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Article: Monitoring Trends in Distribution and Seasonality of Medically Important Ticks in North America Using Online Crowdsourced Records from iNaturalist.

Cull, Benjamin

2022 Volume 13, Issue 5

Abstract: Recent increases in the incidence and geographic range of tick-borne diseases in North America are linked to the range expansion of medically important tick species, ... ...

Abstract	Recent increases in the incidence and geographic range of tick-borne diseases in North America are linked to the range expansion of medically important tick species, including
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662247-6
ISSN	2075-4450
ISSN	2075-4450
DOI	10.3390/insects13050404
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Potential for online crowdsourced biological recording data to complement surveillance for arthropod vectors.

Cull, Benjamin

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e0250382

Abstract: Voluntary contributions by citizen scientists can gather large datasets covering wide geographical areas, and are increasingly utilized by researchers for multiple applications, including arthropod vector surveillance. Online platforms such as ... ...

Abstract	Voluntary contributions by citizen scientists can gather large datasets covering wide geographical areas, and are increasingly utilized by researchers for multiple applications, including arthropod vector surveillance. Online platforms such as iNaturalist accumulate crowdsourced biological observations from around the world and these data could also be useful for monitoring vectors. The aim of this study was to explore the availability of observations of important vector taxa on the iNaturalist platform and examine the utility of these data to complement existing vector surveillance activities. Of ten vector taxa investigated, records were most numerous for mosquitoes (Culicidae; 23,018 records, 222 species) and ticks (Ixodida; 16,214 records, 87 species), with most data from 2019-2020. Case studies were performed to assess whether images associated with records were of sufficient quality to identify species and compare iNaturalist observations of vector species to the known situation at the state, national and regional level based on existing published data. Firstly, tick data collected at the national (United Kingdom) or state (Minnesota, USA) level were sufficient to determine seasonal occurrence and distribution patterns of important tick species, and were able to corroborate and complement known trends in tick distribution. Importantly, tick species with expanding distributions (Haemaphysalis punctata in the UK, and Amblyomma americanum in Minnesota) were also detected. Secondly, using iNaturalist data to monitor expanding tick species in Europe (Hyalomma spp.) and the USA (Haemaphysalis longicornis), and invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe, showed potential for tracking these species within their known range as well as identifying possible areas of expansion. Despite known limitations associated with crowdsourced data, this study shows that iNaturalist can be a valuable source of information on vector distribution and seasonality that could be used to supplement existing vector surveillance data, especially at a time when many surveillance programs may have been interrupted by COVID-19 restrictions.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Arthropod Vectors/classification ; Arthropod Vectors/physiology ; Citizen Science/methods ; Crowdsourcing/methods ; Culicidae/classification ; Culicidae/physiology ; Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Density ; Ticks/classification ; Ticks/physiology ; United Kingdom ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0250382
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Article ; Online: Methods for the Study of Ticks, Mosquitoes, and their Transmitted Pathogens: Toward a Greater Understanding of Vector Biology and Arthropod-Microbe Interactions.

Cull, Benjamin / Wang, Xin-Ru

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2023 , Issue 193

Abstract: Articles discussed: Chen, L., Xiao, Q., Shi, M., Cheng, J., Wu, J. Detecting Wolbachia strain wAlbB in Aedes albopictus cell lines. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (184), e63662 (2022). Haziqah-Rashid, A. et al. Determining temperature preference of ... ...

