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Article ; Online: Calcium Consumption Is Beneficial to Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women with Obesity.

Cao, Jay J

2023 Volume 152, Issue 4, Page(s) 922–923

MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Calcium ; Postmenopause ; Bone Density ; Calcium, Dietary ; Obesity/complications ; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Calcium (SY7Q814VUP) ; Calcium, Dietary
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Comment
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.1093/jn/nxac008
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Article ; Online: Calcium Consumption Is Beneficial to Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women with Obesity.

Cao, Jay J

The Journal of nutrition

2022 Volume 152, Issue 4, Page(s) 922–923

MeSH term(s)	Bone Density ; Calcium ; Calcium, Dietary ; Female ; Humans ; Obesity/complications ; Postmenopause
Chemical Substances	Calcium, Dietary ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Comment
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.1093/jn/nxac008
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Article ; Online: Calcium Deficiency Decreases Bone Mass without Affecting Adiposity in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Cao, Jay J / Gregoire, Brian R

Nutrients

2024 Volume 16, Issue 4

Abstract: Obesity induced by a high-fat (HF) diet increases bone resorption and/or decreases bone formation, resulting in reduced bone mass and strength in various animal models. Studies showed that Ca intake is a modifiable factor for osteoporosis and obesity. ... ...

Abstract	Obesity induced by a high-fat (HF) diet increases bone resorption and/or decreases bone formation, resulting in reduced bone mass and strength in various animal models. Studies showed that Ca intake is a modifiable factor for osteoporosis and obesity. This study investigated whether Ca deficiency affects bone structure and adiposity in ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed a HF diet. We hypothesized that Ca deficiency further decreases bone mass and increases fat mass in HF-fed OVX rats. Forty-seven OVX at 6-month-old were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design: normal-fat (NF, 10% fat as energy) or HF (45% fat as energy) diet with either low Ca (LC, 1 g/4057 kcal) or normal Ca (NC, 6 g/4057 kcal). In addition, 12 sham-operated rats at 6 months old were fed a NFNC diet as a control for the OVX procedure. Rats were fed the respective diet for 4 months. Dietary Ca content did not affect body weight, fat mass, lean mass, food intake, energy intake, and serum cytokines. Compared to NC, LC resulted in lower tibial bone volume/total volume (BV/TV,
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Bone Density ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Adiposity ; Obesity ; Malnutrition ; Ovariectomy
Chemical Substances	Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu16040478
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Article: Time of day of exercise does not affect the beneficial effect of exercise on bone structure in older female rats.

Cao, Jay J / Gregoire, Brian R

Frontiers in physiology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1142057

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564217-0
ISSN	1664-042X
ISSN	1664-042X
DOI	10.3389/fphys.2023.1142057
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Article ; Online: Caloric restriction combined with exercise is effective in reducing adiposity and mitigating bone structural deterioration in obese rats.

Cao, Jay J

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

2018 Volume 1433, Issue 1, Page(s) 41–52

Abstract: Weight reduction through caloric restriction (CR) or exercise can have opposite effects on bone. This study investigated the effects of comparable weight reduction through CR and/or exercise on body composition and bone structure in an obese rat model. ... ...

Abstract	Weight reduction through caloric restriction (CR) or exercise can have opposite effects on bone. This study investigated the effects of comparable weight reduction through CR and/or exercise on body composition and bone structure in an obese rat model. Male 6-week-old rats were fed either a normal-fat diet for 6 months or a high-fat (HF) diet for 3 months and then started on different CR or exercise regimens for an additional 3 months. Compared to HF conditions, rats given HF diet plus CR at 8% (HF+8CR), HF diet plus CR at 16% (HF+16CR), or HF+8CR plus exercise (HF+Ex+8CR) had lower fat mass. In addition, HF+8CR rats had lower serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and bone volume/total volume at distal femur (P < 0.05), and HF+16CR rats had lower serum insulin growth factor 1, osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and bone volume/total volume at distal femur and 2nd lumbar vertebrae, compared to regimens that included exercise. These data indicate that while CR (e.g., HF+8CR) was detrimental to bone structure, combined with exercise CR (e.g., HF+Ex+8CR) was effective in decreasing adiposity and mitigating bone structural deterioration associated with weight reduction in obese rats.
MeSH term(s)	Adiposity ; Animals ; Biomarkers/blood ; Body Composition ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging ; Bone and Bones/pathology ; Caloric Restriction ; Diet, High-Fat ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Obesity/metabolism ; Obesity/pathology ; Obesity/therapy ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Ray Microtomography
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	211003-9
ISSN	1749-6632 ; 0077-8923
ISSN (online)	1749-6632
ISSN	0077-8923
DOI	10.1111/nyas.13936
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Article ; Online: High Dietary Protein Intake and Protein-Related Acid Load on Bone Health.

