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Article ; Online: Role of zinc in female reproduction.

Garner, Tyler Bruce / Hester, James Malcolm / Carothers, Allison / Diaz, Francisco J

2021 Volume 104, Issue 5, Page(s) 976–994

Abstract: Zinc is a critical component in a number of conserved processes that regulate female germ cell growth, fertility, and pregnancy. During follicle development, a sufficient intracellular concentration of zinc in the oocyte maintains meiotic arrest at ... ...

Abstract	Zinc is a critical component in a number of conserved processes that regulate female germ cell growth, fertility, and pregnancy. During follicle development, a sufficient intracellular concentration of zinc in the oocyte maintains meiotic arrest at prophase I until the germ cell is ready to undergo maturation. An adequate supply of zinc is necessary for the oocyte to form a fertilization-competent egg as dietary zinc deficiency or chelation of zinc disrupts maturation and reduces the oocyte quality. Following sperm fusion to the egg to initiate the acrosomal reaction, a quick release of zinc, known as the zinc spark, induces egg activation in addition to facilitating zona pellucida hardening and reducing sperm motility to prevent polyspermy. Symmetric division, proliferation, and differentiation of the preimplantation embryo rely on zinc availability, both during the oocyte development and post-fertilization. Further, the fetal contribution to the placenta, fetal limb growth, and neural tube development are hindered in females challenged with zinc deficiency during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the role of zinc in germ cell development, fertilization, and pregnancy with a focus on recent studies in mammalian females. We further detail the fundamental zinc-mediated reproductive processes that have only been explored in non-mammalian species and speculate on the role of zinc in similar mechanisms of female mammals. The evidence collected over the last decade highlights the necessity of zinc for normal fertility and healthy pregnancy outcomes, which suggests zinc supplementation should be considered for reproductive age women at risk of zinc deficiency.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Mammals/physiology ; Mice/physiology ; Rats/physiology ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Reproduction/physiology ; Sus scrofa/physiology ; Zinc/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	1118-6
ISSN	1529-7268 ; 0006-3363
ISSN (online)	1529-7268
ISSN	0006-3363
DOI	10.1093/biolre/ioab023
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Article ; Online: Oviductal extracellular vesicles interact with the spermatozoon's head and mid-piece and improves its motility and fertilizing ability in the domestic cat.

Ferraz, M de A M M / Carothers, A / Dahal, R / Noonan, M J / Songsasen, N

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 9484

Abstract: Fertilization and early embryo development are regulated by a unique maternal-gamete/embryo cross-talk within the oviduct. Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the oviduct play important roles in mediating this developmental ...

Abstract	Fertilization and early embryo development are regulated by a unique maternal-gamete/embryo cross-talk within the oviduct. Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the oviduct play important roles in mediating this developmental process. Here, we examined the influence of oviductal EVs on sperm function in the domestic cat. We demonstrated that (1) EVs are enriched in proteins related to energy metabolism, membrane modification, and reproductive function; (2) EVs bound and fused with the membranes of the acrosome and mid piece; and (3) incubating sperm with EVs improved motility, fertilizing capacity of cat spermatozoa and prevented acrosomal exocytosis in vitro. These findings indicated that oviductal EVs mediate sperm function and fertilization in the cat and provides new insights to improve sperm cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization in the domestic and wild felids and human.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cats ; Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Fallopian Tubes/cytology ; Fallopian Tubes/metabolism ; Female ; Fertilization/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Sperm Head/metabolism ; Sperm Midpiece/metabolism ; Sperm Motility/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-45857-x
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Article: Speculation to Inform and Speculation to Explore: Response to Craig et al. (2009) and Turkheimer & Halpern (2009).

Johnson, Wendy / Carothers, Andrew / Deary, Ian J

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

2015 Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) 622–623

Abstract: Scientific speculation is exploration, but it can also be used to inform, particularly across disciplines. This article, a follow-up to an empirical article on the same subject, was written with both of these purposes in mind. Many researchers are ... ...

Abstract	Scientific speculation is exploration, but it can also be used to inform, particularly across disciplines. This article, a follow-up to an empirical article on the same subject, was written with both of these purposes in mind. Many researchers are interested in uncovering the genetic mechanisms underlying general intelligence, so no doubt the roles of genes on the X chromosome will one day be understood. Psychologists can contribute best to these developments by being informed about the genetic issues involved.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-07-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2224911-4
ISSN	1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
ISSN (online)	1745-6924
ISSN	1745-6916
DOI	10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01171.x
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Article: A Role for the X Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence?

