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Article ; Online: Trends of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in a sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, from 1990 to 2015

Carr, Brigid / Masqué, Pere / Alonso-Hernández, Carlos M. / Huertas, David / Bersuder, Philippe / Tolosa, Imma

Chemosphere. 2023 July, v. 328 p.138571-

2023

Abstract: Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine ... ...

Abstract	Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm²/year, respectively, with 2.8ng/cm²/year for Σ₆PCBs), with indications of recent local DDT use in response to public health emergencies. In contrast, sharp increases are observed between 2012 and 2015 for the contaminants of emerging concern (PAEs, OPEs, and aHFRs), and in the case of two PAEs (DEHP and DnBP) the concentrations were above the established environmental effect limits for sediment dwelling organisms. These increasing trends reflect the growing global usage of both alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives. Local drivers for these trends include nearby industrial sources such as a plastic recycling plant, multiple urban waste outfalls, and a cement factory. The limited capacity for solid waste management may also contribute to the high concentrations of emerging contaminants, especially plastic additives. For the most recent year (2015), the accumulation rates for Σ₁₇aHFRs, Σ₁₉PAEs, and Σ₁₇OPEs into sediment at this location were estimated to be 10, 46 000, and 750ng/cm²/year, respectively. This data provides an initial survey of emerging organic contaminants within this understudied region of the world. The increasing temporal trends observed for aHFRs, OPEs, and PAEs highlights the need for further research concerning the rapid influx of these emerging contaminants.
Keywords	basins ; biphenyl ; cement ; environmental impact ; marine environment ; organophosphorus compounds ; phthalates ; plasticizers ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; public health ; sediments ; solid wastes ; surveys ; waste management ; Cuba ; Organophosphate flame retardants ; Brominated flame retardants ; PCBs ; OCPs
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138571
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Article ; Online: Trends of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in a sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, from 1990 to 2015.

Carr, Brigid / Masqué, Pere / Alonso-Hernández, Carlos M / Huertas, David / Bersuder, Philippe / Tolosa, Imma

Chemosphere

2023 Volume 328, Page(s) 138571

Abstract	Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm
MeSH term(s)	Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Cuba ; Bays ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis ; Pesticides/analysis ; Organophosphates/analysis ; Plastics ; Environmental Monitoring
Chemical Substances	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K) ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Flame Retardants ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; Pesticides ; Organophosphates ; Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138571
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Article: Hepatobiliary PAHs and prevalence of pathological changes in Red Snapper

Pulster, Erin L / Fogelson, Susan / Carr, Brigid E / Mrowicki, Justin / Murawski, Steven A

Aquatic toxicology. 2021 Jan., v. 230

2021

Abstract: Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 to 2017 and analyzed for biliary (n = 496) fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs), hepatic (n = 297) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microscopic ... ...

