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  1. Article ; Online: The dual-process approach to human sociality: Meta-analytic evidence for a theory of internalized heuristics for self-preservation.

    Capraro, Valerio

    Journal of personality and social psychology

    2024  

    Abstract: Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet a perspective that integrates ... ...

    Abstract Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet a perspective that integrates empirical and theoretical work is lacking. This review and meta-analysis synthesizes the existing literature on the cognitive basis of cooperation, altruism, truth telling, positive and negative reciprocity, and deontology and develops a framework that organizes the experimental regularities. The meta-analytic results suggest that intuition favors a set of heuristics that are related to the instinct for self-preservation: people avoid being harmed, avoid harming others (especially when there is a risk of harm to themselves), and are averse to disadvantageous inequalities. Finally, this article highlights some key research questions to further advance our understanding of the cognitive foundations of human sociality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3103-3
    ISSN 1939-1315 ; 0022-3514
    ISSN (online) 1939-1315
    ISSN 0022-3514
    DOI 10.1037/pspa0000375
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: In search of the most cooperative network.

    Capraro, Valerio / Perc, Matjaž

    Nature computational science

    2024  Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 257–258

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2662-8457
    ISSN (online) 2662-8457
    DOI 10.1038/s43588-024-00623-6
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  3. Article ; Online: "I Think This News Is Accurate": Endorsing Accuracy Decreases the Sharing of Fake News and Increases the Sharing of Real News.

    Capraro, Valerio / Celadin, Tatiana

    Personality & social psychology bulletin

    2022  Volume 49, Issue 12, Page(s) 1635–1645

    Abstract: Accuracy prompts, nudges that make accuracy salient, typically decrease the sharing of fake news, while having little effect on real news. Here, we introduce a new accuracy prompt that is more effective than previous prompts, because it does not only ... ...

    Abstract Accuracy prompts, nudges that make accuracy salient, typically decrease the sharing of fake news, while having little effect on real news. Here, we introduce a new accuracy prompt that is more effective than previous prompts, because it does not only reduce fake news sharing, but it also increases real news sharing. We report four preregistered studies showing that an "endorsing accuracy" prompt ("I think this news is accurate"), placed into the sharing button, decreases fake news sharing, increases real news sharing, and keeps overall engagement constant. We also explore the mechanism through which the intervention works. The key results are specific to endorsing accuracy, rather than accuracy salience, and endorsing accuracy does not simply make participants apply a "source heuristic." Finally, we use Pennycook et al.'s limited-attention model to argue that endorsing accuracy may work by making people more carefully consider their sharing decisions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Disinformation ; Heuristics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2047603-6
    ISSN 1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
    ISSN (online) 1552-7433
    ISSN 0146-1672
    DOI 10.1177/01461672221117691
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  4. Article ; Online: Language-based game theory in the age of artificial intelligence.

    Capraro, Valerio / Di Paolo, Roberto / Perc, Matjaž / Pizziol, Veronica

    Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

    2024  Volume 21, Issue 212, Page(s) 20230720

    Abstract: Understanding human behaviour in decision problems and strategic interactions has wide-ranging applications in economics, psychology and artificial intelligence. Game theory offers a robust foundation for this understanding, based on the idea that ... ...

    Abstract Understanding human behaviour in decision problems and strategic interactions has wide-ranging applications in economics, psychology and artificial intelligence. Game theory offers a robust foundation for this understanding, based on the idea that individuals aim to maximize a utility function. However, the exact factors influencing strategy choices remain elusive. While traditional models try to explain human behaviour as a function of the outcomes of available actions, recent experimental research reveals that linguistic content significantly impacts decision-making, thus prompting a paradigm shift from outcome-based to language-based utility functions. This shift is more urgent than ever, given the advancement of generative AI, which has the potential to support humans in making critical decisions through language-based interactions. We propose sentiment analysis as a fundamental tool for this shift and take an initial step by analysing 61 experimental instructions from the dictator game, an economic game capturing the balance between self-interest and the interest of others, which is at the core of many social interactions. Our meta-analysis shows that sentiment analysis can explain human behaviour beyond economic outcomes. We discuss future research directions. We hope this work sets the stage for a novel game-theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of language in human decisions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Game Theory ; Decision Making ; Artificial Intelligence ; Language ; Social Interaction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2156283-0
    ISSN 1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
    ISSN (online) 1742-5662
    ISSN 1742-5689
    DOI 10.1098/rsif.2023.0720
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Book ; Online: Gender differences in the equity-efficiency trade-off

    Capraro, Valerio

    2019  

    Abstract: Gender differences in human behaviour have attracted generations of social scientists, who have explored whether males and females act differently in domains involving competition, risk taking, cooperation, altruism, honesty, as well as many others. Yet, ...

    Abstract Gender differences in human behaviour have attracted generations of social scientists, who have explored whether males and females act differently in domains involving competition, risk taking, cooperation, altruism, honesty, as well as many others. Yet, little is known about gender differences in the equity-efficiency trade-off. It has been suggested that females are more equitable than males, but the empirical evidence is weak and inconclusive. This gap is particularly important, because people in power of redistributing resources often face a conflict between equity and efficiency, to the point that this trade-off has been named as "the central problem in distributive justice". The recently introduced Trade-Off Game (TOG) - in which a decision-maker has to unilaterally choose between being equitable or being efficient - offers a unique opportunity to fill this gap. To this end, I analyse gender differences on a large dataset including all N=5,056 TOG decisions collected by my research group since we introduced this game. The results show that females prefer equity over efficiency to a greater extent than males do. These findings suggest that males and females have different preferences for resource distribution, and point to new avenues for future research.
    Keywords Physics - Physics and Society ; Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
    Subject code 338
    Publishing date 2019-05-10
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Book ; Online: The dual-process approach to human sociality

    Capraro, Valerio

    Meta-analytic evidence for a theory of internalized heuristics for self-preservation

    2019  

    Abstract: Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet, a perspective that integrates ... ...

