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Article ; Online: Severe Enamel Defects in Wild Japanese Macaques

Ian Towle / Carolina Loch / Marina Martínez de Pinillos / Mario Modesto-Mata / Leslea J. Hlusko

International Journal of Zoology, Vol

2024 Volume 2024

Abstract: Plane-form enamel hypoplasia (PFEH) is a severe dental defect in which large areas of the crown are devoid of enamel. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in wild primates. The etiology of PFEH has been linked to exposure to severe disease, ... ...

Abstract	Plane-form enamel hypoplasia (PFEH) is a severe dental defect in which large areas of the crown are devoid of enamel. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in wild primates. The etiology of PFEH has been linked to exposure to severe disease, malnutrition, and environmental toxins and associated with systemic conditions. In this study, we examined the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in several populations of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with the aim of providing context for severe defects observed in macaques from Yakushima Island. We found that 10 of 21 individuals (48%) from Yakushima Island displayed uniform and significant PFEH; all 10 specimens were from two adjacent locations in the south of the island. In contrast, macaques from other islands and from mainland Japan have a low prevalence of the more common types of enamel hypoplasia and none exhibit PFEH. In Yakushima macaques, every tooth type was affected to varying degrees except for first molars and primary teeth, and the mineral content of the remaining enamel in teeth with PFEH was normal (i.e., no hypo- or hypermineralization). The aetiology of PFEH might be linked to extreme weather events or high rates of environmental fluoride-causing enamel breakdown. However, given that the affected individuals underwent dental development during a period of substantial human-related habitat change, an anthropogenic-related etiology seems most likely. Further research on living primate populations is needed to better understand the causes of PFEH in wild primates.
Keywords	Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Dental caries in South African fossil hominins

Ian Towle / Joel D. Irish / Isabelle De Groote / Christianne Fernée / Carolina Loch

South African Journal of Science, Vol 117, Iss 3/

2021 Volume 4

Abstract: Once considered rare in fossil hominins, caries has recently been reported in several hominin species, requiring a new assessment of this condition during human evolution. Caries prevalence and location on the teeth of South African fossil hominins were ... ...

Abstract	Once considered rare in fossil hominins, caries has recently been reported in several hominin species, requiring a new assessment of this condition during human evolution. Caries prevalence and location on the teeth of South African fossil hominins were observed and compared with published data from other hominin samples. Teeth were viewed macroscopically, with lesion position and severity noted and described. For all South African fossil hominin specimens studied to date, a total of 10 carious teeth (14 lesions), including 4 described for the first time here, have been observed. These carious teeth were found in a minimum of seven individuals, including five Paranthropus robustus, one early Homo, and one Homo naledi. All 14 lesions affected posterior teeth. The results suggest cariogenic biofilms and foods may have been present in the oral environment of a wide variety of hominins. Caries prevalence in studied fossil hominins is similar to those in pre-agricultural human groups, in which 1–5% of teeth are typically affected. Significance: • This study adds to the growing evidence that dental caries was present throughout the course of human evolution. Caries prevalence in the fossil species studied is similar to those in non-agricultural human groups, with 1–5% of teeth displaying cavities. • Differences in prevalence and position of dental caries can provide insight into dietary aspects of past populations. South African fossil hominins display lesions on their posterior teeth, suggesting sugary foods were consumed.
Keywords	dental pathology ; Homo naledi ; Paranthropus robustus ; diet ; cariogenic bacteria ; Science ; Q ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social Sciences ; H ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Academy of Science of South Africa
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: In Memoriam

Carolina Loch / Grant Townsend / Christopher Dean

Dental Anthropology, Vol 27, Iss 1-

Julius (Jules) August Kieser (20 December 1950 – 10 June 2014)

2018 Volume 2

Abstract: ... N/ ... ...

Abstract	N/A
Keywords	Dentistry ; RK1-715 ; Physical anthropology. Somatology ; GN49-298
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Dental Anthropology Association
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Dental Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency during Pregnancy and Early Infancy—An Observational Study

Deanna M. Beckett / Jonathan M. Broadbent / Carolina Loch / Erin K. Mahoney / Bernadette K. Drummond / Benjamin J. Wheeler

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1932, p

2022 Volume 1932

Abstract: Vitamin D (25OHD) status during pregnancy is closely correlated with foetal and new-born 25OHD. Calcification for primary teeth begins from the fourth month of intrauterine life and from birth for permanent teeth. Dental consequences of severe 25OHD ... ...

