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Article ; Online: Common pathways to Dean of Medicine at U.S. medical schools.

Clare E Jacobson / Whitney H Beeler / Kent A Griffith / Terence R Flotte / Carrie L Byington / Reshma Jagsi

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 3, p e

2021 Volume 0249078

Abstract: Purpose We sought to evaluate common leadership experiences and academic achievements obtained by current U.S. Medical School Deans of Medicine (DOMs) prior to their first appointment as Dean in order to elucidate a common pathway for promotion. Methods ... ...

Abstract	Purpose We sought to evaluate common leadership experiences and academic achievements obtained by current U.S. Medical School Deans of Medicine (DOMs) prior to their first appointment as Dean in order to elucidate a common pathway for promotion. Methods In April-June 2019 the authors requested a curriculum vitae from each of the 153 LCME-accredited U.S. Medical School DOMs. The authors abstracted data on prior appointments, demographics, and achievements from CVs and online databases. Differences by gender and institutional rank were then evaluated by the Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results CVs were obtained for 62% of DOMs (95 of 153), with women comprising 16% of the responding cohort (15/95). Prior to appointment as DOM, 34% of respondents had served as both permanent Department Chair and Associate Dean, 39% as permanent Department Chair but not Associate Dean, and 17% as Associate Deans but not permanent Department Chair. There was a non-significant trend for men to have been more likely to have been a permanent Department Chair (76% vs 53%, p = 0.11) and less likely to have been an Associate Dean (48% vs 67%, p = 0.26) compared to women. Responding DOMs at Top-25 research institutions were mostly male (15/16), more likely to have been appointed before 2010 (38% vs 14%, p = 0.025), and had higher H-indices (mean (SD): 73.1 (32.3) vs 33.5 (22.5), p<0.01) than non-Top-25 Deans. Conclusions The most common pathway to DOM in this study cohort was prior service as Department Chair. This suggests that diversification among Department Chair positions or expansion of search criteria to seek leaders from pools other than Department Chairs may facilitate increased diversity, equity, and inclusion among DOM overall.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	001
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Transmission of rhinovirus in the Utah BIG-LoVE families

Frederick R Adler / Chris Stockmann / Krow Ampofo / Andrew T Pavia / Carrie L Byington

PLoS ONE, Vol 13, Iss 7, p e

Consequences of age and household structure.

2018 Volume 0199388

Abstract: BACKGROUND:Common cold viruses create significant health and financial burdens, and understanding key loci of transmission would help focus control strategies. This study (1) examines factors that influence when individuals transition from a negative to ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND:Common cold viruses create significant health and financial burdens, and understanding key loci of transmission would help focus control strategies. This study (1) examines factors that influence when individuals transition from a negative to positive test (acquisition) or a positive to negative test (loss) of rhinovirus (HRV) and other respiratory tract viruses in 26 households followed weekly for one year, (2) investigates evidence for intrahousehold and interhousehold transmission and the characteristics of individuals implicated in transmission, and (3) builds data-based simulation models to identify factors that most strongly affect patterns of prevalence. METHODS:We detected HRV, coronavirus, paramyxovirus, influenza and bocavirus with the FilmArray polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platform (BioFire Diagnostics, LLC). We used logistic regression to find covariates affecting acquisition or loss of HRV including demographic characteristics of individuals, their household, their current infection status, and prevalence within their household and across the population. We apply generalized linear mixed models to test robustness of results. RESULTS:Acquisition of HRV was less probable in older individuals and those infected with a coronavirus, and higher with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Loss of HRV is reduced with a higher proportion of other household members infected. Within households, only children and symptomatic individuals show evidence for transmission, while between households only a higher number of infected older children (ages 5-19) increases the probability of acquisition. Coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and bocavirus also show evidence of intrahousehold transmission. Simulations show that age-dependent susceptibility and transmission have the largest effects on mean HRV prevalence. CONCLUSIONS:Children are most likely to acquire and most likely to transmit HRV both within and between households, with infectiousness concentrated in symptomatic children. ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	338
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Safe reopening of college campuses during COVID-19

Brad H. Pollock / A. Marm Kilpatrick / David P. Eisenman / Kristie L. Elton / George W. Rutherford / Bernadette M. Boden-Albala / David M. Souleles / Laura E. Polito / Natasha K. Martin / Carrie L. Byington

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss

The University of California experience in Fall 2020

2021 Volume 11

Abstract: Background Epidemics of COVID-19 in student populations at universities were a key concern for the 2020–2021 school year. The University of California (UC) System developed a set of recommendations to reduce campus infection rates. SARS-CoV-2 test ... ...

