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Article ; Online: Quantifying the extent of plant functional specialization using Grime's CSR strategies

Ricotta, Carlo / Dalle Fratte, Michele / Pierce, Simon / Carboni, Marta / Cerabolini, Bruno E.L. / Pavoine, Sandrine

Ecological Indicators. 2023 Apr., v. 148 p.110066-

2023

Abstract: Specialization refers to a species adaptation to a restricted range of environmental conditions. While generalist species are able to exploit a wide variety of resources in a broad range of habitats, specialist species tend to have narrower niche ... ...

Abstract	Specialization refers to a species adaptation to a restricted range of environmental conditions. While generalist species are able to exploit a wide variety of resources in a broad range of habitats, specialist species tend to have narrower niche breadths. From an evolutionary perspective, specialization is the result of a functional syndrome in which a suite of traits covary to allow the effective exploitation of specific resources. Accordingly, the measurement of specialization should be based on a multi-trait approach. In plant ecology, a well-known classification of the adaptive strategies of plants is Grime's competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal (CSR) theory in which the three principal strategies represent relatively easily measurable trait combinations from the global spectrum of plant form and function arising under conditions of competition, abiotic restriction to growth or periodic disturbance, respectively. In this paper, we thus introduce a method to summarize the functional specialization of plant species and communities by applying inequality measures to Grime's CSR strategies. The general idea is that a plant species that can be exclusively assigned to one CSR strategy can be considered a specialist (as it adopts only one adaptive strategy to access resources), while species that share functional characteristics of multiple CSR strategies can be considered more generalist. The behavior of the proposed measures is shown with one case study on the functional changes of six Alpine vegetation types ordered along a gradient, from pioneer to more stable communities.
Keywords	alpine vegetation ; case studies ; plant architecture ; plant ecology ; Community-level specialization ; Concentration measures ; Extent of trait variation ; Functional diversity ; Species-level specialization
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2036774-0
ISSN	1872-7034 ; 1470-160X
ISSN (online)	1872-7034
ISSN	1470-160X
DOI	10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110066
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Above‐ and belowground traits along a stress gradient: trade‐off or not?

Bricca, Alessandro / Sperandii, Marta G. / Acosta, Alicia T. R. / Montagnoli, Antonio / La Bella, Greta / Terzaghi, Mattia / Carboni, Marta

Oikos. 2023 Sept., v. 2023, no. 9 p.e010043-

2023

Abstract: The role of plant traits in shaping community assembly along environmental gradients is a topic of ongoing research. It is well accepted that plant traits of aboveground organs tend to be conservative in stressful conditions. However, there is limited ... ...

Abstract	The role of plant traits in shaping community assembly along environmental gradients is a topic of ongoing research. It is well accepted that plant traits of aboveground organs tend to be conservative in stressful conditions. However, there is limited understanding of how belowground traits respond. Plants may have similar strategies above and belowground, but an intriguing possibility is that there is a tradeoff between above and belowground traits of communities to both ensure efficient resource‐use and limit niche overlap along the gradient. To test this, we asked whether the response of above and belowground traits of communities is coordinated or not along a stress gradient in Mediterranean sand dune communities. We analyzed 80 vegetation plots in central Italy to test for coordinated vs independent patterns in above vs belowground plant traits using community weighted mean and standardized effect size of functional richness. Our results show that plant communities close to the sea, which experience higher stress, were characterized by higher convergence towards aboveground resource conservation and conservative water‐use strategies but belowground resource acquisition, consistent with a strong effect of habitat filtering and an above–belowground tradeoff favoring adaptation to harsh and dry conditions. At the opposite end of the gradient with lower stress, plants exhibited higher trait diversity for both above and belowground traits, but overall a dominance of aboveground fast resource acquisition and generally acquisitive water‐use strategies, combined with conservative belowground strategies. This suggests that fast growth rate aboveground was compensated by more conservative fine‐root strategies, but processes such as competition limited niche overlap overall. Our findings provide new insights into the relationship between functional traits and environmental gradients in plant communities, shedding light on the tradeoffs between the above and belowground dimensions.
Keywords	dunes ; fine roots ; habitats ; vegetation ; Italy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.10043
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Drivers of plant community (in)stability along a sea–inland gradient

La Bella, Greta / Carboni, Marta / Sperandii, Marta Gaia / de Bello, Francesco / Stanisci, Angela / Acosta, Alicia T. R.