Abstract	Vitamin D (25OHD) status during pregnancy is closely correlated with foetal and new-born 25OHD. Calcification for primary teeth begins from the fourth month of intrauterine life and from birth for permanent teeth. Dental consequences of severe 25OHD deficiency are well documented; however, consequences are less documented for milder degrees of 25OHD deficiency. This study examined the dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency during gestation and infancy in a cohort of 81 New Zealand children. Pregnancy and birth data for the children and their mothers and 25OHD status during gestation, birth and at five months were obtained, and dental examinations were conducted. Associations between 25OHD and enamel defects or caries experience were investigated. Of the 81 children, 55% had experienced dental caries and 64% had at least one enamel defect present. Vitamin D insufficiency (25OHD < 50 nmol/L) at all timepoints was not associated with enamel defect prevalence, but during third trimester pregnancy it was associated with an increased caries risk IRR of 3.55 (CI 1.15–10.92) by age 6. In conclusion, maternal 25OHD insufficiency during the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with greater caries experience in primary dentition. No association was found between early life 25OHD and enamel defect prevalence or severity.
Keywords	vitamin D ; dental caries ; developmental defects of dental enamel ; 25-hydroxyvitamin D ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Enamel ultrastructure in fossil cetaceans (Cetacea

Carolina Loch / Jules A Kieser / R Ewan Fordyce

PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 1, p e

Archaeoceti and Odontoceti).

2015 Volume 0116557

Abstract: The transition from terrestrial ancestry to a fully pelagic life profoundly altered the body systems of cetaceans, with extreme morphological changes in the skull and feeding apparatus. The Oligocene Epoch was a crucial time in the evolution of cetaceans ...

Abstract	The transition from terrestrial ancestry to a fully pelagic life profoundly altered the body systems of cetaceans, with extreme morphological changes in the skull and feeding apparatus. The Oligocene Epoch was a crucial time in the evolution of cetaceans when the ancestors of modern whales and dolphins (Neoceti) underwent major diversification, but details of dental structure and evolution are poorly known for the archaeocete-neocete transition. We report the morphology of teeth and ultrastructure of enamel in archaeocetes, and fossil platanistoids and delphinoids, ranging from late Oligocene (Waitaki Valley, New Zealand) to Pliocene (Caldera, Chile). Teeth were embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned in cross and longitudinal planes, polished, etched, and coated with gold palladium for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. SEM images showed that in archaeocetes, squalodontids and Prosqualodon (taxa with heterodont and nonpolydont/limited polydont teeth), the inner enamel was organized in Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) with an outer layer of radial enamel. This is a common pattern in most large-bodied mammals and it is regarded as a biomechanical adaptation related to food processing and crack resistance. Fossil Otekaikea sp. and delphinoids, which were polydont and homodont, showed a simpler structure, with inner radial and outer prismless enamel. Radial enamel is regarded as more wear-resistant and has been retained in several mammalian taxa in which opposing tooth surfaces slide over each other. These observations suggest that the transition from a heterodont and nonpolydont/limited polydont dentition in archaeocetes and early odontocetes, to homodont and polydont teeth in crownward odontocetes, was also linked to a marked simplification in the enamel Schmelzmuster. These patterns probably reflect functional shifts in food processing from shear-and-mastication in archaeocetes and early odontocetes, to pierce-and-grasp occlusion in crownward odontocetes, with the implication of less demanding feeding ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Measuring Changes in Jaw Opening Forces to Assess the Degree of Improvement in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders

Jithendra Ratnayake / Guangzhao Guan / Ajith Polonowita / Andrew R. Gray / Carolina Loch / Kai Chun Li / John Neil Waddell / Karl Lyons / Paul A. Brunton

Applied Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 1224, p

2022 Volume 1224

Abstract: Background: Currently, the degree of improvement in patients with TMDs is measured through subjective questionnaires and clinical examination This study aimed to investigate the properties of an objective quantitative measure of jaw-opening forces to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Currently, the degree of improvement in patients with TMDs is measured through subjective questionnaires and clinical examination This study aimed to investigate the properties of an objective quantitative measure of jaw-opening forces to assess clinical improvement in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients following treatment. Methods: Baseline jaw-opening forces were recorded for TMD-patients (n = 62) and a comparison group of TMD-free participants (n = 56), using a jaw-opening forces measuring device. TMD patients were divided into three subcategories (myofascial pain, disc-displacement, and myofascial pain and disc-displacement combined) and received a combination of treatment for six months; meanwhile, TMD-free participants did not receive treatment. Jaw-opening forces for each participant in both groups were measured at their six-month review appointment. Results: Jaw-opening forces were reliable at baseline (single measure ICC 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.98, ICC ≥ 0.94 for all groups and subcategories). Jaw-opening forces increased in the TMD group following treatment at six-months (18.6 N at baseline and 32.4 N at six-months, p < 0.001) and did not change significantly in the TMD-free group (49 N at baseline and 48.3 N at six-months). There was a small improvement in the disc displacement group (27.8% higher forces, p = 0.002). However, the myofascial-pain and myofascial-pain-and-disc-displacement groups showed significant improvement following treatment (93.5% higher forces, p < 0.001; 91.1% higher forces, p < 0.001; respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the measurement of jaw-opening forces could potentially be used to assess the clinical improvement in TMD patients following diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords	temporomandibular disorders ; orofacial pain ; diagnostic systems ; myofascial pain ; jaw biomechanics ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Dental biorhythm is associated with adolescent weight gain

Patrick Mahoney / Gina McFarlane / Carolina Loch / Sophie White / Bruce Floyd / Erin C. Dunn / Rosie Pitfield / Alessia Nava / Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg

Communications Medicine, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 13

Abstract: Mahoney et al. calculate the long-term biorhythm of adolescents from primary molar teeth and examine the relationship with weight, height and mass. Faster biorhythms are associated with a lower weight, and reduced weight and mass gain during adolescence. ...

