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Article ; Online: Cannabis-only use in the USA: prevalence, demographics, use patterns, and health indicators.

Carlini, Beatriz H / Schauer, Gillian L

Journal of cannabis research

2022 Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 39

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of adults who consume cannabis while abstaining from other substances is not known in the USA. This study used nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence and explore the demographic characteristics, cannabis use ...

Abstract	Background: The prevalence of adults who consume cannabis while abstaining from other substances is not known in the USA. This study used nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence and explore the demographic characteristics, cannabis use behaviors, and self-reported health of US adults with past 30-day cannabis-only use, as compared with adults who used cannabis as well as other substances. Methods: Data came from adults 18 years and older who responded to the 2017 or 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and reported past 30-day cannabis use (n = 12,143). Cannabis-only use was defined as past 30-day cannabis use with no past 30-day use of other substances (alcohol, tobacco, other illicit substances, non-prescribed controlled medications). Weighted frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for all sociodemographic and cannabis-related variables, overall, and across the two categories of cannabis consumers, stratified by age. Results: The prevalence of past 30-day cannabis-only use among US adults was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.8, 1.0) and varied by age (2.0% of 18-25 years old; 0.7% of 26-49 year olds, and 0.6% of those ≥ 50 years). Among adults with any past 30-day cannabis use, 8.4% (95% CI: 7.6, 9.2; n = 980) reported cannabis-only use. Age was significantly associated with past 30-day cannabis-only use, with adults 18-25 years and 26-49 years having higher odds of cannabis-only use compared with older adults. Past year cannabis dependence was lowest among cannabis-only consumers aged ≥ 50 years (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5) and highest among young adult cannabis and other substance consumers (16.7%; 95% CI: 15.3, 18.2). Past year prevalence of any mental illness was generally similar across cannabis use groups and by age. Conclusions: The prevalence of adult cannabis-only use in the US is low - most cannabis consumers report using other substances in the past 30 days as well. While cannabis-only use among older adults is rare, it does not appear to be accompanied by a high prevalence of dependence. These findings should guide future research and policymaking.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2522-5782
ISSN (online)	2522-5782
DOI	10.1186/s42238-022-00143-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Threat, Distract, and Discredit: cannabis industry rhetoric to defeat regulation of high THC cannabis products in Washington State, USA.

Carlini, Beatriz H / Kellum, Lyndsey B / Garrett, Sharon B / Nims, Lexi N

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2024

Abstract: Objective: Washington state legislators have attempted to regulate high THC cannabis to reduce cannabis-related harms. Historically, industry actors of other health compromising products have influenced governments' adoption of evidence-based regulation ...

Abstract	Objective: Washington state legislators have attempted to regulate high THC cannabis to reduce cannabis-related harms. Historically, industry actors of other health compromising products have influenced governments' adoption of evidence-based regulation policies. A better understanding of the industry rhetoric can be used by public health advocates to develop counter arguments and disseminate alternative narratives that protect the public's health. We analyzed the arguments used by cannabis industry actors opposing regulations to de-incentivize the availability and use of high THC products in Washington State. Method: We analyzed 41 testimonies transcribed from 33 cannabis industry actors in 3 public bill hearings and one legislative work session that occurred between 2020 and 2023. Using a deductive thematic analysis, informed by industry actors' arguments opposing regulation of alcohol, tobacco, and high-sugar beverages, we developed a codebook to analyze and identify themes within cannabis industry rhetorical strategies. Results: We identified three main rhetorical strategies used by cannabis industry actors to oppose THC content regulation: threat, distract, discredit. The most frequently used rhetorical strategy was threats to economic benefits, public health, and the will of the people. The other two most apparent strategies were distracting from the bill's focus by introducing a tangential topic and discrediting the science that supported regulation of cannabis products with high THC concentration or its advocates. Conclusion: Cannabis industry actors have leveraged several arguments employed by industry actors of other health compromising products to undermine initiatives to advance public health. They have also adapted rhetoric from other industries to the unique conditions of the cannabis regulatory landscape.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
DOI	10.15288/jsad.23-00277
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Article ; Online: How should policymakers regulate the tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis products in a legal market?