Abstract	Articles discussed: Chen, L., Xiao, Q., Shi, M., Cheng, J., Wu, J. Detecting Wolbachia strain wAlbB in Aedes albopictus cell lines. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (184), e63662 (2022). Haziqah-Rashid, A. et al. Determining temperature preference of mosquitoes and other ectotherms. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (187), e64356 (2022). Huang, D. et al. Mosquito-associated virus isolation from field-collected mosquitoes. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (186), e63852 (2022). Khoo, B., Cull, B., Oliver, J. D. Tick artificial membrane feeding for Ixodes scapularis. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 64553 (2022). Leal-Galvan, B., Harvey, C., Thomas, D., Saelao, P., Oliva Chavez, A. S. Isolation of microRNAs from tick ex vivo salivary gland cultures and extracellular vesicles. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (182), e63618 (2022). Liang, Q. et al. Control of Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae with Carpesium abrotanoides L. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (186), e63976 (2022). Wang, F. et al. Experimental viral infection in adult mosquitoes by oral feeding and microinjection. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (185), e63830 (2022). Wang, X. R., Burkhardt, N. Y., Price, L. D., Munderloh, U. G. An electroporation method to transform Rickettsia spp. with a fluorescent protein-expressing shuttle vector in tick cell lines. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (188), e64562 (2022).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arthropods ; Mosquito Vectors ; Ixodes ; Aedes ; Biology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Video-Audio Media ; Editorial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/64986
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Article ; Online: Apoptosis and Autophagy: Current Understanding in Tick-Pathogen Interactions.

Wang, Xin-Ru / Cull, Benjamin

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

2022 Volume 12, Page(s) 784430

Abstract: Tick-borne diseases are a significant threat to human and animal health throughout the world. How tick-borne pathogens successfully infect and disseminate in both their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts is only partially understood. Pathogens have ... ...

Abstract	Tick-borne diseases are a significant threat to human and animal health throughout the world. How tick-borne pathogens successfully infect and disseminate in both their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts is only partially understood. Pathogens have evolved several mechanisms to combat host defense systems, and to avoid and modulate host immunity during infection, therefore benefitting their survival and replication. In the host, pathogens trigger responses from innate and adaptive immune systems that recognize and eliminate invaders. Two important innate defenses against pathogens are the programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy. This Mini Review surveys the current knowledge of apoptosis and autophagy pathways in tick-pathogen interactions, as well as the strategies evolved by pathogens for their benefit. We then assess the limitations to studying both pathways and discuss their participation in the network of the tick immune system, before highlighting future perspectives in this field. The knowledge gained would significantly enhance our understanding of the defense responses in vector ticks that regulate pathogen infection and burden, and form the foundation for future research to identify novel approaches to the control of tick-borne diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Tick-Borne Diseases ; Ticks/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2619676-1
ISSN	2235-2988 ; 2235-2988
ISSN (online)	2235-2988
ISSN	2235-2988
DOI	10.3389/fcimb.2022.784430
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Article: NHS reference costs: a history and cautionary note.

Amies-Cull, Ben / Luengo-Fernandez, Ramon / Scarborough, Peter / Wolstenholme, Jane

Health economics review

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 54

Abstract: Historically, the NHS did not routinely collect cost data, unlike many countries with private insurance markets. In 1998, for the first time the government mandated NHS trusts to submit estimates of their costs of service, known as reference costs. These ...

Abstract	Historically, the NHS did not routinely collect cost data, unlike many countries with private insurance markets. In 1998, for the first time the government mandated NHS trusts to submit estimates of their costs of service, known as reference costs. These have informed a wide range of health economic evaluations and important functions in the health service, such as setting prices.Reference costs are collected by progressively disaggregating budgets top-down into disease and treatment groups. Despite ongoing improvements to methods and guidance, these submissions continued to suffer a lack of accuracy and comparability, fundamentally undermining their credibility for critical functions.To overcome these issues, there was a long-held ambition to collect "patient-level" cost data. Patient-level costs are estimated with a combination of disaggregating budgets but also capturing the patient-level "causality of costs" bottom-up in the allocation of resources to patient episodes. These not only aim to capture more of the drivers of costs, but also improve consistency of reporting between providers.The change in methods may confer improvements to data quality, though judgement is still required and achieving consistency between trusts will take further work. Estimated costs may also change in important ways that may take many years to fully understand. We end on a cautionary note that patient-level cost methods may unlock potential, they alone contribute little to our understanding of the complexities involved with service quality or need, while that potential will require substantial investment to realise. Many healthcare resources cannot be attributed to individual patients so the very notion of "patient-level" costs may be misplaced. High hopes have been put in these new data, though much more work is now necessary to understand their quality, what they show and how their use will impact the system.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-22
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2634483-X
ISSN	2191-1991
ISSN	2191-1991
DOI	10.1186/s13561-023-00469-0
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Book ; Conference proceedings: Symposium on Physiology of Productivity of Subtropical and Tropical Tree Fruits

Cull, B. W.