Abstract	Background Epidemics of COVID-19 in student populations at universities were a key concern for the 2020–2021 school year. The University of California (UC) System developed a set of recommendations to reduce campus infection rates. SARS-CoV-2 test results are summarized for the ten UC campuses during the Fall 2020 term. Methods UC mitigation efforts included protocols for the arrival of students living on-campus students, non-pharmaceutical interventions, daily symptom monitoring, symptomatic testing, asymptomatic surveillance testing, isolation and quarantine protocols, student ambassador programs for health education, campus health and safety pledges, and lowered density of on-campus student housing. We used data from UC campuses, the UC Health–California Department of Public Health Data Modeling Consortium, and the U.S. Census to estimate the proportion of each campus’ student populations that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and compared it to the fraction individuals aged 20–29 years who tested positive in their respective counties. Results SARS-CoV-2 cases in campus populations were generally low in September and October 2020, but increased in November and especially December, and were highest in early to mid-January 2021, mirroring case trajectories in their respective counties. Many students were infected during the Thanksgiving and winter holiday recesses and were detected as cases upon returning to campus. The proportion of students who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during Fall 2020 ranged from 1.2% to 5.2% for students living on campus and was similar to students living off campus. For most UC campuses the proportion of students testing positive was lower than that for the 20–29-year-old population in which campuses were located. Conclusions The layered mitigation approach used on UC campuses, informed by public health science and augmented perhaps by a more compliant population, likely minimized campus transmission and outbreaks and limited transmission to surrounding communities. University policies ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	028
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Safe reopening of college campuses during COVID-19

Brad H Pollock / A Marm Kilpatrick / David P Eisenman / Kristie L Elton / George W Rutherford / Bernadette M Boden-Albala / David M Souleles / Laura E Polito / Natasha K Martin / Carrie L Byington

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 11, p e

The University of California experience in Fall 2020.

2021 Volume 0258738

Abstract: Background Epidemics of COVID-19 in student populations at universities were a key concern for the 2020-2021 school year. The University of California (UC) System developed a set of recommendations to reduce campus infection rates. SARS-CoV-2 test ... ...

Abstract	Background Epidemics of COVID-19 in student populations at universities were a key concern for the 2020-2021 school year. The University of California (UC) System developed a set of recommendations to reduce campus infection rates. SARS-CoV-2 test results are summarized for the ten UC campuses during the Fall 2020 term. Methods UC mitigation efforts included protocols for the arrival of students living on-campus students, non-pharmaceutical interventions, daily symptom monitoring, symptomatic testing, asymptomatic surveillance testing, isolation and quarantine protocols, student ambassador programs for health education, campus health and safety pledges, and lowered density of on-campus student housing. We used data from UC campuses, the UC Health-California Department of Public Health Data Modeling Consortium, and the U.S. Census to estimate the proportion of each campus' student populations that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and compared it to the fraction individuals aged 20-29 years who tested positive in their respective counties. Results SARS-CoV-2 cases in campus populations were generally low in September and October 2020, but increased in November and especially December, and were highest in early to mid-January 2021, mirroring case trajectories in their respective counties. Many students were infected during the Thanksgiving and winter holiday recesses and were detected as cases upon returning to campus. The proportion of students who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during Fall 2020 ranged from 1.2% to 5.2% for students living on campus and was similar to students living off campus. For most UC campuses the proportion of students testing positive was lower than that for the 20-29-year-old population in which campuses were located. Conclusions The layered mitigation approach used on UC campuses, informed by public health science and augmented perhaps by a more compliant population, likely minimized campus transmission and outbreaks and limited transmission to surrounding communities. University policies ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	028
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: 2175

Candace Chow / Carrie L. Byington / Lenora M. Olson / Karl Ramirez / Shiya Zeng / Ana Maria Lopez

