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  1. Article ; Online: Carbonservation with Demonstrated Biodiversity and Carbon Gains: Carbon Can Pay But Biodiversity Must Lead.

    Bond, Anthelia J / O'Connor, Patrick J / Cavagnaro, Timothy R

    Environmental management

    2024  Volume 73, Issue 4, Page(s) 742–752

    Abstract: Land use has a critical role to play in both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, and increasingly there have been calls to integrate policies for concurrently meeting Paris Agreement commitments and the UN decade on ecosystem ... ...

    Abstract Land use has a critical role to play in both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, and increasingly there have been calls to integrate policies for concurrently meeting Paris Agreement commitments and the UN decade on ecosystem restoration 2021-2030. Currently however, investment activities have been dominated by climate change mitigation activities, including through the development of carbon markets (both voluntary and compliance markets). Whilst climate change mitigation is to be welcomed, the prioritization of carbon in avoided deforestation and reforestation can lead to suboptimal or negative outcomes for biodiversity. Restoration of degraded native vegetation may provide an opportunity for concurrent production of both carbon and biodiversity benefits, by harnessing existing carbon markets without the need to trade-off biodiversity outcomes. Here we demonstrate that carbon sequestered by restoring degraded temperate woodland can pay the price of the restored biodiversity. This is shown using conservative carbon prices in an established market (during both a voluntary and compliance market phase), and the restoration price revealed by a 10-year conservation incentive payment scheme. When recovery rates are high, market prices for carbon could pay the full price of restoration, with additional independent investment needed in cases where recovery trajectories are slower. Using carbon markets to fund restoration of degraded native vegetation thereby provides a solution for constrained resources and problematic trade-offs between carbon and biodiversity outcomes. Multi-attribute markets offer the potential to greatly increase the extent of restoration for biodiversity conservation, while providing an affordable source of carbon sequestration and enhancing economic benefits to landowners.
    MeSH term(s) Ecosystem ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Biodiversity ; Forests ; Carbon Sequestration
    Chemical Substances Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1478932-2
    ISSN 1432-1009 ; 0364-152X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1009
    ISSN 0364-152X
    DOI 10.1007/s00267-023-01928-4
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  2. Article: Healthy soils: The backbone of productive, safe and sustainable urban agriculture

    Salomon, Matthias J. / Cavagnaro, Timothy R.

    Journal of cleaner production. 2022 Mar. 20, v. 341

    2022  

    Abstract: The increasing urbanization of an ever-growing global population is coinciding with major global challenges that are threatening our food security. Urban agriculture is as a multi-functional tool to improve urban living and to provide food security ... ...

    Abstract The increasing urbanization of an ever-growing global population is coinciding with major global challenges that are threatening our food security. Urban agriculture is as a multi-functional tool to improve urban living and to provide food security towards resilient communities. This review explores on the importance of urban agriculture and identifies several points that will help inform a shift towards actively managed urban agriculture soils. First, the importance of soil within urban agriculture systems is highlighted, followed by a review of common issues of soil health in urban agriculture. These issues are then addressed by providing management principles for increased soil functioning in urban agriculture systems. These principles focus on improved soil nutrient and carbon pools and acknowledge the importance of the soil microbial community. Soil contamination with metal, organic and microbial contaminants is then addressed through a discussion of options available to help mitigate potential risk factors. Together, this review summarises our current understanding of soil health in urban agriculture systems. Where issues have been identified, these have been addressed by suggesting sustainable management principles. These can be used as recommendations for urban farmers towards more sustainable food production. Finally, we propose educational and governance approaches to help implementing these measurements.
    Keywords carbon ; food security ; governance ; microbial contamination ; soil microorganisms ; soil nutrients ; soil pollution ; soil quality ; sustainable agriculture ; urban agriculture ; urbanization
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0320
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0959-6526
    DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130808
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Long-term under-vine coverage by spontaneous vegetation changed plant community and soil dynamics without impacting yield at two South Australian vineyards

    Kesser, Merek M. / Joubert, Willem / Cavagnaro, Timothy R. / De Bei, Roberta / Collins, Cassandra

    Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2023 Oct., v. 356 p.108629-

    2023  

    Abstract: Under-vine management practices have traditionally consisted of herbicide applications or cultivation to manage weeds, thus limiting competition for resources with grapevines. However, increasing awareness of detrimental impacts of herbicides and ... ...