Johnson, Wendy / Carothers, Andrew / Deary, Ian J

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

2015 Volume 4, Issue 6, Page(s) 598–611

Abstract: There is substantial evidence that males are more variable than females in general intelligence. In recent years, researchers have presented this as a reason that, although there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, males tend ... ...

Abstract	There is substantial evidence that males are more variable than females in general intelligence. In recent years, researchers have presented this as a reason that, although there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, males tend to be overrepresented at both ends of its overall distribution. Part of the explanation could be the presence of genes on the X chromosome related both to syndromal disorders involving mental retardation and to population variation in general intelligence occurring normally. Genes on the X chromosome appear overrepresented among genes with known involvement in mental retardation, which is consistent with a model we developed of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two normal distributions. Using this model, we explored the expected ratios of males to females at various points in the distribution and estimated the proportion of variance in general intelligence potentially due to genes on the X chromosome. These estimates provide clues to the extent to which biologically based sex differences could be manifested in the environment as sex differences in displayed intellectual abilities. We discuss these observations in the context of sex differences in specific cognitive abilities and evolutionary theories of sexual selection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2224911-4
ISSN	1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
ISSN (online)	1745-6924
ISSN	1745-6916
DOI	10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01168.x
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Article: Orbitofacial wounds and cerebral artery injuries caused by umbrella tips.

Carothers, A

JAMA

1978 Volume 239, Issue 12, Page(s) 1151–1152

Abstract: Penetrating orbitofacial wounds inflicted by the sharp metal tips of umbrellas may go unrecognized. This type of injury is not generally appreciated as having fatal consequences. Immediate neurologic and radiologic evaluations are diagnostic. The value ... ...

Abstract	Penetrating orbitofacial wounds inflicted by the sharp metal tips of umbrellas may go unrecognized. This type of injury is not generally appreciated as having fatal consequences. Immediate neurologic and radiologic evaluations are diagnostic. The value of computerized tomography and cerebral angiography is stressed.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Blindness/etiology ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology ; Eye Injuries/etiology ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm/etiology ; Male ; Optic Nerve Injuries ; Orbit/injuries ; Skull Fractures/etiology ; Violence ; Wounds, Penetrating
Language	English
Publishing date	1978-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2958-0
ISSN	1538-3598 ; 0098-7484 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955
ISSN (online)	1538-3598
ISSN	0098-7484 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955
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Article: A likelihood-based approach to the estimation of relative DNA copy number by comparative genomic hybridization.

Carothers, A D

Biometrics

1997 Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) 848–856

Abstract: A general approach is described for efficiently and objectively analyzing comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) profile data based on the use of realistic statistical models and the application of standard likelihood-based inference. In contrast to ... ...

Abstract	A general approach is described for efficiently and objectively analyzing comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) profile data based on the use of realistic statistical models and the application of standard likelihood-based inference. In contrast to other methods in current use, the approach provides a most parsimonious explanation by identifying the smallest number of relative DNA copy number changes consistent with the data, together with estimates of their levels and positions and of their standard errors. By making efficient use of available data, it has the potential to enhance the resolution of CGH technology. The computational feasibility of the method is illustrated by application to real CGH profile data from human chromosome 4.
MeSH term(s)	Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; DNA/genetics ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Probability
Chemical Substances	DNA, Neoplasm ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	1997-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	213543-7
ISSN	0006-341X ; 0099-4987
ISSN	0006-341X ; 0099-4987
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Zs.B 72: Show issues

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Article: Continuing confusion over the eponymous possessive.

Carothers, A D

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

1995 Volume 311, Issue 7018, Page(s) 1508

MeSH term(s)	Eponyms ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Syndrome
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-12-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8138 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1508b
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Article: Methods for maternal age-standardization of the incidence of congenital abnormalities.

Carothers, A D

Statistics in medicine

1995 Volume 14, Issue 16, Page(s) 1797–1806

Abstract: In order to compare the birth incidences of particular congenital abnormalities in different populations, it is often necessary to allow for the effects of maternal age. Three age-adjusted indices are defined, based on analogous indices from the ... ...

