.1.31.1) ; Cysteine (K848JZ4886) ; Mustard Gas (T8KEC9FH9P)
Language	English
Publishing date	1996-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	392429-4
ISSN	0277-8033
ISSN	0277-8033
DOI	10.1007/bf01887394
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Article: Fermentation, purification, and efficacy of a recombinant vaccine candidate against botulinum neurotoxin type F from Pichia pastoris.

Byrne, M P / Titball, R W / Holley, J / Smith, L A

Protein expression and purification

2000 Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) 327–337

Abstract: A recombinant vaccine candidate was developed that protected mice against botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNTF) intoxication. A synthetic gene encoding BoNTF fragment C (rBoNTF(H(c))) was designed, constructed, and inserted into a plasmid for ... ...

Abstract	A recombinant vaccine candidate was developed that protected mice against botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNTF) intoxication. A synthetic gene encoding BoNTF fragment C (rBoNTF(H(c))) was designed, constructed, and inserted into a plasmid for expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris. A total cell protein content of 2.9 g was obtained per liter of fermentation broth. Recombinant rBoNTF(H(c)) was purified from the soluble yeast extract in two chromatographic steps. The process employed Mono S cation exchange chemistry followed by Alkyl-Superose hydrophobic interaction chromatography, producing material judged to be greater than 98% pure by SDS-PAGE. The recovery of purified product from cell extract was estimated to be greater than 42%, with a yield of 140 mg/kg of cell paste. rBoNTF(H(c)) was also purified from the insoluble fraction of the yeast cell lysate. Because the fragment C in the pellet was 35% of the total insoluble protein, only a Mono S cation exchange chromatography step was necessary to achieve a purity greater than 98%. Mice that received three injections of 0.2 microgram of purified soluble rBoNTF(H(c)) were completely protected when challenged with 1000 mouse ip LD(50) of BoNTF toxin. Similarly, three doses of 1 microgram of purified resolubilized rBoNTF(H(c)) completely protected mice from a challenge of 5000 mouse ip LD(50) of BoNTF toxin. Individual serum antibody ELISA titers of mice injected with soluble rBoNTF(H(c)) correlated with survival as all 34 mice with ELISA titers of 100 or greater survived toxin challenge. The work presented here demonstrates that purified rBoNTF(H(c)) is able to protect against a high challenge dose of neurotoxin.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Western ; Botulinum Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Botulinum Toxins/genetics ; Botulinum Toxins/immunology ; Botulinum Toxins/toxicity ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Circular Dichroism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Fermentation ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pichia/genetics ; Pichia/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis ; Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Recombinant Proteins ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Botulinum Toxins (EC 3.4.24.69) ; botulinum toxin type F (U1R2P71O7G)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1055455-5
ISSN	1096-0279 ; 1046-5928
ISSN (online)	1096-0279
ISSN	1046-5928
DOI	10.1006/prep.2000.1200
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Article: Pleural placement of the Swan-Ganz catheter.

Dadkhah, S / Byrne, M P

IMJ. Illinois medical journal

1987 Volume 171, Issue 2, Page(s) 83–84

MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Cardiac Catheterization/instrumentation ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Male ; Pleura
Language	English
Publishing date	1987-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
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