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Article ; Online: Biobehavioral susceptibility for obesity in childhood: behavioral, genetic and neuroimaging studies of appetite

Carnell, Susan / Thapaliya, Gita / Jansen, Elena / Chen, Liuyi

Physiology & Behavior. 2023 Aug. 04, p.114313-

2023 , Page(s) 114313–

Abstract: Modern food environments are conducive to overeating and weight gain, but not everyone develops obesity. One reason for this may be that individuals differ in appetitive characteristics, or traits, that manifest early in life and go on to influence their ...

Abstract	Modern food environments are conducive to overeating and weight gain, but not everyone develops obesity. One reason for this may be that individuals differ in appetitive characteristics, or traits, that manifest early in life and go on to influence their behavioral susceptibility to gain and maintain excess weight. Classic studies showing that eating behavior in children can be measured by behavioral paradigms such as tests of caloric compensation and eating in the absence of hunger inspired the development and validation of psychometric instruments to assess appetitive characteristics in children and infants. A large body of evidence now suggests that food approach traits increase obesity risk, while food avoidant traits, such as satiety responsiveness, decrease obesity risk. Twin studies and genetic association studies have demonstrated that appetitive characteristics are heritable, consistent with a biological etiology. However, family environment factors are also influential, with mounting evidence suggesting that genetic and environmental risk factors interact and correlate with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. Further, neuroimaging studies are revealing that individual differences in responses to visual food cues, as well as to small tastes and larger amounts of food, across a number of brain regions involved in reward/motivation, cognitive control and other functions, may contribute to individual variation in appetitive behavior. Growing evidence also suggests that variation on psychometric measures of appetite is associated with regional differences in brain structure, and differential patterns of resting state functional connectivity. Large prospective studies beginning in infancy promise to enrich our understanding of neural and other biological underpinnings of appetite and obesity development in early life, and how the interplay between genetic and environmental factors affects appetitive systems. The biobehavioral susceptibility model of obesity development and maintenance outlined in this narrative review has implications for prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood.
Keywords	brain ; childhood obesity ; children ; cognition ; etiology ; family relations ; hunger ; infancy ; models ; motivation ; risk ; satiety ; weight gain ; brain imaging ; eating behavior ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ; functional MRI ; food cue responsiveness ; FTO ; genome-wide ; polygenic obesity risk ; parent feeding ; self-regulation ; overweight
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0804
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114313
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Biobehavioral susceptibility for obesity in childhood: Behavioral, genetic and neuroimaging studies of appetite.

Carnell, Susan / Thapaliya, Gita / Jansen, Elena / Chen, Liuyi

Physiology & behavior

2023 Volume 271, Page(s) 114313

Abstract	Modern food environments are conducive to overeating and weight gain, but not everyone develops obesity. One reason for this may be that individuals differ in appetitive characteristics, or traits, that manifest early in life and go on to influence their behavioral susceptibility to gain and maintain excess weight. Classic studies showing that eating behavior in children can be measured by behavioral paradigms such as tests of caloric compensation and eating in the absence of hunger inspired the development and validation of psychometric instruments to assess appetitive characteristics in children and infants. A large body of evidence now suggests that food approach traits increase obesity risk, while food avoidant traits, such as satiety responsiveness, decrease obesity risk. Twin studies and genetic association studies have demonstrated that appetitive characteristics are heritable, consistent with a biological etiology. However, family environment factors are also influential, with mounting evidence suggesting that genetic and environmental risk factors interact and correlate with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. Further, neuroimaging studies are revealing that individual differences in responses to visual food cues, as well as to small tastes and larger amounts of food, across a number of brain regions involved in reward/motivation, cognitive control and other functions, may contribute to individual variation in appetitive behavior. Growing evidence also suggests that variation on psychometric measures of appetite is associated with regional differences in brain structure, and differential patterns of resting state functional connectivity. Large prospective studies beginning in infancy promise to enrich our understanding of neural and other biological underpinnings of appetite and obesity development in early life, and how the interplay between genetic and environmental factors affects appetitive systems. The biobehavioral susceptibility model of obesity development and maintenance outlined in this narrative review has implications for prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Infant ; Humans ; Appetite/physiology ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prospective Studies ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Weight Gain ; Neuroimaging ; Body Mass Index
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114313
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Article: Acculturation, food-related and general parenting, and body weight in Chinese-American children

Gu, Cihang / Warkentin, Sarah / Jansen, Elena / Carnell, Susan

Appetite. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 168

2022

Abstract: Parents' food-related and general parenting behaviors may vary according to cultural background, with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. A better understanding of food-related and general parenting behaviors adopted by Chinese-American ... ...

