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Article: Real-World Use of Carvedilol in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Long-Term Effect on Survival and Ventricular Function.

Adorisio, Rachele / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Ciabattini, Marco / Amodeo, Antonio / Drago, Fabrizio

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 845406

Abstract: Background: Carvedilol is recommended for chronic heart failure (HF) treatment in children. However, the ideal dosage and administration are not standardized, and data on its long-term effects are lacking. This study aimed to assess the effect of a high ...

Abstract	Background: Carvedilol is recommended for chronic heart failure (HF) treatment in children. However, the ideal dosage and administration are not standardized, and data on its long-term effects are lacking. This study aimed to assess the effect of a high dosage regimen of carvedilol on cardiac outcomes in children with HF. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all children with HF and dilated cardiomyopathy. We analyzed medical records before starting treatment, at 1 and 3 years after reaching the maximum therapeutic dosage. All data were compared with a historical control group. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression have been used to evaluate the effect of high dosage carvedilol therapy. The main outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and heart transplant. Results: One hundred thirty-five were included in the study and 65 treated with a high dosage of carvedilol regimen (up to 1 mg/kg/day). Heart rate reduction (mean reduction 30%, Conclusions: Treatment with the high dosage of carvedilol, in addition to standard HF therapy, significantly improves ventricular function and survival in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic HF.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2711999-3
ISSN	2296-2360
ISSN	2296-2360
DOI	10.3389/fped.2022.845406
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Article ; Online: Long-term incidence of arrhythmias in extracardiac conduit Fontan and comparison between systemic left and right ventricle.

Di Mambro, Corrado / Yammine, Marie Laure / Tamborrino, Pietro Paolo / Giordano, Ugo / Righi, Daniela / Unolt, Marta / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Maiolo, Stella / Albanese, Sonia / Carotti, Adriano / Amodeo, Antonio / Galletti, Lorenzo / Drago, Fabrizio

Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology

2024 Volume 26, Issue 5

Abstract: Aims: The extracardiac conduit-Fontan (ECC) has become the preferred technique for univentricular heart palliation, but there are currently no data on the incidence of long-term arrhythmias. This study investigated the incidence of arrhythmias and ... ...

Abstract	Aims: The extracardiac conduit-Fontan (ECC) has become the preferred technique for univentricular heart palliation, but there are currently no data on the incidence of long-term arrhythmias. This study investigated the incidence of arrhythmias and relation to single ventricle morphology in the long-term follow-up (FU) in ECC. Methods and results: All patients with ECC performed in our Centre between 1987 and 2017 were included (minimum FU 5 years). Of 353 consecutive patients, 303 [57.8% males, aging 8-50 (median 20) years at last FU] were considered and divided into two groups depending on left (194 in Group 1) or right (109 in Group 2) ventricular morphology. Eighty-five (28%) experienced ≥1 arrhythmic complications, with early and late arrhythmias in 17 (5.6%) and 73 (24.1%) patients, respectively. Notably, late bradyarrhythmias occurred after 6 years in 21 (11%) patients in Group 1, and in 15 (13.8%) in Group 2 [P = 0.48]. Late tachyarrhythmias occurred in 55 (18.2%) patients after 12 years: 33 (17%) in Group 1 and 22 (20.2%) patients in Group 2 [P = 0.5]. Ventricular tachycardias (VT) were documented after 12.5 years in 14 (7.2%) patients of Group 1 and 15 (13.8%) of Group 2 [P = 0.06] with a higher incidence in Group 2 during the FU [P = 0.005]. Conclusion: Extracardiac conduit is related to a significant arrhythmic risk in the long-term FU, higher than previously reported. Bradyarrhythmias occur earlier but are less frequent than tachyarrhythmias. Interestingly, patients with systemic right ventricle have a significantly higher incidence of VT, especially in a very long FU.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Fontan Procedure/adverse effects ; Incidence ; Child ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Heart Ventricles/physiopathology ; Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging ; Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery ; Heart Defects, Congenital/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Univentricular Heart/surgery ; Univentricular Heart/epidemiology ; Univentricular Heart/physiopathology ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology ; Postoperative Complications/etiology ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comparative Study
ZDB-ID	1449879-0
ISSN	1532-2092 ; 1099-5129
ISSN (online)	1532-2092
ISSN	1099-5129
DOI	10.1093/europace/euae097
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Zs.A 5434: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Persistent myocardial atrophy despite LV reverse remodeling in Duchenne cardiomyopathy treated by LVAD.

Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Adorisio, Rachele / Baban, Anwar / Di Molfetta, Arianna / Amodeo, Antonio / Drago, Fabrizio

Pediatric transplantation

2020 Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) e13890

Abstract: DCM is the leading cause of death in Duchenne patients. LVADs are considered as therapeutic options as DT in advanced HF. The aim of our study was to evaluate LV remodeling of Duchenne after LVADs and chronic therapy. Demographic and echocardiographic ... ...

Abstract	DCM is the leading cause of death in Duchenne patients. LVADs are considered as therapeutic options as DT in advanced HF. The aim of our study was to evaluate LV remodeling of Duchenne after LVADs and chronic therapy. Demographic and echocardiographic data of 8 Duchenne patients implanted with LVADs were reviewed and analyzed. All measures were collected before LVAD implantation, after 1 month and 1 year. All patients were affected by end-stage DCM, and mean age at implantation was 16.9 ± 2.9 years. Patients were treated with maximal medical therapy. One-year post-implantation HR decreased from a mean of 110 ± 19 bpm to 82 ± 2 bpm (P = .002), and a significant decrease in LV volumes and diameters LVEDD P = .03, LVESD P = .02, EDV P = .01, and ESV P = .02) was noticed together with a significant increase in EF (P = .0036). However, RWT did not change over time, showing an eccentric remodeling pattern pre- and post-LVADs. Our data showed that cardiac atrophy is persistent in Duchenne cardiomyopathy despite the improvement of LV function secondary to a significant ventricular unloading due to LVADs coupled with chronic therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/diagnostic imaging ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/surgery ; Child ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure/diagnostic imaging ; Heart Failure/pathology ; Heart Failure/physiopathology ; Heart Failure/surgery ; Heart-Assist Devices ; Humans ; Male ; Muscular Atrophy ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/diagnostic imaging ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/surgery ; Myocardium/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Ventricular Remodeling
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-26
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Evaluation Study ; Letter
ZDB-ID	1390284-2
ISSN	1399-3046 ; 1397-3142
ISSN (online)	1399-3046
ISSN	1397-3142
DOI	10.1111/petr.13890
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Zs.A 4947: Show issues

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Article: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Young Adolescents after a Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: Physical Deconditioning or Residual Pathology?

Gentili, Federica / Calcagni, Giulio / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Manno, Emma Concetta / Cafiero, Giulia / Tranchita, Eliana / Salvati, Annamaria / Palma, Paolo / Giordano, Ugo / Drago, Fabrizio / Turchetta, Attilio

Journal of clinical medicine

2023 Volume 12, Issue 6

Abstract: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious health condition that imposes a long-term follow-up. The purpose of our pilot study is to evaluate the usefulness of the cardiopulmonary stress test (CPET) in the follow-up after MIS-C. ... ...

Abstract	Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious health condition that imposes a long-term follow-up. The purpose of our pilot study is to evaluate the usefulness of the cardiopulmonary stress test (CPET) in the follow-up after MIS-C. All patients admitted for MIS-C in our hospital in the 12 months preceding the date of observation were considered for inclusion in the study. Pre-existing cardio-respiratory diseases and/or the lack of collaboration were the exclusion criteria. At enrolment, each subject passed a cardiological examination, rest ECG, echocardiogram, 24 h Holter-ECG, blood tests, and a CPET complete of spirometry. A total of 20 patients met the inclusion criteria (11.76 ± 3.29 years, 13 male). In contrast to the normality of all second-level investigations, CPET showed lower-than-expected peakVO
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662592-1
ISSN	2077-0383
ISSN	2077-0383
DOI	10.3390/jcm12062375
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Article ; Online: Relapsing myocarditis following initial recovery of post COVID-19 vaccination in two adolescent males - Case reports.

Amodio, Donato / Manno, Emma Concetta / Cotugno, Nicola / Santilli, Veronica / Franceschini, Alessio / Perrone, Marco Alfonso / Chinali, Marcello / Drago, Fabrizio / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Curione, Davide / Engler, Renata / Secinaro, Aurelio / Palma, Paolo

Vaccine: X

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 100318

Abstract: Whilst there has been significant public health benefits associated with global use of COVID-19 spike protein vaccines, potential serious adverse events following immunization have been reported. Acute myocarditis is a rare complication of COVID19 ... ...

