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Article ; Online: Respiration and photosynthesis in oats exhibiting different levels of partial resistance to Erysiphe graminis D.c. ex Merat f. sp. avenae Marchal.

Haigh, G R / Carver, T L W / Gay, A P / Farrar, J F

2013 Volume 119, Issue 1, Page(s) 129–136

Abstract: Rates of photosynthesis and respiration were measured by two methods, oxygen electrode and infrared gas analysis (IRGA), in infected and control, seedling and adult leaves of oat genotypes exhibiting different levels of partial resistance. Measurements ... ...

Abstract	Rates of photosynthesis and respiration were measured by two methods, oxygen electrode and infrared gas analysis (IRGA), in infected and control, seedling and adult leaves of oat genotypes exhibiting different levels of partial resistance. Measurements were carried out up to 9 d after inoculation, sporulation commencing on day 5. There was no decrease in the rate of photosynthesis, except in the second leaves of one genotype, and no decrease in any of the fifth leaves relative to controls. The two methods of measuring respiration gave different results, with no consistent differences being found. Measurements by oxygen electrode, up to 6 d after inoculation, revealed that disease treatment had a significant effect on respiration in only two cases; the susceptible first leaf of one genotype and the resistant fifth leaf of another. Measurements by IRGA, up to 9 d after inoculation, did not confirm these differences, but did reveal a significant increase in respiration in the diseased fifth leaf of another resistant genotype. SHAM inhibited respiration, indicating the presence of the alternative oxidase, but there was no significant difference in its activity between diseased and control plants. Thus changes in photosynthesis and respiration previously associated with powdery mildew infection are either delayed or compensated for in oats. Photosynthetic and respiratory responses do not appear to be involved in partial resistance of oats to powdery mildew.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb01016.x
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Article ; Online: Conditioning of cellular defence responses to powdery mildew in cereal leaves by prior attack.

Lyngkjær, M F / Carver, T L

Molecular plant pathology

2000 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 41–49

Abstract: Abstract Field-grown plants sequentially encounter many different fungal pathogens and nonpathogens that are capable of triggering an array of responses that may affect the subsequent level of disease they develop following later pathogen attack. These ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Field-grown plants sequentially encounter many different fungal pathogens and nonpathogens that are capable of triggering an array of responses that may affect the subsequent level of disease they develop following later pathogen attack. These changes, which are induced by prior encounters, may be manifest as increased susceptibility or enhanced resistance to later pathogen attack; they may be expressed systemically or their effects may be localized within a few cells distance of the original encounter site. Here, we review our recent investigations of cellular changes effected by sequential inoculations of cereal leaves with the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis DC. In susceptible barley and oats, a successful B. graminis attack followed by haustorium formation, renders the attacked cell, and to some extent its adjacent cells, highly accessible to later B. graminis attacks. By contrast, a failed attack due to papilla formation by the attacked host cells, renders the attacked cell and its adjacent cells highly inaccessible to later B. graminis attacks. Importantly, barley carrying the mlo5 allele for powdery mildew resistance is also conditioned to accessibility if prior attacks by an mlo-virulent isolate penetrates successfully. In the partial resistant oat cultivar Maldwyn B. graminis attacks either succeeded, failed due to papilla deposition, or failed because the attacked host cells died in response to the attacks. Sequential inoculation of Maldwyn demonstrated the induction of accessibility and inaccessibility, as well as a complete suppression of cell death response to attack where the cells had survived an earlier attack. Furthermore, when a prior attack induced cell death, a later attack on adjacent cells caused greatly increased rate of cell death, demonstrating potentiation of cell death. The importance of the induced cellular changes for plant resistance in the field is discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-01-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020755-4
ISSN	1364-3703 ; 1464-6722
ISSN (online)	1364-3703
ISSN	1464-6722
DOI	10.1046/j.1364-3703.2000.00006.x
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Article: Identification and characterization of sources of resistance to Erysiphe pisi Syd. in Pisum spp

Fondevilla, S / Carver, T.L.W / Moreno, M.T / Rubiales, D

Plant breeding. 2007 Apr., v. 126, no. 2

2007

Abstract: A collection of 67 accessions of Pisum species originating from different countries was screened in a glasshouse test for resistance to Erysiphe pisi. All Pisum fulvum accessions were completely resistant. Incomplete resistance was identified in some ... ...