Abstract	Parents' food-related and general parenting behaviors may vary according to cultural background, with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. A better understanding of food-related and general parenting behaviors adopted by Chinese-American parents, and the relationships of all of these behaviors with child weight, is essential to aid the development of culturally appropriate interventions to prevent obesity in Chinese-American children. We investigated cross-sectional relationships of acculturation with parental feeding behaviors assessed with the Child Feeding Questionnaire, Parent Feeding Styles Questionnaire and Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and general parenting behaviors assessed with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, in a sample of Chinese-American parents of 5–12 year-old children (n = 233). Parental level of acculturation was assessed using the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation scale. We performed generalized linear regressions to explore associations of acculturation levels with parental feeding and general parenting subscales and also associations of these factors with child body mass index (BMI) z-score. Acculturation was associated with higher scores on Responsiveness in feeding, lower scores on subscales assessing controlling feeding behaviors (Restriction, Pressure to eat, Demandingness in feeding), lower scores on non-nutritive feeding behaviors (Emotional feeding, Instrumental feeding), and greater likelihood of an indulgent feeding style. With regard to general parenting, acculturation was associated with lower scores on subscales assessing authoritarian parenting. Parental Prompting/Encouragement to eat was associated with lower child BMI z-score, while authoritarian parenting subscales were associated with higher BMI z-score. An appreciation of the impact of cultural variation on food-related and general parenting may help to inform the development of culturally-sensitive obesity prevention interventions.
Keywords	Asian Americans ; acculturation ; appetite ; body mass index ; caregivers ; children ; obesity ; questionnaires
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	764440-1
ISSN	0195-6663
ISSN	0195-6663
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2021.105753
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Article ; Online: Neurobehavioral phenotypes of delay discounting and cognitive control in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: Shared or distinct?

Thapaliya, Gita / Carnell, Susan / Mostofsky, Stewart H / Rosch, Keri S

Pediatric obesity

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e13001

Abstract: Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity have been independently associated with deficient cognitive control (CC) and heightened preference for immediate reward.: Objectives: We aimed to identify specific shared and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity have been independently associated with deficient cognitive control (CC) and heightened preference for immediate reward. Objectives: We aimed to identify specific shared and distinct neurobehavioral phenotypes of child obesity and ADHD by simultaneously measuring CC and preference for immediate reward in children with and without ADHD who varied in body weight. Methods: This case-control study included 323 8-12 year olds (ADHD n = 215, typically developing (TD) screened for ADHD symptoms [TD] controls n = 108) varying in body weight. Children completed a go/no-go task (assessing CC), as well as a classical money delay discounting (DD) task and novel experiential game time DD task (assessing preference for immediate over delayed rewards). Results: For game time DD, there was a body mass index z-score (BMIz)ADHD interaction, such that TD children with overweight/obesity showed game time DD levels that were greater than those of TD children without overweight/obesity and similar to those of children with ADHD. Only children with ADHD showed poorer CC compared to TD children, with no effects of body weight. Conclusions:* Heightened game time DD with delays and rewards experienced in real-time may represent a neurobehavioral phenotype that is shared between ADHD and overweight/obesity in childhood, whereas deficient CC may be specific to children with ADHD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology ; Delay Discounting ; Overweight ; Pediatric Obesity ; Case-Control Studies ; Reward ; Body Weight ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2655527-X
ISSN	2047-6310 ; 2047-6302
ISSN (online)	2047-6310
ISSN	2047-6302
DOI	10.1111/ijpo.13001
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Article ; Online: Acculturation, food-related and general parenting, and body weight in Chinese-American children.