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol 1, Pp 45-

2017 Volume 45

Abstract: OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Knowing how to deliver culturally responsive care is of increasing importance as the nation’s patient population diversifies. However, unless cultural competence is taught with an emphasis on self-awareness (Wear, 2007) and ... ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Knowing how to deliver culturally responsive care is of increasing importance as the nation’s patient population diversifies. However, unless cultural competence is taught with an emphasis on self-awareness (Wear, 2007) and critical consciousness (Kumagai and Lypson, 2009) learners find this education ineffective (Beagan, 2003). This study examines how physicians perceive their own social identities (eg, race, socio-economic status, gender, sexual orientation, religion, years of experience) and how these self-perceptions influence physician’s understandings of how to practice culturally responsive care. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This exploratory study took place at a university in the Intermountain West. We employed a qualitative case study method to investigate how academic physicians think about their identities and approaches to clinical care and research through interviews and observations. In total, 25 participants were enrolled in our study, with efforts to recruit a diverse sample with respect to gender and race as well as years of experience and specialty. Transcriptions of interviews and observations were coded using grounded theory. One major code that emerged was defining experiences: instances where physicians reflected on both personal and professional life encounters that have influenced how they think about themselves, how they understand an aspect of their identity, or why this identity matters. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two main themes emerged from an analysis of the codes that show how physicians think about their identities and their approaches to practice. (1) Physicians with nondominant identities (women, non-White) could more easily explain what these identities mean to them than those with dominant identities (men, White). For example, women in medicine had much to say about being a woman in medicine, but men had barely anything to say about being a man in medicine. (2) There was a positive trend between the number of defining experiences a physician ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Real-world performance of SARS-Cov-2 serology tests in the United States, 2020

Carla V. Rodriguez-Watson / Anthony M. Louder / Carly Kabelac / Christopher M. Frederick / Natalie E. Sheils / Elizabeth H. Eldridge / Nancy D. Lin / Benjamin D. Pollock / Jennifer L. Gatz / Shaun J. Grannis / Rohit Vashisht / Kanwal Ghauri / Camille Knepper / Sandy Leonard / Peter J. Embi / Garrett Jenkinson / Reyna Klesh / Omai B. Garner / Ayan Patel /

Lisa Dahm / Aiden Barin / Dan M. Cooper / Tom Andriola / Carrie L. Byington / Bridgit O. Crews / Atul J. Butte / Jeff Allen

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss

2023 Volume 2

Abstract: Background Real-world performance of COVID-19 diagnostic tests under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) must be assessed. We describe overall trends in the performance of serology tests in the context of real-world implementation. Methods Six health ... ...

Abstract	Background Real-world performance of COVID-19 diagnostic tests under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) must be assessed. We describe overall trends in the performance of serology tests in the context of real-world implementation. Methods Six health systems estimated the odds of seropositivity and positive percent agreement (PPA) of serology test among people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by molecular test. In each dataset, we present the odds ratio and PPA, overall and by key clinical, demographic, and practice parameters. Results A total of 15,615 people were observed to have at least one serology test 14–90 days after a positive molecular test for SARS-CoV-2. We observed higher PPA in Hispanic (PPA range: 79–96%) compared to non-Hispanic (60–89%) patients; in those presenting with at least one COVID-19 related symptom (69–93%) as compared to no such symptoms (63–91%); and in inpatient (70–97%) and emergency department (93–99%) compared to outpatient (63–92%) settings across datasets. PPA was highest in those with diabetes (75–94%) and kidney disease (83–95%); and lowest in those with auto-immune conditions or who are immunocompromised (56–93%). The odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were higher in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics (OR range: 2.59–3.86), patients with diabetes (1.49–1.56), and obesity (1.63–2.23); and lower in those with immunocompromised or autoimmune conditions (0.25–0.70), as compared to those without those comorbidities. In a subset of three datasets with robust information on serology test name, seven tests were used, two of which were used in multiple settings and met the EUA requirement of PPA ≥87%. Tests performed similarly across datasets. Conclusion Although the EUA requirement was not consistently met, more investigation is needed to understand how serology and molecular tests are used, including indication and protocol fidelity. Improved data interoperability of test and clinical/demographic data are needed to enable rapid assessment of the real-world performance of in ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Real-world performance of SARS-Cov-2 serology tests in the United States, 2020.