Cao, Jay J

Current osteoporosis reports

2017 Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) 571–576

Abstract: Purpose of review: Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to review recent clinical research assessing dietary protein on ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to review recent clinical research assessing dietary protein on calcium metabolism and bone health. Recent findings: Epidemiological studies show that long-term, high-protein intake is positively associated with bone mineral density and reduced risk of bone fracture incidence. Short-term interventional studies demonstrate that a high-protein diet does not negatively affect calcium homeostasis. Existing evidence supports that the negative effects of the acid load of protein on urinary calcium excretion are offset by the beneficial skeletal effects of high-protein intake. Future research should focus on the role and the degree of contribution of other dietary and physiological factors, such as intake of fruits and vegetables, in reducing the acid load and further enhancing the anabolic effects of protein on the musculoskeletal system.
MeSH term(s)	Acids ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Diet ; Diet, High-Protein/statistics & numerical data ; Dietary Proteins/metabolism ; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology ; Fruit ; Humans ; Osteoporotic Fractures/epidemiology ; Vegetables
Chemical Substances	Acids ; Dietary Proteins ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2186581-4
ISSN	1544-2241 ; 1544-1873
ISSN (online)	1544-2241
ISSN	1544-1873
DOI	10.1007/s11914-017-0408-6
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Article ; Online: Gamma and vega hedging using deep distributional reinforcement learning.

Cao, Jay / Chen, Jacky / Farghadani, Soroush / Hull, John / Poulos, Zissis / Wang, Zeyu / Yuan, Jun

Frontiers in artificial intelligence

2023 Volume 6, Page(s) 1129370

Abstract: We show how reinforcement learning can be used in conjunction with quantile regression to develop a hedging strategy for a trader responsible for derivatives that arrive stochastically and depend on a single underlying asset. We assume that the trader ... ...

Abstract	We show how reinforcement learning can be used in conjunction with quantile regression to develop a hedging strategy for a trader responsible for derivatives that arrive stochastically and depend on a single underlying asset. We assume that the trader makes the portfolio delta-neutral at the end of each day by taking a position in the underlying asset. We focus on how trades in options can be used to manage gamma and vega. The option trades are subject to transaction costs. We consider three different objective functions. We reach conclusions on how the optimal hedging strategy depends on the trader's objective function, the level of transaction costs, and the maturity of the options used for hedging. We also investigate the robustness of the hedging strategy to the process assumed for the underlying asset.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2624-8212
ISSN (online)	2624-8212
DOI	10.3389/frai.2023.1129370
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Article ; Online: Voluntary running of defined distances alters bone microstructure in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet.

Yan, Lin / Nielsen, Forrest H / Sundaram, Sneha / Cao, Jay

Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

2021 Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 1337–1344

Abstract: Obesity increases the risk for pathological conditions such as bone loss. On the other hand, physical exercise reduces body adiposity. To test the hypothesis that physical activity improves bone quality, we evaluated voluntary running of defined ... ...

Abstract	Obesity increases the risk for pathological conditions such as bone loss. On the other hand, physical exercise reduces body adiposity. To test the hypothesis that physical activity improves bone quality, we evaluated voluntary running of defined distances on trabecular and cortical microstructure in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Sedentary mice were fed the standard AIN93G diet or the HFD. Mice fed the HFD remained sedentary or were assigned to unrestricted running or 75%, 50%, and 25% of unrestricted running with an average running activity at 8.3, 6.3, 4.2, and 2.1 km per day, respectively. The bone structural differences found in sedentary mice were that HFD, compared with the AIN93G diet, resulted in a lower bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and a higher structure model index (SMI) in vertebrae. Running had a greater effect on trabecular microstructure in femurs than in vertebrae; the decrease in SMI and an increase in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were in dose-dependent manners. Running was positively correlated with BV/TV and Tb.Th and inversely correlated with SMI in femurs. The HFD increased plasma concentrations of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, a marker of bone resorption, in sedentary mice, while running decreased it in a dose-dependent manner. The findings show that voluntary running improves bone quality in young adult mice fed an HFD.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers/blood ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Bone Density ; Bone Resorption ; Cancellous Bone/anatomy & histology ; Cancellous Bone/metabolism ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Energy Intake ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; Femur/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/blood ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Obesity/pathology ; Obesity/physiopathology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology ; Running/physiology ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Spine/metabolism ; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase/blood ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Mice
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Glycoproteins ; nephrocalcin ; Acp5 protein, mouse (EC 3.1.3.2) ; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-17
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2236708-1
ISSN	1715-5320 ; 1715-5312
ISSN (online)	1715-5320
ISSN	1715-5312
DOI	10.1139/apnm-2021-0061
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Article ; Online: Increasing Vegetable Intake Decreases Urinary Acidity and Bone Resorption Marker in Overweight and Obese Adults: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.