Gu, Cihang / Warkentin, Sarah / Jansen, Elena / Carnell, Susan

Appetite

2021 Volume 168, Page(s) 105753

Abstract	Parents' food-related and general parenting behaviors may vary according to cultural background, with consequences for child eating behavior and weight. A better understanding of food-related and general parenting behaviors adopted by Chinese-American parents, and the relationships of all of these behaviors with child weight, is essential to aid the development of culturally appropriate interventions to prevent obesity in Chinese-American children. We investigated cross-sectional relationships of acculturation with parental feeding behaviors assessed with the Child Feeding Questionnaire, Parent Feeding Styles Questionnaire and Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and general parenting behaviors assessed with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, in a sample of Chinese-American parents of 5-12 year-old children (n = 233). Parental level of acculturation was assessed using the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation scale. We performed generalized linear regressions to explore associations of acculturation levels with parental feeding and general parenting subscales and also associations of these factors with child body mass index (BMI) z-score. Acculturation was associated with higher scores on Responsiveness in feeding, lower scores on subscales assessing controlling feeding behaviors (Restriction, Pressure to eat, Demandingness in feeding), lower scores on non-nutritive feeding behaviors (Emotional feeding, Instrumental feeding), and greater likelihood of an indulgent feeding style. With regard to general parenting, acculturation was associated with lower scores on subscales assessing authoritarian parenting. Parental Prompting/Encouragement to eat was associated with lower child BMI z-score, while authoritarian parenting subscales were associated with higher BMI z-score. An appreciation of the impact of cultural variation on food-related and general parenting may help to inform the development of culturally-sensitive obesity prevention interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Acculturation ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Obesity ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1461347-5
ISSN	1095-8304 ; 0195-6663
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
ISSN	0195-6663
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2021.105753
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Article ; Online: The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood.

Jansen, Elena / Thapaliya, Gita / Beauchemin, Jennifer / D'Sa, Viren / Deoni, Sean / Carnell, Susan

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 6

Abstract: Appetitive traits are associated with body weight. Increased understanding of how appetitive traits evolve from early life could advance research on obesity risk and inform intervention development. We report on tracking and age-related differences in ... ...

Abstract	Appetitive traits are associated with body weight. Increased understanding of how appetitive traits evolve from early life could advance research on obesity risk and inform intervention development. We report on tracking and age-related differences in appetitive traits in childhood within the RESONANCE cohort. Parents of RESONANCE children aged 6.02 ± 2.99 years completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Pearson correlations of appetitive traits and age were tested for all participants contributing at least one observation, using each participant's first observation (N = 335). Children's first and second observations of the CEBQ (n = 127) were used to test tracking (paired correlations) and age-related differences (paired
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Appetite ; Body Mass Index ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Body Weight ; Hyperphagia/psychology ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15061377
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Article ; Online: Teaching gene-environment interaction concepts with narrative vignettes: Effects on knowledge, stigma, and behavior motivation.

Chen, Junhan / Martingano, Alison Jane / Ravuri, Siri / Foor, Kaylee / Fortney, Christopher / Carnell, Susan / Batheja, Sapna / Persky, Susan

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 5, Page(s) e0300452

Abstract: Gene-environment interaction (GxE) concepts underlie a proper understanding of complex disease risk and risk-reducing behavior. Communicating GxE concepts is a challenge. This study designed an educational intervention that communicated GxE concepts in ... ...