Journal of Ecology. 2023 Oct., v. 111, no. 10 p.2296-2309

2023

Abstract: Global change pressures are highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms driving the temporal stability of natural communities under different environmental conditions. There is ample evidence that species richness helps communities to ... ...

Abstract	Global change pressures are highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms driving the temporal stability of natural communities under different environmental conditions. There is ample evidence that species richness helps communities to withstand environmental fluctuations and stabilise over time. However, it is still debated whether richness promotes stability through the diversity of species functional traits, phylogenetic lineages and ecological strategies in the community or because of the likelihood of including stable species. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the positive effect of diversity on stability is maintained in conditions of strong environmental fluctuations (e.g. frequent disturbances and stress). To address these questions, we analysed long‐term monitoring data of 84 permanent plots in coastal dune plant communities distributed along a gradient of natural stress and disturbance, with communities closer to the sea subject to greater stress and more frequent disturbances. Specifically, we used structural equation models to disentangle the relative influence of the environmental gradient and the different diversity components (species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity; SR, FD and PD), as well as of the dominant ecological strategy (captured by species lifespan) on community stability, through their effect on two key stability mechanisms (population stability and species asynchrony). We found that the sea–inland environmental gradient was the main driver of stability mechanisms. Stress and disturbance decreased both population stability and species asynchrony, but also reduced species richness, which thus exerted a stabilising effect only on the communities in more favourable environmental conditions. Surprisingly, we did not find an effect of FD and PD on community stability, neither directly nor via asynchrony. However, the dominance of perennial species mitigated the instability generated by stress and disturbance. Perennial species were on average more stable than annuals and displayed a wider range of species fluctuations, including compensatory dynamics among species (i.e. asynchrony). Synthesis: Overall, our results highlight the importance of accounting for the environmental context when examining mechanisms of community stability. Species richness remains a useful direct predictor of community stability. Species ecological strategies, like the acquisitive–conservative trade‐off connected to lifespan, however, should also be routinely considered as drivers of both population stability and compensatory dynamics.
Keywords	equations ; global change ; longevity ; phylogeny ; plant communities ; species richness
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-10
Size	p. 2296-2309.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.14183
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Dynamics of dwarf shrubs in Mediterranean high‐mountain ecosystems

De Toma, Andrea / Carboni, Marta / Bazzichetto, Manuele / Malavasi, Marco / Cutini, Maurizio

Journal of Vegetation Science. 2022 July, v. 33, no. 4 p.e13143-

2022

Abstract: QUESTION: Vegetation around the alpine–treeline ecotone faces changes in both climate and land use (i.e. grazing abandonment). Broad‐scale shrub encroachment is considered an effect of these changes, but it remains unclear how this process is mediated by ...

Abstract	QUESTION: Vegetation around the alpine–treeline ecotone faces changes in both climate and land use (i.e. grazing abandonment). Broad‐scale shrub encroachment is considered an effect of these changes, but it remains unclear how this process is mediated by local‐scale environmental heterogeneity. Our goal is to determine which local‐scale environmental factors shape the spatial distribution and temporal trends of alpine dwarf shrub vegetation dominated by Juniperus communis in Mediterranean mountains. LOCATION: Three sites in the Central Apennine Mountain Range (Italy): Mt. Terminillo, Mt. Duchessa and Mt. Ernici. METHODS: Combining a set of environmental variables obtained at a fine scale (25‐m resolution) from multi‐year remote sensing imagery and field‐collected vegetation data, we modelled the occurrence and cover of Juniperus communis‐dominated dwarf shrubland, as well as its change over time, as a function of local climate, topography and land use, using linear and generalized mixed effects models. RESULTS: Over a period of almost 60 years (1954–2012) shrubland occurrence increased by 12% and shrubland cover by 10% in our study sites. Its current distribution and change over time appear to be strongly shaped by the joint influences of fine‐scale topography, above‐ground biomass, land use and microclimate. Shrublands have been favoured locally in areas with harsher alpine environmental constraints and stronger resource limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that in the Mediterranean high‐mountain environment J. communis dwarf shrubland acts as a stress‐tolerant pioneer vegetation, occurring in areas that are otherwise sparsely vegetated. Contrary to our expectations, at fine scales, warmer temperatures and the regional decline in grazing did not favour shrub encroachment. Despite increasing overall, J. communis shrubs have little competitive ability to successfully encroach grasslands, and remain restricted to less‐productive areas. Our results confirm that fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity can strongly influence shrub distribution and dynamics, thereby modulating future responses in evolving alpine ecosystems.
Keywords	Juniperus communis ; aboveground biomass ; decline ; ecotones ; land use ; microclimate ; mountains ; shrublands ; shrubs ; topography ; Italy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1053769-7
ISSN	1100-9233
ISSN	1100-9233
DOI	10.1111/jvs.13143
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Invasion drives plant diversity loss through competition and ecosystem modification