Abstract	A collection of 67 accessions of Pisum species originating from different countries was screened in a glasshouse test for resistance to Erysiphe pisi. All Pisum fulvum accessions were completely resistant. Incomplete resistance was identified in some accessions of P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense and P. sativum subsp. elatius and abyssinicum. Microscopy revealed several distinct cellular mechanisms governing resistance. In P. fulvum, it was mainly due to a high frequency of cell death that occurred both as a rapid response to attempted infection and a delayed response that followed colony establishment. Cell death following colony establishment was also key to the incomplete resistance in some accessions of P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense. In addition, impaired spore germination, and to a lesser extent appressorium formation, contributed to pre-penetration resistance in some accessions. In some cases, resistance also retarded colony growth, possibly through effects on haustorial development or function in cells that survived the attack. Thus, these wild pea accessions offer diverse resistances that could be introduced to cultivated peas to increase the efficacy of powdery mildew resistance.
Keywords	Erysiphe pisi ; Pisum sativum ; hypersensitive response
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-04
Size	p. 113-119.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Oxford, UK
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	232853-7
ISSN	0179-9541
ISSN	0179-9541
DOI	10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01312.x
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Article: Early H(2)O(2) accumulation in mesophyll cells leads to induction of glutathione during the hyper-sensitive response in the barley-powdery mildew interaction.

Vanacker, H / Carver, T L / Foyer, C H

Plant physiology

2000 Volume 123, Issue 4, Page(s) 1289–1300

Abstract: H(2)O(2) production and changes in glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were followed in whole-leaf extracts from the susceptible (AlgS [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(S)]; ml-a1 allele) and resistant (AlgR [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(R)]; Ml-a1 allele) barley ( ... ...

Abstract	H(2)O(2) production and changes in glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were followed in whole-leaf extracts from the susceptible (AlgS [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(S)]; ml-a1 allele) and resistant (AlgR [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(R)]; Ml-a1 allele) barley (Hordeum vulgare) isolines between 12 and 24 h after inoculation with powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis [DC]. Speer [syn. Erysiphe graminis DC] f.sp hordei Marchal). Localized papilla responses and cell death hypersensitive responses were not observed within the same cell. In hypersensitive response sites, H(2)O(2) accumulation first occurred in the mesophyll underlying the attacked epidermal cell. Subsequently, H(2)O(2) disappeared from the mesophyll and accumulated around attacked epidermal cells. In AlgR, transient glutathione oxidation coincided with H(2)O(2) accumulation in the mesophyll. Subsequently, total foliar glutathione and catalase activities transiently increased in AlgR. These changes, absent from AlgS, preceded inoculation-dependent increases in peroxidase activity that were observed in both AlgR and AlgS at 18 h. An early intercellular signal precedes H(2)O(2), and this elicits anti-oxidant responses in leaves prior to events leading to death of attacked cells.
MeSH term(s)	Ascomycota/metabolism ; Ascomycota/pathogenicity ; Catalase/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Hordeum/genetics ; Hordeum/metabolism ; Hordeum/microbiology ; Hordeum/physiology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology
Chemical Substances	Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V) ; Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) ; Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) ; Glutathione (GAN16C9B8O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2000-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	208914-2
ISSN	1532-2548 ; 0032-0889
ISSN (online)	1532-2548
ISSN	0032-0889
DOI	10.1104/pp.123.4.1289
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Article: NO way to live; the various roles of nitric oxide in plant-pathogen interactions

Mur, L.A.J / Carver, T.L.W / Prats, E

Journal of experimental botany. 2006, v. 57, no. 3

2006

Abstract: Nitric oxide has attracted considerable interest from plant pathologists due its established role in regulating mammalian anti-microbial defences, particularly via programmed cell death (PCD). Although NO plays a major role in plant PCD elicited in ... ...