    Abstract Under-vine management practices have traditionally consisted of herbicide applications or cultivation to manage weeds, thus limiting competition for resources with grapevines. However, increasing awareness of detrimental impacts of herbicides and cultivation on agricultural landscapes are shifting practices towards alternative options, including an unmanaged under-vine area where spontaneous vegetation proliferates. How this practice may affect the suite of soil, water, and nutrient relations and corresponding grapevine performance in a Mediterranean climate in the long-term is relatively unknown. Thus, this study utilised a unique opportunity to explore how undisturbed under-vine spontaneous vegetation compared to traditional herbicide (Eden Valley, loamy sand soil) or cultivation (McLaren Vale, silty loam soil) practices at two commercial vineyards. After five years of treatments, assessments were made on under-vine plant community and soil dynamics, grapevine responses, and juice composition. At Eden Valley, the spontaneous vegetation changed the plant community by increasing total plant coverage and biomass, while at McLaren Vale there was a lesser effect; however, the plant communities at both sites were similarly dominated by perennial grasses compared to higher proportions of broad-leaf, fast-growing species in the traditional herbicide and cultivation treatments. Soil water and nutrient availability were decreased by spontaneous vegetation in Eden Valley, while in McLaren Vale, the spontaneous vegetation enhanced soil phosphorus, water infiltration, and increased organic carbon by 40%. In Eden Valley, spontaneous vegetation decreased juice yeast available nitrogen; yet phenolics, anthocyanins, and total soluble solids were higher. At both sites, there was no significant impact of maintaining under-vine spontaneous vegetation on yields, however it decreased pruning weights at Eden Valley, while no effects were quantified on pruning weights or juice composition at McLaren Vale. We demonstrate that in the long-term, maintaining undisturbed spontaneous vegetation as an alternative to using herbicides or cultivation in the under-vine row can benefit the vineyard agroecosystem, while not adversely impacting grapevine yields depending on vineyard soil type and target winemaking outcomes.
    Keywords Mediterranean climate ; Vitis ; agriculture ; agroecosystems ; anthocyanins ; biomass ; environment ; herbicides ; juices ; loamy sand soils ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; organic carbon ; phenolic compounds ; phosphorus ; plant communities ; silt loam soils ; soil water ; vegetation ; vineyard soils ; vineyards ; winemaking ; yeasts ; Under-vine management ; Spontaneous vegetation ; Plant community ; Soil properties ; Grapevine performance
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-10
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 602345-9
    ISSN 1873-2305 ; 0167-8809
    ISSN (online) 1873-2305
    ISSN 0167-8809
    DOI 10.1016/j.agee.2023.108629
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  4. Article ; Online: Arbuscular mycorrhizas increased tomato biomass and nutrition but did not affect local soil P availability or 16S bacterial community in the field

    Tran, Cuc T.K. / Watts-Williams, Stephanie J. / Smernik, Ronald J. / Cavagnaro, Timothy R.

    Science of the Total Environment. 2022 May, v. 819 p.152620-

    2022  

    Abstract: While interest in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal effects on soil phosphorus (P) have recently increased, field experiments on this topic are lacking. While microcosm studies provided valuable insights, the lack of field studies represents a knowledge ...

    Abstract While interest in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal effects on soil phosphorus (P) have recently increased, field experiments on this topic are lacking. While microcosm studies provided valuable insights, the lack of field studies represents a knowledge gap. Here, we present a field study in which we grew a mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype (named rmc) and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor (named 76R) with and without additional fertiliser, using a drip-irrigation system to examine the impacts of the AM symbiosis on soil P availability and plant growth and nutrition. AM effects on fruit biomass and nutrients, soil nutrient availability, soil moisture and the soil bacterial community were examined. At the time of harvest, the AM tomato plants without fertiliser had the same early season fruit biomass and fruit nutrient concentrations as plants that received fertiliser. The presence of roots reduced the concentration of available soil P, ammonium and soil moisture in the top 10 cm soil layer. Arbuscular mycorrhizas did not significantly affect soil P availability, soil moisture, or 16S bacterial community composition. These findings suggest an indirect role for AM fungi in tomato production but not necessarily a direct role in determining soil physicochemical traits, during the one season that this experiment was conducted. While longer-term field studies may be required in the future, the present study provides new insights into impacts of AM fungi on P availability and uptake in a field soil system.
    Keywords Solanum lycopersicum ; ammonium ; bacterial communities ; biomass ; community structure ; environment ; fruits ; fungi ; genotype ; harvest date ; microirrigation ; nutrient availability ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; plant growth ; soil bacteria ; soil nutrients ; soil water ; tomatoes ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) ; Mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant ; Tomato fruit ; Soil moisture ; Soil bacterial community
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-05
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152620
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  5. Article: Nitrogen addition and defoliation alter belowground carbon allocation with consequences for plant nitrogen uptake and soil organic carbon decomposition

    Bicharanloo, Bahareh / Bagheri Shirvan, Milad / Cavagnaro, Timothy R. / Keitel, Claudia / Dijkstra, Feike A.