Abstract	Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 to 2017 and analyzed for biliary (n = 496) fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs), hepatic (n = 297) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microscopic hepatobiliary changes (MHC, n = 152). Gross and histological evaluations were conducted with liver tissues to identify and characterize pathological changes. This is the first report to interrelate hepatobiliary PAH concentrations and MHCs in Red Snapper. Hepatic PAHs measured in GoM Red Snapper ranged from 192 to 8530 ng g⁻¹ w.w. and biliary FACs ranged from 480 to 1,100,000 ng FAC g⁻¹ bile. Biliary FACs in Red Snapper collected along the west Florida Shelf and north central region declined after 2011 and were relatively stable until a sharp increase was noted in 2017. Increases in the PAH exposures are likely due to a number of sources including leaking infrastructure, annual spills, riverine input and the resuspension of contaminated sediments. In contrast, hepatic PAH concentrations were relatively stable indicating Red Snapper are able to maintain metabolic clearance however this energetic cost may be manifesting as microscopic hepatic changes (MHCs). Virtually all (99 %) of the evaluated Red Snapper had one to nine MHCs with an average of five coinciding changes in an individual fish. The observed changes were broadly classified as inflammatory responses, metabolic responses, degenerative lesions, nonneoplastic proliferation and neoplastic lesions. Biliary FACs were associated with parasitic infection and intracellular breakdown product accumulation such as intra-macrophage hemosiderin, lipofuscin and ceroid laden prevalence. Whereas, hepatic PAHs were associated with increased myxozoan plasmodia prevalence. This study evaluates relationships between hepatobiliary PAH concentrations and biometrics, somatic indices, condition factors and microscopic hepatic changes in Red Snapper located in the north central GoM. Together, these results may be signaling increased disease progression in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper more than likely resulting from chronic environmental stressors including elevated PAH exposures and concentrations.
Keywords	Lutjanus campechanus ; bile ; disease progression ; fish ; fluorescence ; hemosiderin ; histology ; infrastructure ; liver ; parasitoses ; riparian areas ; toxicology ; Florida ; Gulf of Mexico
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	782699-0
ISSN	1879-1514 ; 0166-445X
ISSN (online)	1879-1514
ISSN	0166-445X
DOI	10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105714
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Article ; Online: An Improved αvβ6-Receptor-Expressing Suspension Cell Line for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Production.

Harvey, Yongjie / Jackson, Ben / Carr, Brigid Veronica / Childs, Kay / Moffat, Katy / Freimanis, Graham / Tennakoon, Chandana / Juleff, Nicholas / Seago, Julian

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America, where outbreaks in cloven-hooved livestock threaten food security and have severe economic impacts. Vaccination in endemic regions remains the most ... ...

Abstract	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America, where outbreaks in cloven-hooved livestock threaten food security and have severe economic impacts. Vaccination in endemic regions remains the most effective control strategy. Current FMD vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) grown in suspension cultures of baby hamster kidney 21 cells (BHK-21). Strain diversity means vaccines produced from one subtype may not fully protect against circulating disparate subtypes, necessitating the development of new vaccine strains that "antigenically match". However, some viruses have proven difficult to adapt to cell culture, slowing the manufacturing process, reducing vaccine yield and limiting the availability of effective vaccines, as well as potentiating the selection of undesired antigenic changes. To circumvent the need to cell culture adapt FMDV, we have used a systematic approach to develop recombinant suspension BHK-21 that stably express the key FMDV receptor integrin αvβ6. We show that αvβ6 expression is retained at consistently high levels as a mixed cell population and as a clonal cell line. Following exposure to field strains of FMDV, these recombinant BHK-21 facilitated higher virus yields compared to both parental and control BHK-21, whilst demonstrating comparable growth kinetics. The presented data supports the application of these recombinant αvβ6-expressing BHK-21 in future FMD vaccine production.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Line ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines/genetics
Chemical Substances	Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14030621
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Article: An Improved αvβ6-Receptor-Expressing Suspension Cell Line for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Production

Harvey, Yongjie / Jackson, Ben / Carr, Brigid Veronica / Childs, Kay / Moffat, Katy / Freimanis, Graham / Tennakoon, Chandana / Juleff, Nicholas / Seago, Julian