Abstract	Nitric oxide has attracted considerable interest from plant pathologists due its established role in regulating mammalian anti-microbial defences, particularly via programmed cell death (PCD). Although NO plays a major role in plant PCD elicited in response to certain types of pathogenic challenge, the race-specific hypersensitive response (HR), it is now evident that NO also acts in the regulation of non-specific, papilla-based resistance to penetration by plant cells that survive attack and, possibly, in systemic acquired resistance. Equally, the potential roles of NO signalling/scavenging within the pathogen are being recognized. This review will consider key defensive roles played by NO in living cells during plant-pathogen interactions, as well as in those undergoing PCD.
Keywords	plants ; plant pathogens ; host-pathogen relationships ; nitric oxide ; disease resistance ; resistance mechanisms ; amino acid sequences ; apoptosis ; hypersensitive response ; systemic acquired resistance
Language	English
Size	p. 489-505.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the session on "Nitric oxide signaling: Plant growth and Development" held at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Meeting held July 2005, Barcelona, Spain.
ZDB-ID	2976-2
ISSN	1460-2431 ; 0022-0957
ISSN (online)	1460-2431
ISSN	0022-0957
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Article: Defence reactions of Hordeum chilense accessions to three formae speciales of cereal powdery mildew fungi

Rubiales, D / Carver, T.L.W

Canadian journal of botany = Journal canadien de botanique. Dec 2000. v. 78 (12)

2000

Keywords	Hordeum chilense ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici ; Erysiphe graminis ; defense mechanisms ; disease resistance ; histology ; fungal spores ; spore germination ; fungal anatomy ; resistance to penetration ; mortality ; leaves ; stomata ; plant vascular system
Language	English
Dates of publication	2000-12
Size	p. 1561-1570.
Document type	Article
Note	Summary in French.
ZDB-ID	1481926-0
ISSN	1480-3305 ; 0008-4026
ISSN (online)	1480-3305
ISSN	0008-4026
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Conditioning of cellular defence responses to powdery mildew in cereal leaves by prior attack

Lyngkjaer, M.F / Carver, T.L.W

Molecular plant pathology. Jan 2000. v. 1 (1)

2000

Keywords	infection ; Hordeum vulgare ; Avena sativa ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; Erysiphe graminis ; defense mechanisms ; leaves ; disease resistance ; alleles ; virulence ; cultivars ; apoptosis ; mortality ; fungal diseases of plants ; biological resistance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2000-01
Size	p. 41-49.
Document type	Article
Note	In the special issue: The John Innes Symposium, Attack and defence in plant disease / edited by J.W. Davies, L.A. Boyd, J.K.M. Brown, M.J. Daniels, P.G. Markham, A.J. Maule, R. Mithen and J. Parker.
ZDB-ID	2020755-4
ISSN	1364-3703 ; 1464-6722
ISSN (online)	1364-3703
ISSN	1464-6722
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Article: Induced accessibility and inaccessibility to Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei in barley epidermal cells attacked by a compatible isolate

Lyngkjaer, M.F / Carver, T.L.W

Physiological and molecular plant pathology. Sept 1999. v. 55 (3)

1999

Abstract: First leaves of the barley line Riso-5678S were subjected to a double inoculation procedure ('inducer' followed by 'challenger') with conidia of a genetically compatible isolate of Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer (Syn. Erysiphe graminis DC.). In control ... ...

