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Article ; Online: Risk Factors for Fungal Co-Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients, with a Focus on Immunosuppressants

Obinna T. Ezeokoli / Onele Gcilitshana / Carolina H. Pohl

Journal of Fungi, Vol 7, Iss 545, p

2021 Volume 545

Abstract: Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed in the intensive care unit are prone to complications, including secondary infections with opportunistic fungal pathogens. Systemic fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients may ... ...

Abstract	Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) managed in the intensive care unit are prone to complications, including secondary infections with opportunistic fungal pathogens. Systemic fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients may exacerbate COVID-19 disease severity, hamper treatment effectiveness and increase mortality. Here, we reiterate the role of fungal co-infections in exacerbating COVID-19 disease severity as well as highlight emerging trends related to fungal disease burden in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on the risk factors for fungal co-infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and highlight the potential role of prolonged immunomodulatory treatments in driving fungal co-infections, including COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), COVID-19-associated candidiasis (CAC) and mucormycosis. We reiterate the need for early diagnosis of suspected COVID-19-associated systemic mycoses in the hospital setting.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; fungal co-infections ; corticosteroid treatment ; COVID-19-associated candidiasis ; COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis ; mucormycosis ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Beyond Antagonism

Ruan Fourie / Carolina H. Pohl

Journal of Fungi, Vol 5, Iss 2, p

The Interaction Between Candida Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 Volume 34

Abstract: There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, ... ...

Abstract	There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized as antagonistic to the yeast, this review highlights the complexity of the interaction with various factors influencing both microbes. The first section deals with the interactions in vitro , looking specifically at the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites and competition for iron in the interaction. The second part of this review places all these interactions in the context of various infection or colonization sites, i.e., lungs, wounds, and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we see that the role of the host, as well as the methodology used to establish co-infection, are important factors, influencing the outcome of the disease. Suggested future perspectives for the study of this interaction include determining the influence of newly identified participants of the QS network of P. aeruginosa , oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of these microbes, on the interaction and outcome of co-infection.
Keywords	Candida albicans ; interaction ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cryptococcal proteases exhibit the potential to activate the latent SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Nozethu Mjokane / Saheed Sabiu / Olufemi S. Folorunso / Onele M.N. Gcilitshana / Jacobus Albertyn / Carolina H. Pohl / Olihile M. Sebolai

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 2, Pp 263-

2024 Volume 270

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 650 million people and resulted in over 6.8 million deaths. Notably, the disease could co-manifest with microbial infections, like cryptococcosis, which also presents as a primary lung infection. ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 650 million people and resulted in over 6.8 million deaths. Notably, the disease could co-manifest with microbial infections, like cryptococcosis, which also presents as a primary lung infection. Objective: In this contribution, we sought to determine if cryptococcal supernatant (which contains secreted furin-like proteases) could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Methods: Molecular docking of the crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (target) and selected cryptococcal proteases (ligands) was executed using the high ambiguity driven protein-protein docking (HADDOCK) server, with the furin protease serving as a reference ligand. The furin protease is found in human cells and typically activates the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Importantly, in order to provide experimental evidence for enzymatic activity, we also assessed the biochemical efficiency of cryptococcal proteases to initiate viral entry into HEK-293 T cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped Lentivirus. Results: We show that the selected cryptococcal proteases could interact with the spike protein, and some had a better or comparable binding affinity for the spike protein than furin protease following an in silico comparative analysis of the molecular docking parameters. Furthermore, it was noted that the biochemical efficiency of the cryptococcal supernatant to transduce HEK-293 T cells with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions was comparable (p > 0.05) to that of recombinant furin. Conclusions: Taken together, these data show that cryptococcal proteases could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In practice, it may be critical to determine if patients have an underlying cryptococcal infection, as this microbe could secrete proteases that may further activate the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, thus undermining COVID-19 intervention measures.
Keywords	Cryptococcal protease ; Furin protease ; HEK-293 T cells ; Protein-protein docking ; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	612
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Supramolecular Self-Associating Amphiphiles Inhibit Biofilm Formation by the Critical Pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans

Hendrik J. F. Steyn / Lisa J. White / Kira L. F. Hilton / Jennifer R. Hiscock / Carolina H. Pohl

ACS Omega, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1770-

2023 Volume 1785

Keywords	Chemistry ; QD1-999
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Repurposing of Acetylsalicylic Acid as a Photosensitiser to Inactivate the Growth of Cryptococcal Cells

Adepemi O. Ogundeji / Nozethu Mjokane / Olufemi S. Folorunso / Carolina H. Pohl / Martin M. Nyaga / Olihile M. Sebolai

Pharmaceuticals, Vol 14, Iss 404, p

2021 Volume 404

Abstract: Photodynamic treatment (PDT) is often successful when used against aerobic microbes, given their natural susceptibility to oxidative damage. To this end, the current study aimed to explore the photodynamic action of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin, ... ...