Abstract	In order to compare the birth incidences of particular congenital abnormalities in different populations, it is often necessary to allow for the effects of maternal age. Three age-adjusted indices are defined, based on analogous indices from the literature on mortality studies, namely, the Standardized Mortality Ratio, the Comparative Mortality Figure and Kerridge's Inverse Method. In most practical situations the differences between them are likely to be trival. However, the first index is maximally efficient under multiplicative risk models and is easily adjusted for incomplete data. The second is the only one to provide valid comparisons under additive, as well as multiplicative, models. The third has the advantage that it does not require a knowledge of the maternal age distribution of all births in the population. The use of the three indices is illustrated with published data on Down's syndrome.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Belgium/epidemiology ; British Columbia/epidemiology ; Cause of Death ; Congenital Abnormalities/mortality ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Down Syndrome/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Age ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis/statistics & numerical data ; Sweden/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	1995-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	843037-8
ISSN	1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
ISSN (online)	1097-0258
ISSN	0277-6715
DOI	10.1002/sim.4780141608
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Zs.A 1756: Show issues

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Article: Counting, measuring, and mapping in FISH-labelled cells: sample size considerations and implications for automation.

Carothers, A D

Cytometry

1994 Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) 298–304

Abstract: Statistical models are used to investigate the need for automation in several potential areas of application of FISH-labelling techniques, including perinatal and tumour cytogenetics, genetic toxicology, and gene mapping. Predictions of the models, based ...

Abstract	Statistical models are used to investigate the need for automation in several potential areas of application of FISH-labelling techniques, including perinatal and tumour cytogenetics, genetic toxicology, and gene mapping. Predictions of the models, based on current estimates of likely error rates for spot-counting and measuring, suggest that a fully automated system is a realistic prospect for detecting full or high-level mosaic trisomies and that interactive systems have the potential to reduce substantially the human workload required to detect residual malignant disease or radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. There appear to be no foreseeable limits to the requirements for speed and accuracy in such systems, since there is effectively no lower limit to the level of relevant biological detail that can be investigated with these techniques.
MeSH term(s)	Artifacts ; Automation ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Mapping/methods ; Cytogenetics/methods ; False Negative Reactions ; False Positive Reactions ; Fetal Diseases/diagnosis ; Fetal Diseases/genetics ; Genetic Testing/methods ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Interphase ; Models, Theoretical ; Mosaicism ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis ; Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Prenatal Diagnosis/methods ; Radiation Injuries/genetics ; Radiation Injuries/pathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Trisomy
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	762338-0
ISSN	0196-4763
ISSN	0196-4763
DOI	10.1002/cyto.990160403
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Article: A cytogenetic register of trisomies in Scotland: results of the first 2 years (1989, 1990).

Carothers, A D

Clinical genetics

1994 Volume 46, Issue 6, Page(s) 405–409

Abstract: A population-based register of all autosomal trisomies diagnosed in Scotland was established in 1989. Data were provided by all cytogenetic service laboratories, and included karyotype, date and place of outcome, indication for analysis, maternal age and ...

Abstract	A population-based register of all autosomal trisomies diagnosed in Scotland was established in 1989. Data were provided by all cytogenetic service laboratories, and included karyotype, date and place of outcome, indication for analysis, maternal age and place of residence. The Register includes all foetuses diagnosed prenatally and all cytogenetically-confirmed live- and still-births with autosomal trisomy, including partial, mosaic and familial cases. In the 2 years 1989-90, 76 prenatal and 147 postnatal diagnoses were notified. For Down syndrome karyotypes the estimated rate, assuming no terminations and after adjusting for spontaneous foetal losses following diagnosis, was 1.23 per 1000 livebirths. This was almost identical to that expected by applying published maternal age-specific rates to the maternal age distribution in Scotland, indicating a very high level of ascertainment. The adjusted rates for trisomies 13 and 18 were also close to expected values derived from published data. Prenatal screening was estimated to reduce the newborn incidence of trisomy 21 by about one quarter overall, and about one half in mothers over 35 years. For trisomy 18, the estimated overall reduction was also about one quarter. It is concluded that the Register provides a practical and cost-effective means of monitoring the effects of prenatal screening, with near-complete ascertainment. In the longer term it will provide a database for studies of the aetiology of these conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Birth Rate ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Genetic Testing/methods ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Age ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Registries ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Trisomy
Language	English
Publishing date	1994-12
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	221209-2
ISSN	1399-0004 ; 0009-9163
ISSN (online)	1399-0004
ISSN	0009-9163
DOI	10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04407.x
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