Abstract	Gene-environment interaction (GxE) concepts underlie a proper understanding of complex disease risk and risk-reducing behavior. Communicating GxE concepts is a challenge. This study designed an educational intervention that communicated GxE concepts in the context of eating behavior and its impact on weight, and tested its efficacy in changing knowledge, stigma, and behavior motivation. The study also explored whether different framings of GxE education and matching frames with individual eating tendencies would result in stronger intervention impact. The experiment included four GxE education conditions and a control condition unrelated to GxE concepts. In the education conditions, participants watched a video introducing GxE concepts then one of four narrative vignettes depicting how a character's experience with eating hyperpalatable or bitter tasting food (reward-based eating drive vs. bitter taste perception scenario) is influenced by genetic or environmental variations (genetic vs. environmental framings). The education intervention increased GxE knowledge, genetic causal attributions, and empathetic concern. Mediation analyses suggest that causal attributions, particularly to genetics and willpower, are key factors that drive downstream stigma and eating behavior outcomes and could be targeted in future interventions. Tailoring GxE education frames to individual traits may lead to more meaningful outcomes. For example, genetic (vs. environmental) framed GxE education may reduce stigma toward individuals with certain eating tendencies among individuals without such tendencies. GxE education interventions would be most likely to achieve desired outcomes such as reducing stigma if they target certain causal beliefs and are strategically tailored to individual attributes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Male ; Motivation ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Adult ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Young Adult ; Social Stigma ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Adolescent
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0300452
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Associations of mothers’ and fathers’ structure-related food parenting practices and child food approach eating behaviors during the COVID pandemic

Jansen, Elena / Smith, Kimberly / Thapaliya, Gita / Sadler, Jennifer / Aghababian, Anahys / Carnell, Susan

Physiology & behavior. 2022 Aug. 01, v. 252

2022

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mothers and fathers have spent more time at home with their children, warranting consideration of parenting practices around food during the pandemic as influences on obesogenic eating behaviors among children. ... ...

Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mothers and fathers have spent more time at home with their children, warranting consideration of parenting practices around food during the pandemic as influences on obesogenic eating behaviors among children. Structure-related feeding practices, particularly around snacking, may be particularly challenging yet influential in the pandemic setting. Parent sex and levels of feeding-related co-operation among parents (co-feeding) are understudied potential influences on parent-child feeding relationships. We investigated relationships between structure-related parent feeding and child food approach behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, while considering potential moderating influences of parent sex and co-feeding levels. An online survey was completed by 318 parents (206 mothers and 112 fathers) of 2-12-year-olds who were living in states with statewide or regional lockdowns in May/June 2020 within the US. Mothers and fathers were drawn from different families, with each survey corresponding to a unique parent-child dyad. Parental stress/mental health, co-feeding (Feeding Coparenting Scale), structure-related food and snack parenting (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire and Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire), and child eating behaviors (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) were assessed. Relationships of parents’ structure-related food and snack parenting practices with their child's emotional overeating and food responsiveness behaviors were examined using structural equation modelling. Further, we investigated whether these relations were moderated by parent sex or level of co-feeding. Parent sex differences were seen in parental stress, mental health, and co-feeding, but not in structure-related food and snack parenting or child food approach eating behaviors. Structure-related food parenting was negatively associated with emotional overeating. However, structure-related snack parenting was positively associated with emotional overeating and food responsiveness. While regression paths varied between mothers vs. fathers, as well as by co-feeding levels, neither parent sex nor co-feeding levels significantly moderated relationships between parent feeding and child eating variables. Future studies of food and snack parenting and co-operation in relation to feeding among mothers and fathers within a familial unit may be critical to identify intervention strategies that draw on all family resources to better navigate future disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; children ; equations ; mental health ; pandemic ; questionnaires ; surveys
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0801
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113837
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Article ; Online: Leptin at birth and at age 7 in relation to appetitive behaviors at age 7 and age 10.

Warkentin, Sarah / Carnell, Susan / Oliveira, Andreia

Hormones and behavior

2020 Volume 126, Page(s) 104842

Abstract: Leptin contributes to the control of food intake and energy balance. However, its association with appetitive behaviors during childhood is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between leptin, assessed at birth and at 7 years of ... ...