Abstract	Whilst there has been significant public health benefits associated with global use of COVID-19 spike protein vaccines, potential serious adverse events following immunization have been reported. Acute myocarditis is a rare complication of COVID19 vaccines and often it is self-limiting. We describe two cases experiencing recurrent myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine despite a prior episode with full clinical recovery. Between September 2021-September 2022 we observed two male adolescents with recurrent myocarditis related to mRNA-based-COVID19 vaccine. During the first episode both patients presented with fever and chest pain few days after their second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine (Comirnaty®). The blood exams showed increased cardiac enzymes. In addition, complete viral panel was run, showing HHV7 positivity in a single case. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal at echocardiogram but cardiac magnetic resonance scanning (CMR) was consistent with myocarditis. They were treated with supportive treatment with full recovery. The 6 months follow-up demonstrated good clinical conditions with normal cardiological findings. The CMR showed persistent lesions in left ventricle 's wall with LGE. After some months the patients presented at emergency department with fever and chest pain and increased cardiac enzymes. No decreased LVEF was observed. The CMR showed new focal areas of edema in the first case report and stable lesions in the second one. They reached full recovery with normalization of cardiac enzymes after few days. These case reports outline the need of strict follow-up in patients with CMR consistent with myocarditis after mRNA-based-COVID19 vaccine. More efforts are necessary to depict the underlying mechanisms of myocarditis after SARS-CoV2 vaccination to understand the risk of relapsing and the long-term sequelae.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports
ISSN	2590-1362
ISSN (online)	2590-1362
DOI	10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100318
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Article ; Online: ICD outcome in pediatric arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.

Cicenia, Marianna / Silvetti, Massimo Stefano / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Battipaglia, Irma / Adorisio, Rachele / Saputo, Fabio Anselmo / Tamburri, Ilaria / Campisi, Marta / Baban, Anwar / Drago, Fabrizio

International journal of cardiology

2023 Volume 394, Page(s) 131381

Abstract: Background: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a very rare condition among pediatric patients. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the main complication and often requires ICD implantation. Aim of the study is the evaluation of the outcomes of ICD ... ...

Abstract	Background: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a very rare condition among pediatric patients. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the main complication and often requires ICD implantation. Aim of the study is the evaluation of the outcomes of ICD implanted ACM pediatric patients in terms of safety, efficacy and complications. Methods: All pediatric patients (<18 y.o.) diagnosed with ACM and who were implanted with ICD since 2009 in Our Institution were collected. Implantation was decided according to current recommendations/ guidelines, and outcome was recorded during follow-up. Results: Nineteen consecutive ACM patients were implanted with ICD. Subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICD) were implanted in 15 patients (79%) while transvenous ICDs (TV-ICD) in 4 patients (21%). Mean age at implantation was 14.3 ± 2.1 y.o. ICDs were implanted for secondary prevention in 4 (21%) patients, and for primary prevention in 15 (79%). During the follow-up (5.59 ± 3.4 years), appropriate ICD interventions were delivered in 4 (21%) patients for sustained VTs, [2 implanted in primary prevention (13%) and 2 in secondary prevention (50%)]. No defibrillation failures occurred. Inappropriate shocks occurred in 2 cases (10.5%). Device-related complications requiring device revision occurred in 3 (16%): lead dislodgement, surgical skin erosion and sensing defect. Conclusions: In a pediatric ACM cohort, appropriate ICD therapies occurred in a minority of primary prevention patients and frequently in secondary prevention patients. The rate of inappropriate shocks and device-related complications were even more rare and mostly wound related. Therefore, ICD therapy in pediatric ACM is effective and safe.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Treatment Outcome ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology ; Electric Countershock/adverse effects ; Defibrillators, Implantable/adverse effects ; Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis ; Cardiomyopathies/therapy ; Cardiomyopathies/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	779519-1
ISSN	1874-1754 ; 0167-5273
ISSN (online)	1874-1754
ISSN	0167-5273
DOI	10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131381
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Zs.A 1673: Show issues

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Article: Cardiac Manifestations in Children with SARS-COV-2 Infection: 1-Year Pediatric Multicenter Experience.

Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Battista, Virginia / Adorisio, Rachele / Cicenia, Marianna / Campanello, Claudia / Listo, Elisa / Campana, Andrea / Trocchio, Gianluca / Drago, Fabrizio

Children (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 8, Issue 8

Abstract: Since the spread of COVID-19, pediatric patients were initially considered less affected by SARS-COV-2, but current literature reported subsets of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). This study aims to describe the cardiac ... ...

Abstract	Since the spread of COVID-19, pediatric patients were initially considered less affected by SARS-COV-2, but current literature reported subsets of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). This study aims to describe the cardiac manifestation of SARS-COV-2 infection in a large cohort of children admitted to two Italian pediatric referral centers. Between March 2020 and March 2021, we performed a cardiac evaluation in 294 children (mean age 9 ± 5.9 years, male 60%) with active or previous SARS-COV-2 infection. Twenty-six showed ECG abnormalities: 63 repolarization anomalies, 13 Long QTc, five premature ventricular beats, two non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and one atrial fibrillation. In total, 146 patients underwent cardiac biomarkers: NT-proBNP was elevated in 57, troponin in 34. An echocardiogram was performed in 98, showing 54 cardiac anomalies: 27 left-ventricular dysfunction, 42 pericarditis, 16 coronaritis. MIS-C was documented in 46 patients (mean age 9 ± 4.8 years, male 61%) with cardiac manifestations in 97.8%: 27 ventricular dysfunctions, 32 pericarditis, 15 coronaritis, 3 arrhythmias. All patients recovered, and during follow-up, no cardiac anomalies were recorded. Our experience showed that cardiac involvement is not rare in children with SARS-COV-2, and occurred in almost all patients with MIS-C. However, patients' recovery is satisfactory and no additional events were reported during FU.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2732685-8
ISSN	2227-9067
ISSN	2227-9067
DOI	10.3390/children8080717
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Article ; Online: ICD Outcome in Pediatric Cardiomyopathies.

Silvetti, Massimo Stefano / Tamburri, Ilaria / Campisi, Marta / Saputo, Fabio Anselmo / Cazzoli, Ilaria / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Cicenia, Marianna / Adorisio, Rachele / Baban, Anwar / Ravà, Lucilla / Drago, Fabrizio

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease

2022 Volume 9, Issue 2

Abstract: Background: Pediatric patients with cardiomyopathies are at risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). An ICD may prevent SCD. The aim of this study was to evaluate ICD implantation outcomes, and to compare transvenous and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pediatric patients with cardiomyopathies are at risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). An ICD may prevent SCD. The aim of this study was to evaluate ICD implantation outcomes, and to compare transvenous and subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICDs) implanted in pediatric patients with cardiomyopathies. Methods: The study is single center and retrospective, and includes pediatric patients with cardiomyopathies who required ICD implantation (2010-2021). Outcomes were recorded for appropriate/inappropriate ICD therapy and surgical complications. Transvenous ICD and S-ICD were compared. Data are presented as median values (25th-75th centiles). Results: Forty-four patients with cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic 39%, arrhythmogenic 32%, dilated 27%, and restrictive 2%) underwent transvenous (52%) and S-ICD (48%) implantation at 14 (12-17) years of age, mostly for primary prevention (73%). The follow-up period was 29 (14-60) months. Appropriate ICD therapies were delivered in 25% of patients, without defibrillation failures. Lower age at implantation and secondary prevention were significant risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias that required appropriate ICD therapies. ICD-related complications were surgical complications (18%) and inappropriate shocks (7%). No significant differences in outcomes were recorded, either when comparing transvenous and S-ICD or comparing the different cardiomyopathies. Conclusions: In pediatric patients with cardiomyopathy, ICD therapy is effective, with a low rate of inappropriate shocks. Neither ICD type (transvenous and S-ICDs) nor the cardiomyopathies subgroup revealed divergent outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2777082-5
ISSN	2308-3425 ; 2308-3425
ISSN (online)	2308-3425
ISSN	2308-3425
DOI	10.3390/jcdd9020033
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Article: Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcome in Children with MIS-C Linked to SARS-CoV-2 Infection-An Italian Multicenter Experience.

Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Battista, Virginia / Stagnaro, Nicola / Labate, Marianna Eleonora / Cicenia, Marianna / Campisi, Marta / Vitali, Valerio / Secinaro, Aurelio / Campana, Andrea / Trocchio, Gianluca / Drago, Fabrizio

Biology

2022 Volume 11, Issue 10

Abstract: MIS-C is a multisystem inflammatory syndrome that is characterized by multi-organ failure and cardiac involvement. The aim of this study was to describe the long-term cardiovascular outcome in a cohort of MIS-C pediatric patients, who were admitted to ... ...

Abstract	MIS-C is a multisystem inflammatory syndrome that is characterized by multi-organ failure and cardiac involvement. The aim of this study was to describe the long-term cardiovascular outcome in a cohort of MIS-C pediatric patients, who were admitted to two Italian Pediatric Referral Centers. Sixty-seven patients (mean age 8.7 ± 4.7 years, male 60%) were included; 65 (97%) of them showed cardiac involvement. All of the patients completed one month of the follow-up, and 47% completed 1 year of it. ECG abnormalities were present in 65% of them, arrhythmias were present in 9% of them during an acute phase and it disappeared at the point of discharge or later. Pericarditis were detected in 66% of them and disappeared after 6 months. Coronaritis was observed in 35% of the children during an acute phase, and there were no more instances at the 1-year point. An LV dysfunction was present in 65% of the patients at the beginning of the study, with them having a full recovery at the point of discharge and thereafter. Elevated values of the NTproBNP and hsTp were initially detected, which progressively decreased and normalized at the points of discharge and FU. The CMR at the point of FU, there was a presence of long-term myocardial scars in 50% of the patients that were tested. No deaths that were caused by MIS-C during the FU were recorded. Cardiac involvement in MIS-C patients is almost the rule, but the patients' clinical course was satisfactory, and no additional events or sequelae were observed apart from there being long-term myocardial scars in 50% of the patients that underwent CMR.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2661517-4
ISSN	2079-7737
ISSN	2079-7737
DOI	10.3390/biology11101474
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Article ; Online: Late outcome of extracardiac Fontan patients: 32 years of follow-up.

Giannico, Salvatore / Trezzi, Matteo / Cantarutti, Nicoletta / Cafiero, Giulia / Ravà, Lucilla / Adorisio, Rachele / Brancaccio, Gianluca / Albanese, Sonia / Drago, Fabrizio / Carotti, Adriano / Amodeo, Antonio / Galletti, Lorenzo

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery

2022 Volume 62, Issue 1

Abstract: Objectives: We sought to evaluate the long-term survival and risk factors for morbidity and mortality in our cohort of patients after extracardiac (EC) Fontan.: Methods: We collected and analysed follow-up data until September 2020 for all patients ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: We sought to evaluate the long-term survival and risk factors for morbidity and mortality in our cohort of patients after extracardiac (EC) Fontan. Methods: We collected and analysed follow-up data until September 2020 for all patients who underwent EC Fontan operation at our institution from November 1988 to November 2015. Results: Out of 406 patients treated with EC Fontan at a mean age of 5.4 ± 4.5 years, 372 (91.6%) were discharged home; 15% were lost to follow-up. The median follow-up was 14.6 years (interquartile range 8.7-20.3). Two hundred patients (54%) had a good long-term outcome, with an event-free long-term survival, but late adverse events of any kind needing interventional or surgical reoperations were reported in 128 patients (34%). Forty-four patients (12%) developed late Fontan failure. Thirty-seven survivors (10%) had late arrhythmias, with the need for pacemaker implantation. Obstruction of the cavopulmonary pathway occurred in 49 patients (13%), but just 8 patients needed conduit surgical replacement. At 32 years, the survival probability was 84%. The risk of orthotopic heart transplant, considering death as a competing event (showed as cumulative incidence), was 12.5%. A preoperative diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome was an independent risk factor for the need for heart transplant. Conclusions: The EC Fontan shows satisfactory long-term survival and low incidence of adverse events and late failure. Conduit replacement is rare, and its longevity may not represent a substantial issue in these patients. However, as with other technical variants, the need for reoperations during long-term follow-up is a significant challenge.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child, Preschool ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fontan Procedure/adverse effects ; Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery ; Humans ; Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome ; Infant ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639293-3
ISSN	1873-734X ; 1010-7940 ; 1567-4258
ISSN (online)	1873-734X
ISSN	1010-7940 ; 1567-4258
DOI	10.1093/ejcts/ezac301
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