    Science of the total environment. 2022 Nov. 10, v. 846

    2022  

    Abstract: Grassland plants allocate photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to root biomass and rhizodeposition, but also to support arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These C allocation pathways could increase nutrient scavenging, but also mining of ... ...

    Abstract Grassland plants allocate photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to root biomass and rhizodeposition, but also to support arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These C allocation pathways could increase nutrient scavenging, but also mining of nutrients through enhanced organic matter decomposition. While important for grassland ecosystem functioning, methodological constraints have limited our ability to measure these processes under field conditions. We used ¹³CO₂ and ¹⁵N pulse labelling methods to examine belowground C allocation to root biomass production, rhizodeposition and AMF colonisation during peak plant growth in a grassland field experiment after three years of N fertilisation (0 and 40 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and defoliation frequency treatments (“low” and “high”, with 3–4 and 6–8 simulated grazing events per year, mimicking moderate and intense grazing, respectively). Moreover, we quantified the consequences for plant nitrogen (N) uptake and decomposition of soil organic C (SOC). Nitrogen fertilisation increased rhizodeposition and AMF colonisation (by 63 % and 54 %), but reduced root biomass (by 25 %). With high defoliation frequency, AMF colonisation increased (by 60 %), but both root biomass and rhizodeposition declined (by 35 % and 58 %). Plant N uptake was highest without N fertilisation and low defoliation frequency, and positively related to root biomass and the number of root tips. Therefore, when N supply is low and the capacity to produce C through photosynthesis is high, belowground C allocation to root production and associated root tips was important to scavenge for N in the soil. In contrast, the strong positive relationship between the rate of rhizodeposition and SOC decomposition, suggests that rhizodeposition may help plants to mine for nutrients locked in SOC. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that belowground C allocation pathways affected by N fertilisation and defoliation frequency affect plant N scavenging and mining with important consequences for long-term grassland C dynamics.
    Keywords biomass production ; defoliation ; ecosystems ; environment ; field experimentation ; grasslands ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; plant growth ; plant nitrogen content ; rhizodeposition ; soil ; soil organic carbon ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-1110
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157430
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  6. Article ; Online: Mycorrhizal effects on growth and nutrition of tomato under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide.

    Cavagnaro, Timothy R / Sokolow, Shannon K / Jackson, Louise E

    Functional plant biology : FPB

    2020  Volume 34, Issue 8, Page(s) 730–736

    Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizas are predicted to be important in defining plant responses to elevated atmospheric ... ...

    Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizas are predicted to be important in defining plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-21
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2071582-1
    ISSN 1445-4416 ; 1445-4408
    ISSN (online) 1445-4416
    ISSN 1445-4408
    DOI 10.1071/FP06340
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  7. Article: Soil moisture legacy effects: Impacts on soil nutrients, plants and mycorrhizal responsiveness

    Cavagnaro, Timothy R

    Soil biology & biochemistry. 2016 Apr., v. 95

    2016  

    Abstract: Although most land-plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a means of optimising nutrient capture, legacy effects of altered soil moisture regimes on plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) have not been studied. As ... ...