Abstract	Leptin contributes to the control of food intake and energy balance. However, its association with appetitive behaviors during childhood is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between leptin, assessed at birth and at 7 years of age (y), and appetitive behaviors assessed at 7 and 10 y. Children from a Portuguese cohort with assessment of leptin levels at birth from umbilical cord blood (n = 645) and at 7 y from venous blood samples (n = 587), were included. The Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed appetitive behaviors at 7 and 10 y. Weight and height were measured at 7 and 10 y to derive BMI z-scores (BMIz). A series of Generalized Linear Models tested relationships between leptin and appetitive behaviors, adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, child physical activity and child BMIz), and interaction terms for child sex and child BMIz. At 7 y, 116 boys and 118 girls were classified as having overweight/obesity, and these children had higher leptin levels. Cross-sectional analyses using the 7 y data produced the strongest results. Higher leptin at 7 y was significantly associated with lower scores on Satiety Responsiveness, Food Fussiness and Slowness in Eating, and higher scores on Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food and Emotional Overeating at 7 y. Only the association with Emotional Overeating remained when adjusting for child BMIz. Significant interaction effects between child sex and leptin were found for appetite at 7 y, such that higher leptin was associated with higher Food Responsiveness (p < 0.001) and lower Slowness in Eating (p < 0.001) to a greater extent among boys. Umbilical cord blood leptin was not associated with appetitive behaviors at 7 or 10 y. Our results show that leptin levels are positively associated with food approach and negatively with food avoidant behaviors. Associations were more consistent in cross-sectional analyses (at 7 y), were largely dependent on child weight, and tended to be stronger among boys. Our findings support a role for leptin in affecting appetite, with potential consequences for current weight status and future weight gain.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Animals ; Appetite/physiology ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Child Development/physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Leptin/analysis ; Leptin/blood ; Male ; Parturition/blood ; Pregnancy ; Satiation/physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Chemical Substances	Leptin
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	214409-8
ISSN	1095-6867 ; 0018-506X
ISSN (online)	1095-6867
ISSN	0018-506X
DOI	10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104842
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Article ; Online: Associations of mothers' and fathers' structure-related food parenting practices and child food approach eating behaviors during the COVID pandemic.

Jansen, Elena / Smith, Kimberly / Thapaliya, Gita / Sadler, Jennifer / Aghababian, Anahys / Carnell, Susan

Physiology & behavior

2022 Volume 252, Page(s) 113837

Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mothers and fathers have spent more time at home with their children, warranting consideration of parenting practices around food during the pandemic as influences on obesogenic eating behaviors among ... ...

Abstract	Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many mothers and fathers have spent more time at home with their children, warranting consideration of parenting practices around food during the pandemic as influences on obesogenic eating behaviors among children. Structure-related feeding practices, particularly around snacking, may be particularly challenging yet influential in the pandemic setting. Parent sex and levels of feeding-related co-operation among parents (co-feeding) are understudied potential influences on parent-child feeding relationships. Methods: We investigated relationships between structure-related parent feeding and child food approach behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, while considering potential moderating influences of parent sex and co-feeding levels. An online survey was completed by 318 parents (206 mothers and 112 fathers) of 2-12-year-olds who were living in states with statewide or regional lockdowns in May/June 2020 within the US. Mothers and fathers were drawn from different families, with each survey corresponding to a unique parent-child dyad. Parental stress/mental health, co-feeding (Feeding Coparenting Scale), structure-related food and snack parenting (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire and Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire), and child eating behaviors (Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) were assessed. Relationships of parents' structure-related food and snack parenting practices with their child's emotional overeating and food responsiveness behaviors were examined using structural equation modelling. Further, we investigated whether these relations were moderated by parent sex or level of co-feeding. Results: Parent sex differences were seen in parental stress, mental health, and co-feeding, but not in structure-related food and snack parenting or child food approach eating behaviors. Structure-related food parenting was negatively associated with emotional overeating. However, structure-related snack parenting was positively associated with emotional overeating and food responsiveness. While regression paths varied between mothers vs. fathers, as well as by co-feeding levels, neither parent sex nor co-feeding levels significantly moderated relationships between parent feeding and child eating variables. Conclusions: Future studies of food and snack parenting and co-operation in relation to feeding among mothers and fathers within a familial unit may be critical to identify intervention strategies that draw on all family resources to better navigate future disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Choice Behavior ; Communicable Disease Control ; Fathers/psychology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Male ; Mothers/psychology ; Pandemics ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113837
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