Viruses. 2022 Mar. 16, v. 14, no. 3

2022

Abstract	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America, where outbreaks in cloven-hooved livestock threaten food security and have severe economic impacts. Vaccination in endemic regions remains the most effective control strategy. Current FMD vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) grown in suspension cultures of baby hamster kidney 21 cells (BHK-21). Strain diversity means vaccines produced from one subtype may not fully protect against circulating disparate subtypes, necessitating the development of new vaccine strains that “antigenically match”. However, some viruses have proven difficult to adapt to cell culture, slowing the manufacturing process, reducing vaccine yield and limiting the availability of effective vaccines, as well as potentiating the selection of undesired antigenic changes. To circumvent the need to cell culture adapt FMDV, we have used a systematic approach to develop recombinant suspension BHK-21 that stably express the key FMDV receptor integrin αvβ6. We show that αvβ6 expression is retained at consistently high levels as a mixed cell population and as a clonal cell line. Following exposure to field strains of FMDV, these recombinant BHK-21 facilitated higher virus yields compared to both parental and control BHK-21, whilst demonstrating comparable growth kinetics. The presented data supports the application of these recombinant αvβ6-expressing BHK-21 in future FMD vaccine production.
Keywords	Foot-and-mouth disease virus ; cell culture ; cell lines ; food security ; foot-and-mouth disease ; growth models ; hamsters ; integrins ; kidneys ; livestock ; strain differences ; vaccination ; vaccine development ; vaccines ; viruses ; Asia ; South America ; Sub-Saharan Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0316
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14030621
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Article ; Online: Hepatobiliary PAHs and prevalence of pathological changes in Red Snapper.

Pulster, Erin L / Fogelson, Susan / Carr, Brigid E / Mrowicki, Justin / Murawski, Steven A

Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2020 Volume 230, Page(s) 105714

Abstract	Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 to 2017 and analyzed for biliary (n = 496) fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs), hepatic (n = 297) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microscopic hepatobiliary changes (MHC, n = 152). Gross and histological evaluations were conducted with liver tissues to identify and characterize pathological changes. This is the first report to interrelate hepatobiliary PAH concentrations and MHCs in Red Snapper. Hepatic PAHs measured in GoM Red Snapper ranged from 192 to 8530 ng g
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bile/metabolism ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Florida ; Gulf of Mexico ; Hepatobiliary Elimination ; Liver/drug effects ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Perciformes/metabolism ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity ; Prevalence ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	782699-0
ISSN	1879-1514 ; 0166-445X
ISSN (online)	1879-1514
ISSN	0166-445X
DOI	10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105714
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Article: Chronic PAH exposures and associated declines in fish health indices observed for ten grouper species in the Gulf of Mexico

Pulster, Erin L / Armenteros, Maickel / Carr, Brigid E / Gracia, Adolfo / Mrowicki, Justin / Murawski, Steven A

Science of the total environment. 2020 Feb. 10, v. 703

2020

Abstract: Ten grouper species grouper (n = 584) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 through 2017 to provide information on hepatobiliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) ... ...

Abstract	Ten grouper species grouper (n = 584) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 through 2017 to provide information on hepatobiliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Liver and bile samples were analyzed for PAHs and their metabolites using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F), respectively. Data were compared among species and sub-regions of the GoM to understand spatiotemporal exposure dynamics in these economically and ecologically important species. Significant differences in the composition and concentrations of PAHs were detected spatially, over time and by species. The West Florida Shelf, Cuba coast and the Yucatan Shelf had a greater proportion of the pyrogenic PAHs in their livers than the other regions likely due to non-oil industry related sources (e.g., marine vessel traffic) in the regional composition profiles. Mean liver PAH concentrations were highest in the north central region of the GoM where DWH occurred. Biliary PAH concentrations and health indicator biometrics initially decrease during the first three years following the DWH oil spill but significantly increased thereafter. Increased exposures are likely explained by the resuspension of residual DWH oil as well as continued inputs from natural (e.g., seeps) sources and other anthropogenically derived sources (e.g., riverine runoff, other oil spills, and leaking oil and gas infrastructure). The increasing trend in PAH concentrations in the bile and liver of grouper species in the north central region of the GoM post-DWH suggest continued chronic exposures, however the critical stage at which permanent, irreparable damage may occur is unknown. Long-term monitoring of PAH levels and associated fish health biomarkers is necessary to evaluate impacts of chronic exposures, particularly in regions subject to intensive oil extraction activities.
Keywords	bile ; biomarkers ; biometry ; chronic exposure ; coasts ; environmental monitoring ; fish health ; fluorescence ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; grouper ; high performance liquid chromatography ; infrastructure ; liver ; metabolites ; oil spills ; oils ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; runoff ; tandem mass spectrometry ; traffic ; Cuba ; Florida ; Gulf of Mexico
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0210
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135551
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Article ; Online: The detection of long-lasting memory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype O-specific CD4