Brisbane, Australia, 12 - 17 May, 1985

(Acta horticulturae ; 175)

1986

Event/congress	Symposium on Physiology of Productivity of Subtropical and Tropical Tree Fruits (1985, Brisbane)
Author's details	[eds: B. W. Cull ...]
Series title	Acta horticulturae ; 175
Collection
Keywords	Obstbaum ; Ertragsphysiologie ; Subtropen ; Tropen
Subject	Ernteertrag
Language	English
Size	376 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	ISHS
Publishing place	Wageningen
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Book ; Conference proceedings
HBZ-ID	HT014635042
ISBN	90-6605-152-3 ; 978-90-6605-152-2
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

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868/1508	order for loan	Geschlossenes Magazin (U2)

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Article ; Online: Estimating BMI distributions by age and sex for local authorities in England: a small area estimation study.

Amies-Cull, Ben / Wolstenholme, Jane / Cobiac, Linda / Scarborough, Peter

BMJ open

2022 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) e060892

Abstract: Objectives: Rates of overweight and obesity vary across England, but local rates have not been estimated for over 10 years. We aimed to produce new small area estimates of body mass index (BMI) by age and sex for each lower tier and unitary local ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Rates of overweight and obesity vary across England, but local rates have not been estimated for over 10 years. We aimed to produce new small area estimates of body mass index (BMI) by age and sex for each lower tier and unitary local authority in England, to provide up-to-date and more detailed estimates for the use of policy-makers and academics working in non-communicable disease risk and health inequalities. Design: We used generalised linear modelling to estimate the relationship between BMI with social/demographic markers in a cross-sectional survey, then used this model to impute a BMI for each adult in locally-representative populations. These groups were then disaggregated by 5-year age group, sex and local authority group. Setting: The Health Survey for England 2018 (cross-sectional BMI data for England) and Census microdata 2011 (locally representative). Participants: A total of 6174 complete cases aged 16 and over were included. Outcome measures: Modelled group-level BMI as mean and SD of log-BMI. Extensive internal validation was performed, against the original data and external validation against the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and Active Lives Survey and previous small area estimates. Results: In 94% of age-sex are groups, mean BMI was in the overweight or obese ranges. Older and more deprived areas had the highest overweight and obesity rates, which were particularly in coastal areas, the West Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber. Validation showed close concordance with previous estimates by local area and demographic groups. Conclusion: This work updated previous estimates of the distribution of BMI in England and contributes considerable additional detail to our understanding of the local epidemiology of overweight and obesity. Raised BMI now affects the vast majority of demographic groups by age, sex and area in England, regardless of geography or deprivation.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; England/epidemiology ; Humans ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Overweight/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060892
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Article ; Online: The role of autophagy in tick-endosymbiont interactions: insights from

Wang, Xin-Ru / Cull, Benjamin / Oliver, Jonathan D / Kurtti, Timothy J / Munderloh, Ulrike G

Microbiology spectrum

2023 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e0108623

Abstract: Importance: Ticks are second only to mosquitoes in their importance as vectors of disease agents; however, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) account for the majority of all vector-borne disease cases in the United States (approximately 76.5%), according to ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Ticks are second only to mosquitoes in their importance as vectors of disease agents; however, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) account for the majority of all vector-borne disease cases in the United States (approximately 76.5%), according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports. Newly discovered tick species and their associated disease-causing pathogens, and anthropogenic and demographic factors also contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of TBDs. Thus, incorporating different tick control approaches based on a thorough knowledge of tick biology has great potential to prevent and eliminate TBDs in the future. Here we demonstrate that replication of a transovarially transmitted rickettsial endosymbiont depends on the tick's autophagy machinery but not on apoptosis. Our findings improve our understanding of the role of symbionts in tick biology and the potential to discover tick control approaches to prevent or manage TBDs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ixodes/microbiology ; Rickettsia/genetics ; Tick-Borne Diseases/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.01086-23
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Article ; Online: A nationwide study on Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in questing Ixodes ricinus: a six-year snapshot study in protected recreational areas in England and Wales.