    Abstract Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet, a perspective that integrates empirical and theoretical work is lacking. This review and meta-analysis synthesizes the existing literature on the cognitive basis of cooperation, altruism, truth-telling, positive and negative reciprocity, and deontology, and develops a framework that organizes the experimental regularities. The meta-analytic results suggest that intuition favours a set of heuristics that are related to the instinct for self-preservation: people avoid being harmed, avoid harming others (especially when there is a risk of harm to themselves), and are averse to disadvantageous inequalities. Finally, this paper highlights some key research questions to further advance our understanding of the cognitive foundations of human sociality.

    Comment: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (in press)
    Keywords Physics - Physics and Society ; Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory ; Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
    Subject code 120 ; 501
    Publishing date 2019-06-24
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Mathematical foundations of moral preferences.

    Capraro, Valerio / Perc, Matjaž

    Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 175, Page(s) 20200880

    Abstract: One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others. However, during the last 10 years, research has shown that different types of unselfish ... ...

    Abstract One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others. However, during the last 10 years, research has shown that different types of unselfish behaviour, including cooperation, altruism, truth-telling, altruistic punishment and trustworthiness are in fact better explained by preferences for following one's own personal norms-internal standards about what is right or wrong in a given situation. Beyond better organizing various forms of unselfish behaviour, this moral preference hypothesis has recently also been used to increase charitable donations, simply by means of interventions that make the morality of an action salient. Here we review experimental and theoretical work dedicated to this rapidly growing field of research, and in doing so we outline mathematical foundations for moral preferences that can be used in future models to better understand selfless human actions and to adjust policies accordingly. These foundations can also be used by artificial intelligence to better navigate the complex landscape of human morality.
    MeSH term(s) Altruism ; Artificial Intelligence ; Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Morals ; Punishment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2156283-0
    ISSN 1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
    ISSN (online) 1742-5662
    ISSN 1742-5689
    DOI 10.1098/rsif.2020.0880
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Telling people to "rely on their reasoning" increases intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission.

    Capraro, Valerio / Barcelo, Hélène

    Applied cognitive psychology

    2021  Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 693–699

    Abstract: Finding messaging to promote the use of face masks is fundamental during a pandemic. Study 1 ( ...

    Abstract Finding messaging to promote the use of face masks is fundamental during a pandemic. Study 1 (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1477153-6
    ISSN 1099-0720 ; 0888-4080
    ISSN (online) 1099-0720
    ISSN 0888-4080
    DOI 10.1002/acp.3793
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  9. Article ; Online: Political ideology and generosity around the globe.

    Pizziol, Veronica / Demaj, Xhiselda / Di Paolo, Roberto / Capraro, Valerio

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 15, Page(s) e2219676120

    Abstract: In a world severely put under stress by COVID-19, generosity becomes increasingly essential both when able to transcend local boundaries, building upon universalistic values, and when directed toward more local contexts, such as the native country. This ... ...

    Abstract In a world severely put under stress by COVID-19, generosity becomes increasingly essential both when able to transcend local boundaries, building upon universalistic values, and when directed toward more local contexts, such as the native country. This study aims to investigate an underresearched determinant of generosity at these two levels, a factor that captures one's beliefs, values, and opinions about society: political ideology. We study the donation decisions of more than 46,000 participants from 68 countries in a task with the possibility of donating to a national charity and an international one. We test whether more left-leaning individuals display higher generosity in general (H1) and toward international charities (H2). We also examine the association between political ideology and national generosity without hypothesizing any direction. We find that more left-leaning individuals are more likely to donate in general and more likely to be generous internationally. We also observe that more right-leaning individuals are more likely to donate nationally. These results are robust to the inclusion of several controls. In addition, we address a relevant source of cross-country variation, the quality of governance, which is found to have significant informative power in explaining the relationship between political ideology and the different types of generosity. Potential mechanisms underlying the resulting behaviors are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Charities ; Politics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2219676120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The emergence of hyper-altruistic behaviour in conflictual situations.

    Capraro, Valerio

    Scientific reports

    2015  Volume 4, Page(s) 9916

    Abstract: Situations where people have to decide between hurting themselves or another person are at the core of many individual and global conflicts. Yet little is known about how people behave when facing these situations in the lab. Here we report a large (N = ... ...

    Abstract Situations where people have to decide between hurting themselves or another person are at the core of many individual and global conflicts. Yet little is known about how people behave when facing these situations in the lab. Here we report a large (N = 2.379) experiment in which participants could either take x dollars from another anonymous participant or give y dollars to the same participant. Depending on the experimental treatments, participants were also allowed to exit the game without making any decision, but paying a cost c ≥ 0. Across different protocols and parameter specifications, we found three major results: (i) when exiting is allowed and costless, subjects tend to exit the game; (ii) females are more likely than males to exit the game, but only when the cost of the exit is small; (iii) when exiting is not allowed, altruistic actions are more common than predicted by the dominant economic models. In particular, about one sixth of the subjects show hyper-altruistic tendencies, that is, they prefer giving y rather than taking x > y. In doing so, our findings shed light on human decision-making in conflictual situations and suggest that economic models should be revised in order to take into account hyper-altruistic behaviour.
    MeSH term(s) Altruism ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Decision Making ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Economic ; Negotiating/psychology ; Sex Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-04-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/srep09916
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