Carboni, Marta / Livingstone, Stuart W. / Isaac, Marney E. / Cadotte, Marc W.

journal of ecology. 2021 Oct., v. 109, no. 10

2021

Abstract: Although invasive plants increasingly contribute to the current biodiversity crisis, the mechanisms through which they impact native communities are still poorly understood. Community ecology theory has emphasized direct competitive displacement over ... ...

Abstract	Although invasive plants increasingly contribute to the current biodiversity crisis, the mechanisms through which they impact native communities are still poorly understood. Community ecology theory has emphasized direct competitive displacement over common resources, but invasion‐driven ecosystem modifications, such as altered soil pH, might also have consequences for plant diversity. However, the relative importance of ecosystem modification compared to direct resource competition has rarely been tested. Here we studied the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum across invaded meadows in southern Ontario, Canada. In each meadow site, we quantified: (a) the strength of impact on the resident plant community, (b) the potential for competition with resident species (as the degree of niche dissimilarity and competitive superiority to the residents based on their functional traits) and (c) the amount of ecosystem modification related to invasion. We found that impacts on plant biodiversity were more negative where the invader had greater potential to competitively displace species (because it had a similar niche as the residents or was competitively superior), but also where it strongly altered soil N pools, moisture and pH. Synthesis. Our case study suggests that while competition is undoubtedly an important driver of invasion impact, ecosystem modifications can have cascading effects on plant communities, thereby magnifying the impacts of biological invasions.
Keywords	Vincetoxicum rossicum ; case studies ; ecosystems ; invasive species ; meadows ; plant communities ; soil pH ; species diversity ; Ontario
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Size	p. 3587-3601.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13739
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Getting the measure of the biodiversity crisis in Mediterranean coastal habitats

Sperandii, Marta Gaia / Barták, Vojtěch / Carboni, Marta / Acosta, Alicia Teresa Rosario

journal of ecology. 2021 Mar., v. 109, no. 3

2021

Abstract: Assessing temporal changes in plant communities is a core aim of temporal ecology and a shared priority of global conservation agendas which is particularly urgent in threatened ecosystems. Mediterranean coastal dunes harbour some of the most threatened ... ...

Abstract	Assessing temporal changes in plant communities is a core aim of temporal ecology and a shared priority of global conservation agendas which is particularly urgent in threatened ecosystems. Mediterranean coastal dunes harbour some of the most threatened habitats in Europe. Yet, surprisingly, studies capturing the recent temporal dynamics of biodiversity in these systems by accounting for multiple diversity facets and different aspects of community structure are missing. Here, using data from a resurveying study, we provide a first comprehensive, habitat‐based, multi‐faceted assessment of recent (10–15 years) temporal changes in threatened Mediterranean coastal dunes. To this aim, we quantified taxonomic and functional changes in plant communities using indices capturing multiple biodiversity features, and we explored trends at both the community level and the species level. We compared observed biodiversity changes across habitats (to look for evidence of generalized biodiversity loss) and across facets (to infer the potential loss of unique functions), and tested their significance using a null model. Overall, we predicted large compositional shifts and biodiversity loss beyond expectations in many communities, although with differences among habitat types. Our results reveal severe shifts in the taxonomic profile of the communities, mostly driven by a non‐random species loss, and little temporal overlap in functional space, implying large changes in both community structure and ecological strategies of the investigated habitats. This, together with the disappearance of c. 23% of historical plots and with substantial losses in focal species, suggests that intense degradation processes are occurring in coastal dune habitats, particularly on the upper beach and on shifting dunes. Synthesis. This study provides the first evidence of large, often non‐random, taxonomic and functional changes occurring in Mediterranean coastal dune plant communities in a surprisingly short time‐span. Along with furthering our knowledge of the recent dynamics affecting these endangered ecosystems, our results also pinpoint the types of habitats that are most at risk, helping to direct future conservation efforts and management. Future research should now be directed at more precisely testing potential drivers of these changes.
Keywords	biodiversity ; community structure ; habitats ; models ; risk ; temporal variation ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-03
Size	p. 1224-1235.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13547
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Invasion dynamics and potential future spread of sea spurge across Australia’s coastal dunes