Abstract	Photodynamic treatment (PDT) is often successful when used against aerobic microbes, given their natural susceptibility to oxidative damage. To this end, the current study aimed to explore the photodynamic action of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin, which is commonly used to treat non-infectious ailments), when administered to respiring cryptococcal cells. The treatment of cryptococcal cells, i.e., exposure to 0.5 or 1 mM of ASA in the presence of ultraviolet light (UVL) for 10 min, resulted in a significant ( p < 0.05) reduction in the growth of tested cells when compared to non-treated (non-Rx) cells, i.e., no ASA and no UVL. The treated cells were also characterised by diseased mitochondria, which is crucial for the survival of respiring cells, as observed by a significant ( p < 0.05) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) and significant ( p < 0.05) accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when compared to non-Rx cells. Moreover, the photolytic products of acetylsalicylic acid altered the ultrastructural appearance of treated cells as well as limited the expression levels of the capsular-associated gene, CAP64, when compared to non-Rx cells. The results of the study highlight the potential use of ASA as a photosensitiser that is effective for controlling the growth of cryptococcal cells. Potentially, this treatment can also be used as an adjuvant, to complement and support the usage of current anti-microbial agents.
Keywords	acetylsalicylic acid (ASA ; aspirin) ; capsule ; CAP64 ; Cryptococcus ; membrane potential (ΔΨM) ; photodynamic treatment ; Medicine ; R ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cryptococcal Protease(s) and the Activation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein

Nozethu Mjokane / Maphori Maliehe / Olufemi S. Folorunso / Adepemi O. Ogundeji / Onele M. N. Gcilitshana / Jacobus Albertyn / Carolina H. Pohl / Olihile M. Sebolai

Cells, Vol 11, Iss 437, p

2022 Volume 437

Abstract: In this contribution, we report on the possibility that cryptococcal protease(s) could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The S protein is documented to have a unique four-amino-acid sequence (underlined, S PRRA R↓S) at the interface between the ... ...

Abstract	In this contribution, we report on the possibility that cryptococcal protease(s) could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The S protein is documented to have a unique four-amino-acid sequence (underlined, S PRRA R↓S) at the interface between the S1 and S2 sites, that serves as a cleavage site for the human protease, furin. We compared the biochemical efficiency of cryptococcal protease(s) and furin to mediate the proteolytic cleavage of the S1/S2 site in a fluorogenic peptide. We show that cryptococcal protease(s) processes this site in a manner comparable to the efficiency of furin ( p > 0.581). We conclude the paper by discussing the impact of these findings in the context of a SARS-CoV-2 disease manifesting while there is an underlying cryptococcal infection.
Keywords	cryptococcal infection ; Cryptococcus ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; fluorogenic peptide ; furin ; protease ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Environmental Factors That Contribute to the Maintenance of Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis

Maphori Maliehe / Mathope A. Ntoi / Shayanki Lahiri / Olufemi S. Folorunso / Adepemi O. Ogundeji / Carolina H. Pohl / Olihile M. Sebolai

Microorganisms, Vol 8, Iss 2, p

2020 Volume 180

Abstract: The ability of microorganisms to colonise and display an intracellular lifestyle within a host body increases their fitness to survive and avoid extinction. This host−pathogen association drives microbial evolution, as such organisms are under selective ... ...

Abstract	The ability of microorganisms to colonise and display an intracellular lifestyle within a host body increases their fitness to survive and avoid extinction. This host−pathogen association drives microbial evolution, as such organisms are under selective pressure and can become more pathogenic. Some of these microorganisms can quickly spread through the environment via transmission. The non-transmittable fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus, probably return into the environment upon decomposition of the infected host. This review analyses whether re-entry of the pathogen into the environment causes restoration of its non-pathogenic state or whether environmental factors and parameters assist them in maintaining pathogenesis. Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans is therefore used as a model organism to evaluate the impact of environmental stress factors that aid the survival and pathogenesis of C. neoformans intracellularly and extracellularly.
Keywords	cryptococcus ; environmental factors ; pathogenesis ; survival ; virulence factors ; transcriptional factors ; signalling factors ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Oxidized Fatty Acids as Inter-Kingdom Signaling Molecules

Carolina H. Pohl / Johan L.F. Kock

Molecules, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1273-

2014 Volume 1285

Abstract: Oxylipins or oxidized fatty acids are a group of molecules found to play a role in signaling in many different cell types. These fatty acid derivatives have ancient evolutionary origins as signaling molecules and are ideal candidates for inter-kingdom ... ...