Cull, B / Hansford, K M / McGinley, L / Gillingham, E L / Vaux, A G C / Smith, R / Medlock, J M

Medical and veterinary entomology

2021 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 352–360

Abstract: Understanding the variation in Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in Ixodes ricinus ticks is important for assessing the potential for Lyme borreliosis transmission. This study aimed to investigate infection rates of B. burgdorferi s.l. bacteria ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the variation in Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in Ixodes ricinus ticks is important for assessing the potential for Lyme borreliosis transmission. This study aimed to investigate infection rates of B. burgdorferi s.l. bacteria in I. ricinus across 24 field sites in England and Wales, focussing on protected recreational areas in National Parks (NPs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), to provide comparable data across multiple years to assess spatio-temporal changes in B. burgdorferi s.l. infection. Working with park rangers, questing ticks were collected each spring from 2014 to 2019. A subset of ticks, 4104 nymphs, were analysed using a pan-Borrelia qPCR assay, as well as a Borrelia miyamotoi-specific qPCR, and sequenced to determine Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. genospecies. Site-specific B. burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in I. ricinus nymphs varied from 0% to 24%, with overall infection rates ranging from 2.5% to 5.1% across the years. Genospecies composition of sequenced samples was 62.5% B. garinii, 20.3% B. valaisiana and 17.2% B. afzelii. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in 0.2% of ticks. This study increases our knowledge on B. burgdorferi s.l.. infection in areas used by the public for outdoor activity across England and Wales, highlighting the spatial and temporal variability which can impact the changing risk to humans from infected tick bites.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Borrelia ; Borrelia burgdorferi ; Borrelia burgdorferi Group ; England/epidemiology ; Ixodes ; Lyme Disease/epidemiology ; Lyme Disease/veterinary ; Wales/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	286021-1
ISSN	1365-2915 ; 0269-283X
ISSN (online)	1365-2915
ISSN	0269-283X
DOI	10.1111/mve.12503
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Article: A nationwide study on Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in questing Ixodes ricinus: a six‐year snapshot study in protected recreational areas in England and Wales

Cull, B. / Hansford, K. M. / McGinley, L. / Gillingham, E. L. / Vaux, A. G. C. / Smith, R. / Medlock, J. M.

Medical and veterinary entomology. 2021 Sept., v. 35, no. 3

2021

Abstract	Understanding the variation in Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in Ixodes ricinus ticks is important for assessing the potential for Lyme borreliosis transmission. This study aimed to investigate infection rates of B. burgdorferi s.l. bacteria in I. ricinus across 24 field sites in England and Wales, focussing on protected recreational areas in National Parks (NPs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), to provide comparable data across multiple years to assess spatio‐temporal changes in B. burgdorferi s.l. infection. Working with park rangers, questing ticks were collected each spring from 2014 to 2019. A subset of ticks, 4104 nymphs, were analysed using a pan‐Borrelia qPCR assay, as well as a Borrelia miyamotoi‐specific qPCR, and sequenced to determine Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. genospecies. Site‐specific B. burgdorferi s.l. infection rates in I. ricinus nymphs varied from 0% to 24%, with overall infection rates ranging from 2.5% to 5.1% across the years. Genospecies composition of sequenced samples was 62.5% B. garinii, 20.3% B. valaisiana and 17.2% B. afzelii. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in 0.2% of ticks. This study increases our knowledge on B. burgdorferi s.l.. infection in areas used by the public for outdoor activity across England and Wales, highlighting the spatial and temporal variability which can impact the changing risk to humans from infected tick bites.
Keywords	Borrelia burgdorferi ; Borrelia miyamotoi ; Ixodes ricinus ; Lyme disease ; medical and veterinary entomology ; risk ; spring ; temporal variation ; ticks ; England ; Wales
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-09
Size	p. 352-360.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	286021-1
ISSN	1365-2915 ; 0269-283X
ISSN (online)	1365-2915
ISSN	0269-283X
DOI	10.1111/mve.12503
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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