Giulio, Silvia / Cao Pinna, Luigi / Carboni, Marta / Marzialetti, Flavio / Acosta, Alicia Teresa Rosario / Garbolino, Emmanuel / Jucker, Tommaso

Journal of biogeography. 2022 Feb., v. 49, no. 2

2022

Abstract: AIM: Invasive species provide an opportunity to study biogeography in action, allowing us to observe how species adapt and fill their environmental niche when introduced to new ecological settings. Here we use sea spurge—a foredune specialist plant ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Invasive species provide an opportunity to study biogeography in action, allowing us to observe how species adapt and fill their environmental niche when introduced to new ecological settings. Here we use sea spurge—a foredune specialist plant species native to Europe which has recently spread across Australia’s southern coasts—as a model system to explore species' environmental niches adaptations and potential for future spread following introduction outside their native range. LOCATION: Europe and Australia. TAXON: Sea spurge, Euphorbia paralias, Euphorbiaceae. METHODS: We compiled presence‐absence data of E. paralias from >190,000 vegetation surveys in the native and invaded range. We combined presence‐absence data with information on climate, soil, coastal morphology and human pressure, to test whether E. paralias’ environmental niche has shifted following invasion and used species distributions models (SDMs) to map its invasion potential under current and future climatic conditions. RESULTS: The environmental niche of E. paralias has shifted since reaching Australia, expanding into areas further away from people, closer to the shoreline and with higher temperatures. SDMs revealed that alongside broad‐scale gradients in temperature and rainfall, the distribution of E. paralias is also constrained by soil substrate and dune morphology—highlighting the importance of these fine‐scale drivers in shaping invasion dynamics in coastal environments. Moreover, SDMs suggest that future expansion in Australia will result from continued niche filling, not changes in climatic suitability. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Despite its impressive dispersal ability, E. paralias has not yet reached equilibrium in its invaded range and is likely to continue to expand its distribution in Australia regardless of climate change. E. paralias’ key to success has been its ability to suit novel environments. We provide one of the first examples of how to leverage distribution data and SDMs to test hypotheses about niche conservatism and expansion in coastal dune invasive plant species.
Keywords	Euphorbia ; biogeography ; climate change ; humans ; indigenous species ; invasive species ; niche conservatism ; people ; rain ; shorelines ; soil ; temperature ; vegetation ; Australia ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Size	p. 378-390.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14308
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Once upon a time in the far south: Influence of local drivers and functional traits on plant invasion in the harsh sub‐Antarctic islands

Bazzichetto, Manuele / Massol, François / Carboni, Marta / Lenoir, Jonathan / Lembrechts, Jonas J. / Joly, Rémi / Renault, David

Journal of vegetation science. 2021 July, v. 32, no. 4

2021

Abstract: AIM: Here, we aim to: (a) investigate the local effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors on alien plant invasion in sub‐Antarctic islands; and (b) explore whether and how functional traits affect alien species dependence on anthropogenic factors ...

Abstract	AIM: Here, we aim to: (a) investigate the local effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors on alien plant invasion in sub‐Antarctic islands; and (b) explore whether and how functional traits affect alien species dependence on anthropogenic factors in these environments. LOCATION: Possession Island, Crozet archipelago (French sub‐Antarctic islands). METHODS: Single‐species distribution models were used to explore the effect of high‐resolution topoclimatic and human‐related variables on the occurrence of six alien plants colonizing French sub‐Antarctic islands. Furthermore, plant responses to human‐related variables and the effect of those variables in interaction with plant traits were analysed by means of a multi‐species distribution model. This allowed identifying functional features mediating the influence of human activities on the occurrence probability of alien plant species. RESULTS: We observed two main invasion patterns: (a) species predicted to occur close to the introduction sites, whose occurrence probability appeared to be strongly affected by anthropogenic factors; and (b) species predicted to occur nearly everywhere on Possession Island, except in areas featuring particularly harsh climatic conditions. Differences in the influence of human‐related variables on the occurrence of the alien species were mostly related to their life history, plant height and residence time, with perennial and low‐statured species introduced earlier appearing less dependent on human‐induced dispersal and disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both topoclimatic and anthropogenic factors affect plant invasion on sub‐Antarctic islands. Specifically, species predicted to occur close to their introduction sites appear much more dependent on human presence and activity, potentially due to the lack of key functional traits allowing them to spread successfully across Possession Island under the harsh sub‐Antarctic climate. Yet, particularly severe abiotic conditions are a major constraint which equally limits the occurrence of all alien plants, irrespective of their dependence on anthropogenic factors.
Keywords	ecological invasion ; humans ; introduced plants ; life history ; models ; plant height ; probability ; vegetation ; Crozet Islands
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1053769-7
ISSN	1100-9233
ISSN	1100-9233
DOI	10.1111/jvs.13057
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Plant invasion alters trait composition and diversity across habitats.