Abstract	Mahoney et al. calculate the long-term biorhythm of adolescents from primary molar teeth and examine the relationship with weight, height and mass. Faster biorhythms are associated with a lower weight, and reduced weight and mass gain during adolescence.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Controllable Jet Injection of Dental Local Anaesthetic

James W. Mckeage / Carolina Loch / Johann Zwirner / Niels Hammer / David E. White / Bryan P. Ruddy / Paul A. Brunton / Andrew J. Taberner

IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, Vol 9, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Objective: Fear of dental procedures is a common barrier to effective dental care. A promising technique to overcome dental anxiety is needle-free jet injection, which involves delivering local anaesthetic as a high-speed jet capable of penetrating the ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Fear of dental procedures is a common barrier to effective dental care. A promising technique to overcome dental anxiety is needle-free jet injection, which involves delivering local anaesthetic as a high-speed jet capable of penetrating the oral mucosa without a needle. Previous efforts have used loud, uncontrolled injectors designed for transdermal delivery that have failed to achieve significant uptake in dental practice. Methods: In this work, we present and validate a controllable jet injection device driven by a silent electric motor for the delivery of dental local anaesthetic. The injector includes a novel tubular attachment at its distal end, which allows the delivery to be performed comfortably throughout the mouth. The expected pressure loss resulting from the use of this attachment is analysed. This analysis predicted that a 75 mm long tubular attachment of 0.53 mm radius would result in negligible pressure loss. To validate delivery in human tissue, the injection system was used to perform 18 injections into the mouths of two Thiel-embalmed human cadavers. These injections were visualised using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Results: Benchtop testing of the prototype injector verified the expected pressure loss along the attachment. The CBCT scans demonstrated that the fluid was successfully delivered to the desired locations, adjacent to the root apex of the teeth, at every injection site. Conclusion: These outcomes validate the performance of this novel needle-free injector, demonstrating its potential as a tool to reduce dental anxiety. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement — Our controllable jet injection device overcomes key limitations associated with previous attempts to deliver dental local anaesthetic needle-free. This could greatly reduce barriers to effective dental care.
Keywords	Needle-free ; jet injection ; dental anxiety ; control ; anaesthetic ; local ; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Medical technology ; R855-855.5
Subject code	670
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	IEEE
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Use of Micro-Computed Tomography for Dental Studies in Modern and Fossil Odontocetes

Carolina Loch / Donald R Schwass / Jules A Kieser / R Ewan Fordyce

NAMMCO Scientific Publications, Vol 10, Iss

Potential Applications and Limitations

2013

Abstract: Teeth are important elements in studies of modern and fossil Cetacea (whales, dolphins), providing information on feeding habits, estimations of age and phylogenetic relationships. The growth layer groups (GLGs) recorded in dentine have demonstrated ... ...

Abstract	Teeth are important elements in studies of modern and fossil Cetacea (whales, dolphins), providing information on feeding habits, estimations of age and phylogenetic relationships. The growth layer groups (GLGs) recorded in dentine have demonstrated application for aging studies, but also have the potential to elucidate life history phenomena such as metabolic or physiologic events. Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) is a non-invasive and non-destructive technique that allows 3-dimensional study of mineralized tissues, such as human teeth, and their physical properties. Teeth from extant dolphins (Cetacea: Odontoceti) and some fossil odontocetes were scanned in a Skyscan 1172 Micro-CT desktop system. X-rays were generated at 100 kV and 100 µA for extant samples, and at 80kV and 124 µA for fossils. 0.5 mm thick aluminum and copper filters were used in the beam. Reconstructed images were informative for most extant species, showing a good resolution of the enamel layer, dentine and pulp cavity. Greyscale changes in the dentinal layers were not resolved enough to show GLGs. Visualization of the internal structure in fossil cetacean teeth depended on the degree of diagenetic alteration in the specimen; undifferentiated enamel and dentine regions probably reflect secondary mineralization. However, internal details were finely resolved for one fossil specimen, showing the enamel, internal layers of dentine and the pulp cavity. Micro-CT has been proven to be a useful tool for resolving the internal morphology of fossil and extant teeth of cetaceans before they are sectioned for other morphological analyses; however some methodological refinements are still necessary to allow better resolution of dentine for potential application in non-destructive age determination studies.
Keywords	age estimation ; Diagenesis ; dolphins ; GLG ; mineral density ; teeth ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	621
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Septentrio Academic Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia

Carolina Loch / Paulo C. Simões-Lopes / César J. Drehmer

Zoologia (Curitiba), Vol 27, Iss 3, Pp 477-

Otariidae)

2010 Volume 482

Abstract: Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, ... ...

Abstract	Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.
Keywords	Arctocephalus australis ; A. tropicalis ; dental agenesis ; Otaria flavescens ; southern Brazil ; supernumerary teeth ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590 ; 670
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Pensoft Publishers
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