Hall, Wayne / Leung, Janni / Carlini, Beatriz H

Addiction (Abingdon, England)

2023 Volume 118, Issue 6, Page(s) 998–1003

Abstract: An increased use of high-potency cannabis products since cannabis legalization in the United States, Canada and elsewhere may increase cannabis-related harm. Policymakers have good reasons for regulating more potent cannabis in ways that minimize harm, ... ...

Abstract	An increased use of high-potency cannabis products since cannabis legalization in the United States, Canada and elsewhere may increase cannabis-related harm. Policymakers have good reasons for regulating more potent cannabis in ways that minimize harm, using approaches similar to those used to regulate alcohol; namely, banning the sale of high-potency cannabis, setting a cap on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content and imposing higher rates of taxes on more potent cannabis products. Given the difficulty that US policymakers have had in regulating cannabis extracts and edibles, governments that are planning to legalize cannabis need to put policies on extracts into enabling legislation and evaluate the impact of these policies on cannabis use and cannabis-related harms.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Cannabis ; Dronabinol ; Legislation, Drug ; Hallucinogens ; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists ; Analgesics ; Plant Extracts
Chemical Substances	Dronabinol (7J8897W37S) ; Hallucinogens ; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists ; Analgesics ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1141051-6
ISSN	1360-0443 ; 0965-2140
ISSN (online)	1360-0443
ISSN	0965-2140
DOI	10.1111/add.16135
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Article ; Online: Do not let the ideal be the enemy of good enough regulation.

Hall, Wayne / Leung, Janni / Carlini, Beatriz H

Addiction (Abingdon, England)

2023 Volume 118, Issue 6, Page(s) 1009–1010

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cannabis ; Legislation, Drug ; Dronabinol
Chemical Substances	Dronabinol (7J8897W37S)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1141051-6
ISSN	1360-0443 ; 0965-2140
ISSN (online)	1360-0443
ISSN	0965-2140
DOI	10.1111/add.16201
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Article ; Online: Potency increase, product development and marijuana marketing in times of legalization.

Carlini, Beatriz H

Addiction (Abingdon, England)

2017 Volume 112, Issue 12, Page(s) 2178–2179

MeSH term(s)	Cannabis ; Commerce ; Marijuana Smoking ; Marketing ; Washington
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1141051-6
ISSN	1360-0443 ; 0965-2140
ISSN (online)	1360-0443
ISSN	0965-2140
DOI	10.1111/add.13945
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Article ; Online: The Kids Are Not All Right: E-cigarettes, Cannabis Co-Use, and an Emerging Public Health Crisis--A Commentary on Roberts et al. (2022).

Carlini, Beatriz H / Garrett, Sharon B / Nims, Lexi N

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2022

Abstract: The Roberts et al. commentary highlights the "looming public health emergency" of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use among young people and the urgency to make deliberate efforts to address dual use now. We agree and want to further elaborate on some of ... ...

Abstract	The Roberts et al. commentary highlights the "looming public health emergency" of e-cigarettes and cannabis co-use among young people and the urgency to make deliberate efforts to address dual use now. We agree and want to further elaborate on some of their comments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
DOI	10.15288/jsad.22-00167
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Kids Are Not All Right: E-Cigarettes, Cannabis Co-Use, and an Emerging Public Health Crisis--A Commentary on Roberts et al. (2022).

Carlini, Beatriz H / Garrett, Sharon B / Nims, Lexi N

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2022 Volume 83, Issue 5, Page(s) 771–772

MeSH term(s)	Cannabis ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Hallucinogens ; Humans ; Marijuana Smoking/adverse effects ; Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology ; Public Health
Chemical Substances	Hallucinogens
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Understanding the intergenerational transmission of substance use and problem behavior: Implications for future research and preventive interventions.

Haggerty, Kevin P / Carlini, Beatriz H

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

2020 Volume 34, Issue 8, Page(s) 894–897

Abstract: The Constitution of the Iroquois Nation states that we should "look and listen for the welfare of the whole people and have always in view not only the present, but also the coming generations." The excellent intergenerational longitudinal studies ... ...