Cao, Jay J / Roemmich, James N / Sheng, Xiaoming / Jahns, Lisa

The Journal of nutrition

2021 Volume 151, Issue 11, Page(s) 3413–3420

Abstract: Background: Controlled intervention trials are needed to confirm a positive association from epidemiological studies between vegetable consumption and bone health.: Objective: We investigated whether providing vegetables at the Dietary Guidelines for ...

Abstract	Background: Controlled intervention trials are needed to confirm a positive association from epidemiological studies between vegetable consumption and bone health. Objective: We investigated whether providing vegetables at the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommended amount affects excretion of acid and calcium in urine and bone turnover markers in serum in adults with low vegetable intake. Methods: In total, 102 adults (19 males and 83 females, age 18-65 y, BMI ≥25 kg/m2) consuming ≤1 serving of vegetables (128 g raw leafy or 64 g cooked vegetables) per d were recruited in a 2-arm, parallel, randomized, controlled, and community-based 8-wk feeding intervention trial. The 2 arms included a vegetable intervention (VI) during which participants received extra vegetables (∼270 g/d) and an attention control (CON) group that conducted only the testing visits. Measurements included nutrient intake, plasma carotenoids, and bone-related markers in serum and urine. Differences between CON and VI at week 8 were tested using the ANCOVA with baseline values as a covariate. Results: Compared with CON, carotenoid intake (mean ± SD) was higher (6.4 ± 3.4 compared with 2.0 ± 1.2 mg/d) (P < 0.01) and dietary potential renal acid load was lower (20 ± 13 compared with 3.4 ± 14 mEq/d) (P < 0.01) in VI. Compared with CON at week 8, urine titratable acid and Mg were 24 and 26% lower, respectively, while urine pH was 3% greater (P < 0.05) and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) was 19% lower in VI. There were no group differences in serum concentrations of propeptide of type 1 procollagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline and CTX. Conclusions: Consumption of vegetables at the DGA-recommended amount by adults with low vegetable intake potentially benefits bone health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02585102.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers ; Bone Resorption/prevention & control ; Diet ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Vegetables ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.1093/jn/nxab255
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Article ; Online: Deficiency of PPARγ in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Does not Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Bone Deterioration in Mice.

Cao, Jay J / Gregoire, Brian R / Michelsen, Kim G / Shi, Xingming

The Journal of nutrition

2021 Volume 151, Issue 9, Page(s) 2697–2704

Abstract: Background: Bone marrow osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from a common mesenchymal stem cell and have a reciprocal relationship. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a regulator for adipocyte differentiation, may be a ... ...

Abstract	Background: Bone marrow osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from a common mesenchymal stem cell and have a reciprocal relationship. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a regulator for adipocyte differentiation, may be a potential target for reducing obesity and increasing bone mass. Objectives: This study tested the hypothesis that bone-specific Pparg conditional knockout (cKO), via deletion of Pparg from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) using Osterix 1 (Osx1)-Cre, would prevent high-fat (HF) diet-induced bone deterioration in mice. Methods: PPARγ cKO (PPARγfl/fl: Osx1-Cre) and floxed littermate control (PPARγfl/fl Osx1-Cre- ) mice that were 6 weeks old were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 12/group, 6 male and 6 female) and fed ad libitum with either a normal-fat (NF) purified diet (3.85 kcal/g; 10% energy as fat) or an HF diet (4.73 kcal/g; 45% energy as fat) for 6 mo. Bone structure, body composition, and serum bone-related cytokines were measured. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparison. Results: The HF diet decreased the tibial and lumbar vertebrae trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) by 28% and 18%, respectively, compared to the NF diet (P < 0.01). PPARγ cKO mice had 23% lower body fat mass and 9% lower lean mass than control mice. PPARγ cKO mice had 41% greater tibial trabecular BV/TV compared to control mice. None of trabecular bone parameters at the second lumbar vertebra were affected by genotype. PPARγ cKO mice had decreased cortical thickness compared to control mice. PPARγ cKO mice had a 14% lower (P < 0.01) serum concentration of leptin and a 35% higher (P < 0.05) concentration of osteocalcin compared with control mice. Conclusions: These data indicate that PPARγ has site-specific impacts on bone structures in mice and that knockout PPARγ in BMSC increased bone mass (BV/TV) in the tibia but not the lumbar vertebrae. PPARγ disruption in BMSC did not prevent HF diet-induced bone deterioration in mice.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Female ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; PPAR gamma/genetics
Chemical Substances	PPAR gamma
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	218373-0
ISSN	1541-6100 ; 0022-3166
ISSN (online)	1541-6100
ISSN	0022-3166
DOI	10.1093/jn/nxab173
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