Abstract	First leaves of the barley line Riso-5678S were subjected to a double inoculation procedure ('inducer' followed by 'challenger') with conidia of a genetically compatible isolate of Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer (Syn. Erysiphe graminis DC.). In control leaves, attacked by appressoria from a single inoculation, approximately 67% of penetration attempts successfully formed haustoria. However, in epidermal cells successfully penetrated by the inducer, almost all attacks by the challenger succeeded (> 90%). Thus, accessibility was induced in these cells. In some cases, accessibility was also induced in immediately adjacent cells. but not in more distant cells. In contrast, where inducer attack failed, almost all attacks by the challenger failed (< 5% succeeded). Thus, inaccessibility was induced in these cells. Inaccessibility was also induced in immediately adjacent cells, but not in more distant cells. The size of papillae formed in challenged cells could not account for induced inaccessibility. However, induced accessibility appeared to be associated with suppression of localized autofluorescent host cell responses to challenger attack, whereas inaccessibility was associated with increased frequency and intensity of such responses. This implies that induced changes may relate to modification in cells' ability to synthesize phenolic compounds as a defensive response.
Keywords	Hordeum vulgare ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; leaves ; appressoria ; infection ; induced resistance ; disease resistance ; biological resistance
Language	English
Dates of publication	1999-09
Size	p. 151-162.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	742470-x
ISSN	0885-5765
ISSN	0885-5765
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Modification of mlo5 resistance to Blumeria graminis attack in barley as a consequence of induced accessibility and inaccessibility

Lyngkjaer, M.F / Carver, T.L.W

Physiological and molecular plant pathology. Sept 1999. v. 55 (3)

1999

Abstract: First leaves of barley line Riso 5678R, with the recessive mlo5 allele conditioning highly efficient, papilla-based penetration resistance to held isolates of Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer (Syn. Erysiphe graminis DC.) were used. Leaves were subjected to ... ...

Abstract	First leaves of barley line Riso 5678R, with the recessive mlo5 allele conditioning highly efficient, papilla-based penetration resistance to held isolates of Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer (Syn. Erysiphe graminis DC.) were used. Leaves were subjected to a double inoculation procedure ("inducer" followed by "challenger") using two fungal isolates. Isolate GE3 is a wild-type, unable to infect Riso-R, and is termed "mlo-avirulent". Isolate HL3/5, selected from GE3, is capable of infecting Riso-R, and is termed "mlo-virulent". When HL3/5 was used as inducer, some attacks penetrated successfully and formed haustoria within epidermal cells. When either isolate was inoculated onto the same leaves as challenger 48 h later, attacks on cells containing an inducer haustorium were almost invariably successful. Thus, cells containing an inducer haustorium showed almost complete induced accessibility to challenge attacks, even by the avirulent isolate. Accessibility was also induced to some extent in adjacent cells, but the effect was localized. By contrast, where inducer attacks failed, and a papilla was formed in the attacked cell, later challenge attacks on the same cells always failed. These, and adjacent cells, showed almost complete induced inaccessibility. Induced inaccessibility, therefore, was more effective in preventing penetration than inherent resistance due to mlo. Papillae formed in inaccessible cells were larger than in controls, which might be related to their efficient penetration resistance. Autofluorogens accumulated in papillae and locally in surrounding host cell wall areas. Some evidence suggested that accessibility may be related to suppression of localized autofluorescent host cell responses, and, conversely that inaccessibility may be related to their enhancement.
Keywords	Hordeum vulgare ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; leaves ; alleles ; recessive genes ; genetic resistance ; disease resistance ; induced resistance ; virulence ; strains ; strain differences ; infection ; cell walls ; length ; biological resistance
Language	English
Dates of publication	1999-09
Size	p. 163-174.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	742470-x
ISSN	0885-5765
ISSN	0885-5765
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Nitric oxide contributes both to papilla-based resistance and the hypersensitive response in barley attacked by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei

Prats, E / Mur, L.A / Sanderson, R / Carver, T.L.W

Molecular plant pathology. 2005 Jan., v. 6, no. 1

2005

Keywords	Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; grain crops ; nitric oxide ; disease resistance ; resistance mechanisms ; hypersensitive response ; fungal diseases of plants ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; plant pathogenic fungi ; confocal scanning laser microscopy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2005-01
Size	p. 65-78.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2020755-4
ISSN	1364-3703 ; 1464-6722
ISSN (online)	1364-3703
ISSN	1464-6722
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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