Abstract	The Constitution of the Iroquois Nation states that we should "look and listen for the welfare of the whole people and have always in view not only the present, but also the coming generations." The excellent intergenerational longitudinal studies represented here help us better understand patterns of behaviors across generations. Collectively, these studies provide a pathway for future research on contexts and trends in substance use, research on age of onset among early generations, and research related to epigenetics to improve prevention interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	American Natives ; Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Intergenerational Relations ; Problem Behavior ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology ; Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control ; Substance-Related Disorders/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2101111-4
ISSN	1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
ISSN (online)	1939-1501
ISSN	0893-164X
DOI	10.1037/adb0000624
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Cannabis Industry Marketing Violations in Washington State, 2014-2019.

Carlini, Beatriz H / Garrett, Sharon / Firth, Caislin / Pinsky, Ilana

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2022 Volume 83, Issue 1, Page(s) 18–26

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe marketing violations from the cannabis industry in Washington State.: Method: The study team obtained records of all Washington State cannabis marketing violations from October 2014 to September ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe marketing violations from the cannabis industry in Washington State. Method: The study team obtained records of all Washington State cannabis marketing violations from October 2014 to September 2015, immediately following the legal cannabis market opening, and May 2017 to July 2019. A code book was developed based on the Washington State regulations related to marijuana advertising. Each marketing violation was coded according to ad characteristics including ad size, location, or type; content; business practices; and lack of mandatory health warnings. Results: A total of 328 violations were analyzed, from 183 different businesses. Marketing violations occurred most frequently in content posted online or directly in front of cannabis stores. Community members were as likely to identify violations as officers from the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (WSLCB), the state agency in charge of regulation and enforcement of cannabis businesses. Very few violations were reported from competing members of the cannabis industry. Violations reported by the community were mostly related to content appealing to minors, whereas WSLCB officers were more likely to identify violations related to ad location in public spaces and ad size. Conclusions: This study shows the conflict between prevention and profit in the nascent cannabis industry and the importance of community involvement in the regulation of cannabis marketing.
MeSH term(s)	Advertising ; Cannabis ; Commerce ; Humans ; Marketing ; Washington/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Identifying policy options to regulate high potency cannabis: A multiple stakeholder concept mapping study in Washington State, USA.

Carlini, Beatriz H / Garrett, Sharon B / Matos, Patrick / Nims, Lexi N / Kestens, Yan

The International journal on drug policy

2023 Volume 123, Page(s) 104270

Abstract: Background: Cannabis legalization in some U.S.A. states has catapulted the mass production of concentrates, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations ranging from 50-90%. A major public health concern is that these products will increase cannabis- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cannabis legalization in some U.S.A. states has catapulted the mass production of concentrates, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations ranging from 50-90%. A major public health concern is that these products will increase cannabis-related harms such as use disorders, psychotic symptoms, and accidental poisonings. This paper describes and contextualizes the results of a study requested by the WA State Legislature to understand perspectives of WA stakeholders on the topic. Methods: Concept Mapping (CM), a mixed-methods research approach that supports people-centered policy decisions was utilized. The goal of the study was to explore stakeholders' concern levels and support of policies to address the availability of high THC cannabis products. For analysis purposes, stakeholders were categorized into three groups: community, professionals, and cannabis advocates. Results: CM generated an inventory of policy ideas for regulating high-potency cannabis from a variety of stakeholders. Notably, stakeholders from community and professional groups supported environmental policy changes such as such as taxation, increasing minimum age for high concentration cannabis products, and advertising prohibition. Meanwhile, cannabis advocates (mostly industry actors) opposed taxation per THC content, proposed lowering taxes, and supported policies with low population impact such as educating parents, teachers, and youth. Conclusion: Support for regulating high concentration THC products varied by stakeholder group. Consistent with how other health compromising industries have historically acted, cannabis industry stakeholders rejected regulation of their products. Future studies should explore non-cannabis industry stakeholders' willingness to work towards minimizing the influence of the cannabis industry in policy development processes to assure public health regulations prevail.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Cannabis ; Washington ; Legislation, Drug ; Public Policy ; Taxes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2010000-0
ISSN	1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
ISSN (online)	1873-4758
ISSN	0955-3959
DOI	10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104270
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