Mitoma, Shuya / Carr, Brigid Veronica / Harvey, Yongjie / Moffat, Katy / Sekiguchi, Satoshi / Charleston, Bryan / Norimine, Junzo / Seago, Julian

Immunology

2021 Volume 164, Issue 2, Page(s) 266–278

Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious, economically devastating disease of cloven-hooved animals. The development of long-lasting effective FMD vaccines would greatly benefit the global FMD control programme. Deep analysis of adaptive ... ...

Abstract	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious, economically devastating disease of cloven-hooved animals. The development of long-lasting effective FMD vaccines would greatly benefit the global FMD control programme. Deep analysis of adaptive immunity in cattle vaccinated against FMD is technically challenging due to the lack of species-specific tools. In this study, we aimed to identify CD4
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Capsid Proteins/immunology ; Cattle ; Cells, Cultured ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology ; Serogroup ; Vaccination/methods ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Capsid Proteins ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80124-0
ISSN	1365-2567 ; 0019-2805 ; 0953-4954
ISSN (online)	1365-2567
ISSN	0019-2805 ; 0953-4954
DOI	10.1111/imm.13367
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Article ; Online: Chronic PAH exposures and associated declines in fish health indices observed for ten grouper species in the Gulf of Mexico.

Pulster, Erin L / Gracia, Adolfo / Armenteros, Maickel / Carr, Brigid E / Mrowicki, Justin / Murawski, Steven A

The Science of the total environment

2019 Volume 703, Page(s) 135551

Abstract: Ten grouper species grouper (n = 584) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 through 2017 to provide information on hepatobiliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) ... ...

Abstract	Ten grouper species grouper (n = 584) were collected throughout the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 2011 through 2017 to provide information on hepatobiliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Liver and bile samples were analyzed for PAHs and their metabolites using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F), respectively. Data were compared among species and sub-regions of the GoM to understand spatiotemporal exposure dynamics in these economically and ecologically important species. Significant differences in the composition and concentrations of PAHs were detected spatially, over time and by species. The West Florida Shelf, Cuba coast and the Yucatan Shelf had a greater proportion of the pyrogenic PAHs in their livers than the other regions likely due to non-oil industry related sources (e.g., marine vessel traffic) in the regional composition profiles. Mean liver PAH concentrations were highest in the north central region of the GoM where DWH occurred. Biliary PAH concentrations and health indicator biometrics initially decrease during the first three years following the DWH oil spill but significantly increased thereafter. Increased exposures are likely explained by the resuspension of residual DWH oil as well as continued inputs from natural (e.g., seeps) sources and other anthropogenically derived sources (e.g., riverine runoff, other oil spills, and leaking oil and gas infrastructure). The increasing trend in PAH concentrations in the bile and liver of grouper species in the north central region of the GoM post-DWH suggest continued chronic exposures, however the critical stage at which permanent, irreparable damage may occur is unknown. Long-term monitoring of PAH levels and associated fish health biomarkers is necessary to evaluate impacts of chronic exposures, particularly in regions subject to intensive oil extraction activities.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fishes/physiology ; Gulf of Mexico ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity ; Toxicity Tests, Chronic ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135551
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Article ; Online: Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model.

Schmidt, Anna / Paudyal, Basudev / Villanueva-Hernández, Sonia / Mcnee, Adam / Vatzia, Eleni / Carr, Brigid Veronica / Schmidt, Selma / Mccarron, Amy / Martini, Veronica / Schroedel, Silke / Thirion, Christian / Waters, Ryan / Salguero, Francisco J / Gerner, Wilhelm / Tenbusch, Matthias / Tchilian, Elma

Frontiers in immunology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1181716

Abstract: T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined ... ...

Abstract	T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Antibodies, Viral ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; Swine
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716
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