Carla V Rodriguez-Watson / Anthony M Louder / Carly Kabelac / Christopher M Frederick / Natalie E Sheils / Elizabeth H Eldridge / Nancy D Lin / Benjamin D Pollock / Jennifer L Gatz / Shaun J Grannis / Rohit Vashisht / Kanwal Ghauri / Camille Knepper / Sandy Leonard / Peter J Embi / Garrett Jenkinson / Reyna Klesh / Omai B Garner / Ayan Patel /

Lisa Dahm / Aiden Barin / Dan M Cooper / Tom Andriola / Carrie L Byington / Bridgit O Crews / Atul J Butte / Jeff Allen

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 2, p e

2023 Volume 0279956

Abstract	Background Real-world performance of COVID-19 diagnostic tests under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) must be assessed. We describe overall trends in the performance of serology tests in the context of real-world implementation. Methods Six health systems estimated the odds of seropositivity and positive percent agreement (PPA) of serology test among people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by molecular test. In each dataset, we present the odds ratio and PPA, overall and by key clinical, demographic, and practice parameters. Results A total of 15,615 people were observed to have at least one serology test 14-90 days after a positive molecular test for SARS-CoV-2. We observed higher PPA in Hispanic (PPA range: 79-96%) compared to non-Hispanic (60-89%) patients; in those presenting with at least one COVID-19 related symptom (69-93%) as compared to no such symptoms (63-91%); and in inpatient (70-97%) and emergency department (93-99%) compared to outpatient (63-92%) settings across datasets. PPA was highest in those with diabetes (75-94%) and kidney disease (83-95%); and lowest in those with auto-immune conditions or who are immunocompromised (56-93%). The odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were higher in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics (OR range: 2.59-3.86), patients with diabetes (1.49-1.56), and obesity (1.63-2.23); and lower in those with immunocompromised or autoimmune conditions (0.25-0.70), as compared to those without those comorbidities. In a subset of three datasets with robust information on serology test name, seven tests were used, two of which were used in multiple settings and met the EUA requirement of PPA ≥87%. Tests performed similarly across datasets. Conclusion Although the EUA requirement was not consistently met, more investigation is needed to understand how serology and molecular tests are used, including indication and protocol fidelity. Improved data interoperability of test and clinical/demographic data are needed to enable rapid assessment of the real-world performance of in ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Developing sustainable research careers for KL2 scholars

Carrie L. Byington / Erin Rothwell / Trent Matheson / Rebecca Childs / Erin Wachs / Ruben Rocha / Maureen Murtaugh / David Turok / Anthea Letsou / Julie Shakib / Rachel Hess / Willard Dere

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol 1, Pp 226-

The importance of an inclusive environment and mentorship

2017 Volume 228

Abstract: Introduction The National Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium 2.0 has developed common metrics as a collaborative project for all participating sites. Metrics address several important aspects and functions of the consortium, ... ...

Abstract	Introduction The National Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium 2.0 has developed common metrics as a collaborative project for all participating sites. Metrics address several important aspects and functions of the consortium, including workforce development. The first workforce development metrics to be proposed for all CTSA hubs include the proportion of CTSA-supported trainees and scholars with sustainable careers in translational research and the diversity and inclusiveness of programs. Methods and results The University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS), a CTSA hub, has been actively engaged in mentoring translational scientists for the last decade. We have developed programs, processes, and institutional policies that support translational scientists, which have resulted in 100% of our KL2 scholars remaining engaged in translational science and in increasing the inclusion of individuals under-represented in medicine in our research enterprise. In this paper, we share details of our program and what we believe are evidence-based best practices for developing sustainable translational research careers for all aspiring junior faculty members. Conclusions The University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science has been integral in catalyzing interactions across the campus to reverse the negative trends seen nationally in sustaining clinician scientists. Our programs and processes can serve as a model for other institutions seeking to develop translational scientists.
Keywords	KL2 ; workforce development ; mentorship ; inclusion ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	020
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: 2052

Erin Rothwell / Gretchen Case / Sydney Cheek-O’Donnell / Bob Wong / Erin Johnson / Trent Matheson / Alena Wilson / Nicole R. Robinson / Jared Rawlings / Brooke Horejsi / Jeffrey R. Botkin / Carrie L. Byington

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol 1, Pp 53-

2017 Volume 53

Abstract: OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Exposure to theatrical performances holds promise for addressing bioethical issues, but there has been little empirical examination of the impact of dramatic presentation on audiences’ attitudes. This study assessed the short- ... ...