Sodhi, Darwin S / Livingstone, Stuart W / Carboni, Marta / Cadotte, Marc W

Ecology and evolution

2019 Volume 9, Issue 11, Page(s) 6199–6210

Abstract: Increased globalization has accelerated the movement of species around the world. Many of these nonnative species have the potential to profoundly alter ecosystems. The mechanisms underpinning this impact are often poorly understood, and traits are often ...

Abstract	Increased globalization has accelerated the movement of species around the world. Many of these nonnative species have the potential to profoundly alter ecosystems. The mechanisms underpinning this impact are often poorly understood, and traits are often overlooked when trying to understand and predict the impacts of species invasions on communities. We conducted an observational field experiment in Canada's first National Urban Park, where we collected trait data for seven different functional traits (height, stem width, specific leaf area, leaf percent nitrogen, and leaf percent carbon) across an abundance gradient of the invasive
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.5130
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Article: Do traits and phylogeny support congruent community diversity patterns and assembly inferences?

Cadotte, Marc W / Carboni, Marta / Si, Xingfeng / Tatsumi, Shinichi

journal of ecology. 2019 Sept., v. 107, no. 5

2019

Abstract: It is now commonplace in community ecology to assess patterns of phylogenetic or functional diversity in order to inform our understanding of the assembly mechanisms that structure communities. While both phylogenetic and functional approaches have been ... ...

Abstract	It is now commonplace in community ecology to assess patterns of phylogenetic or functional diversity in order to inform our understanding of the assembly mechanisms that structure communities. While both phylogenetic and functional approaches have been used in conceptually similar ways, it is not clear if they both in fact reveal similar community diversity patterns or support similar inferences. We review studies that use both measures to determine the degree to which they support congruent patterns and inferences about communities. We performed a literature review with 188 analyses from 79 published papers that compared some facet of phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD) in community ecology. These studies generally report four main cases in which phylogenetic and functional information are used together in community analyses, to determine if: (a) there were phylogenetic signals in the measured traits in communities; (b) PD and FD were correlated with one another; (c) standardized PD and FD measures similarly revealed patterns of community over‐ or under‐dispersion; and (d) PD and FD were both related to other explanatory variables (e.g. elevation) similarly. We found that the vast majority of studies found both strong phylogenetic signals in their traits and positive correlations of PD and FD measures across sites. However, and surprisingly, we found substantial incongruencies for the other tests. Phylogenetic and functional dispersion patterns were congruent only about half the time. Specifically, when communities were phylogenetically over‐dispersed, these same communities were more likely to be functionally under‐dispersed. Similarly, we found that phylogenetic and functional relationships with independent predictors were incongruent in about half of the analyses. Synthesis. Phylogenetic signal tests and PD–FD correlations appear to strongly support the congruence between traits and phylogeny. It is surprising that strong phylogenetic signals appeared so ubiquitous given that ecological studies often analyse phylogenetically incomplete sets of species that have undergone ecological sorting. Despite the largely congruent findings based on phylogenetic signal tests and PD‐FD correlations, we found substantial incongruencies when researchers assessed either dispersion patterns or relationships with independent predictors. We discuss a number of potential ecological, evolutionary and methodological reasons for these incongruencies. Phylogenetic and functional information might reflect species ecological differences unequally with phylogenies better reflecting multivariate conserved elements of ecological similarity, and single traits better able to capture recent divergence, and both elements influence ecological patterns.
Keywords	functional diversity ; phylogeny ; species diversity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-09
Size	p. 2065-2077.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13247
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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