Abstract	Oxylipins or oxidized fatty acids are a group of molecules found to play a role in signaling in many different cell types. These fatty acid derivatives have ancient evolutionary origins as signaling molecules and are ideal candidates for inter-kingdom communication. This review discusses examples of the ability of organisms from different kingdoms to “listen” and respond to oxylipin signals during interactions. The interactions that will be looked at are signaling between animals and plants; between animals and fungi; between animals and bacteria and between plants and fungi. This will aid in understanding these interactions, which often have implications in ecology, agriculture as well as human and animal health.
Keywords	oxidized fatty acids ; signaling ; inter-kingdom communication ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Organic Chemistry ; DOAJ:Chemistry
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Flocculating performance of a bioflocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola in sewage waste water treatment

Agunbiade, MayowaOladele / Anofi Tom Ashafa / Carolina H. Pohl / Esta Van Heerden

BMC biotechnology. 2017 Dec., v. 17, no. 1

2017

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The discharge of poorly treated effluents into the environment has far reaching, consequential impacts on human and aquatic life forms. Thus, we evaluated the flocculating efficiency of our test bioflocculant and we report for the first time ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The discharge of poorly treated effluents into the environment has far reaching, consequential impacts on human and aquatic life forms. Thus, we evaluated the flocculating efficiency of our test bioflocculant and we report for the first time the ability of the biopolymeric flocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola in the treatment of sewage wastewater. This strain was isolated from sediment soil sample at Sterkfontein dam in the Eastern Free State province of South Africa. RESULTS: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA revealed the bacteria to have 99% similarity to Arthrobacter humicola strain R1 and the sequence was deposited in the Gene bank as Arthrobacter humicola with accession number KC816574.1. Flocculating activity was enhanced with the aid of divalent cations, pH 12, at a dosage concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. The purified bioflocculant was heat stable and could retain more than 78% of its flocculating activity after heating at 100 °C for 25 min. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties as the functional groups. The thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the pyrolysis profile of the purified bioflocculant and elemental composition revealed C: O: Na: P: K with 13.90: 41.96: 26.79: 16.61: 0.74 weight percentage respectively. The purified bioflocculant was able to remove chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, nitrate and turbidity from sewage waste water at efficiencies of 65.7%, 63.5%, 55.7%, 71.4% and 81.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate the possibility of using the bioflocculant produced by Arthrobacter humicola as a potential alternative to synthesized chemical flocculants in sewage waste water treatment and other industrial waste water.
Keywords	aquatic organisms ; Arthrobacter ; bacteria ; biochemical oxygen demand ; carbon ; cations ; chemical oxygen demand ; effluents ; elemental composition ; flocculants ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; gene banks ; heat stability ; industrial wastes ; moieties ; nitrates ; nucleotide sequences ; oxygen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; pyrolysis ; sediments ; sewage ; sewage treatment ; sodium ; thermogravimetry ; turbidity ; wastewater ; wastewater treatment ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 51.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ISSN	1472-6750
DOI	10.1186/s12896-017-0375-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effect of Marine Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

Carolina H. Pohl / Vuyisile S. Thibane / Johan L. F. Kock / Pieter W. J. van Wyk / Ruan Ells

Marine Drugs, Vol 8, Iss 10, Pp 2597-

2010 Volume 2604

Abstract: The effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids on biofilm formation by the human pathogens Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis was investigated. It was found that stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic ... ...

Abstract	The effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids on biofilm formation by the human pathogens Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis was investigated. It was found that stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) have an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial metabolism of both C. albicans and C. dubliniensis and that the production of biofilm biomass by C. dubliniensis was more susceptible to these fatty acids than C. albicans. Ultrastructural differences, which may be due to increased oxidative stress, were observed between treated and untreated cells of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis with formation of rough cell walls by both species and fibrillar structures in C. dubliniensis. These results indicate that marine polyunsaturated fatty acids may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of biofilms formed by these pathogenic yeasts.
Keywords	Candida albicans ; Candida dubliniensis ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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