Abstract	OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Exposure to theatrical performances holds promise for addressing bioethical issues, but there has been little empirical examination of the impact of dramatic presentation on audiences’ attitudes. This study assessed the short-term impact of the play, Informed Consent, on perceptions of trust, willingness to donate biospecimens, attitudes toward harm and privacy among the general public and in faculty, medical and undergraduate students within an academic medical center in the intermountain west. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Surveys were administered before and after a staged reading of the play by professional actors. Pre and post survey responses were linked for each participant. Survey items included the short form Trust in Medical Researchers, and single item questions about group identity, of genetic testing in children, and willingness to donate biospecimens. In total, 3 additional questions about harm, consent, and ethical investigator behavior as represented in the play were asked in the post survey. In addition, respondents were given the option to answer open-ended questions through email. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Out of the 481 who attended the play, 421 completed both the pre and post surveys, and 166 participants completed open-ended questions online ~1 week after the play. Across all participants, there were significant declines for Trust in Medical Researchers and for the survey item “is it ethical for genetic testing in children for adult onset conditions,” (p<0.001 for both) following the play. There was a significant increase in agreement to improve group identity protections (p<0.001) and no differences on willingness to donate biospecimens to research (p=0.777). When differences were analyzed by race of the participant, non-White participants (n=68) compared with White participants (n=344) were less willing to donate biospecimens in general (p<0.001). Further, non-White participants’ willingness to donate biospecimens decreased (p=0.049) after viewing the ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	170
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Real-world utilization of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing in RNA positive patients across the United States.

Carla V Rodriguez-Watson / Natalie E Sheils / Anthony M Louder / Elizabeth H Eldridge / Nancy D Lin / Benjamin D Pollock / Jennifer L Gatz / Shaun J Grannis / Rohit Vashisht / Kanwal Ghauri / Gina Valo / Aloka G Chakravarty / Tamar Lasky / Mary Jung / Stephen L Lovell / Jacqueline M Major / Carly Kabelac / Camille Knepper / Sandy Leonard /

Peter J Embi / William G Jenkinson / Reyna Klesh / Omai B Garner / Ayan Patel / Lisa Dahm / Aiden Barin / Dan M Cooper / Tom Andriola / Carrie L Byington / Bridgit O Crews / Atul J Butte / Jeff Allen

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 2, p e

2023 Volume 0281365

Abstract: Background As diagnostic tests for COVID-19 were broadly deployed under Emergency Use Authorization, there emerged a need to understand the real-world utilization and performance of serological testing across the United States. Methods Six health systems ...

Abstract	Background As diagnostic tests for COVID-19 were broadly deployed under Emergency Use Authorization, there emerged a need to understand the real-world utilization and performance of serological testing across the United States. Methods Six health systems contributed electronic health records and/or claims data, jointly developed a master protocol, and used it to execute the analysis in parallel. We used descriptive statistics to examine demographic, clinical, and geographic characteristics of serology testing among patients with RNA positive for SARS-CoV-2. Results Across datasets, we observed 930,669 individuals with positive RNA for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 35,806 (4%) were serotested within 90 days; 15% of which occurred <14 days from the RNA positive test. The proportion of people with a history of cardiovascular disease, obesity, chronic lung, or kidney disease; or presenting with shortness of breath or pneumonia appeared higher among those serotested compared to those who were not. Even in a population of people with active infection, race/ethnicity data were largely missing (>30%) in some datasets-limiting our ability to examine differences in serological testing by race. In datasets where race/ethnicity information was available, we observed a greater distribution of White individuals among those serotested; however, the time between RNA and serology tests appeared shorter in Black compared to White individuals. Test manufacturer data was available in half of the datasets contributing to the analysis. Conclusion Our results inform the underlying context of serotesting during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and differences observed between claims and EHR data sources-a critical first step to understanding the real-world accuracy of serological tests. Incomplete reporting of race/ethnicity data and a limited ability to link test manufacturer data, lab results, and clinical data challenge the ability to assess the real-world performance of SARS-CoV-2 tests in different contexts and the overall ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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