    Abstract Although most land-plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a means of optimising nutrient capture, legacy effects of altered soil moisture regimes on plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) have not been studied. As rainfall patters change with climate change, soil moisture legacy effects, and their impact on plants, soil and microbes may become increasingly important. Results of an experiment are presented in which soil was subjected to a range of different soil moisture regimes prior to planting a mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor. There were clear legacy effects of the soil moisture regime prior to planting on soil physicochemical properties, plant growth and nutrition, the formation of AM and mycorrhizal responsiveness. For example, in the Dry treatment the plants were well colonized by AM, there was a clear benefit to the plants in terms of mycorrhizal growth responses and mycorrhizal P responses. In contrast, in the Intermediate treatment AM colonisation was lower, there was little benefit in terms of mycorrhizal responses. Finally, in the Wet and Wet/Dry treatments AM colonization levels were similar (albeit lower) to those in the Dry treatment, but mycorrhizal growth responses were lower and more variable. Together, these results clearly indicate that soil nutrients, plant growth and nutrition and mycorrhizal responsiveness are affected by soil moisture legacy effect. Consequently, as we move into a period where more variable and intense rainfall amounts and patterns have been projected, we need to consider soil moisture legacy effects.
    Keywords climate change ; mutants ; mycorrhizal fungi ; nutrition ; physicochemical properties ; plant growth ; plant response ; planting ; rain ; soil chemical properties ; soil nutrients ; soil physical properties ; soil water ; soil water regimes ; tomatoes ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-04
    Size p. 173-179.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280810-9
    ISSN 0038-0717
    ISSN 0038-0717
    DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.016
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  8. Article: Nitrogen Fertilisation Increases Specific Root Respiration in Ectomycorrhizal but Not in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants: A Meta-Analysis.

    Bicharanloo, Bahareh / Cavagnaro, Timothy R / Keitel, Claudia / Dijkstra, Feike A

    Frontiers in plant science

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 711720

    Abstract: Plants spend a high proportion of their photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to support mycorrhizal associations in return for nutrients, but this C expenditure may decrease with increased soil nutrient availability. In this study, we assessed ...

    Abstract Plants spend a high proportion of their photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to support mycorrhizal associations in return for nutrients, but this C expenditure may decrease with increased soil nutrient availability. In this study, we assessed how the effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on specific root respiration (SRR) varied among mycorrhizal type (Myco type). We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis across 1,600 observations from 32 publications. SRR increased in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants with more than 100 kg N ha
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2613694-6
    ISSN 1664-462X
    ISSN 1664-462X
    DOI 10.3389/fpls.2021.711720
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  9. Article ; Online: Nitrogen addition and defoliation alter belowground carbon allocation with consequences for plant nitrogen uptake and soil organic carbon decomposition.

    Bicharanloo, Bahareh / Bagheri Shirvan, Milad / Cavagnaro, Timothy R / Keitel, Claudia / Dijkstra, Feike A

    The Science of the total environment

    2022  Volume 846, Page(s) 157430

    Abstract: Grassland plants allocate photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to root biomass and rhizodeposition, but also to support arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These C allocation pathways could increase nutrient scavenging, but also mining of ... ...

    Abstract Grassland plants allocate photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to root biomass and rhizodeposition, but also to support arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These C allocation pathways could increase nutrient scavenging, but also mining of nutrients through enhanced organic matter decomposition. While important for grassland ecosystem functioning, methodological constraints have limited our ability to measure these processes under field conditions. We used
    MeSH term(s) Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Mycorrhizae/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Soil
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157430
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  10. Article ; Online: Arbuscular mycorrhizas increased tomato biomass and nutrition but did not affect local soil P availability or 16S bacterial community in the field.

    Tran, Cuc T K / Watts-Williams, Stephanie J / Smernik, Ronald J / Cavagnaro, Timothy R

    The Science of the total environment

    2022  Volume 819, Page(s) 152620

    Abstract: While interest in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal effects on soil phosphorus (P) have recently increased, field experiments on this topic are lacking. While microcosm studies provided valuable insights, the lack of field studies represents a knowledge ...

    Abstract While interest in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal effects on soil phosphorus (P) have recently increased, field experiments on this topic are lacking. While microcosm studies provided valuable insights, the lack of field studies represents a knowledge gap. Here, we present a field study in which we grew a mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype (named rmc) and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor (named 76R) with and without additional fertiliser, using a drip-irrigation system to examine the impacts of the AM symbiosis on soil P availability and plant growth and nutrition. AM effects on fruit biomass and nutrients, soil nutrient availability, soil moisture and the soil bacterial community were examined. At the time of harvest, the AM tomato plants without fertiliser had the same early season fruit biomass and fruit nutrient concentrations as plants that received fertiliser. The presence of roots reduced the concentration of available soil P, ammonium and soil moisture in the top 10 cm soil layer. Arbuscular mycorrhizas did not significantly affect soil P availability, soil moisture, or 16S bacterial community composition. These findings suggest an indirect role for AM fungi in tomato production but not necessarily a direct role in determining soil physicochemical traits, during the one season that this experiment was conducted. While longer-term field studies may be required in the future, the present study provides new insights into impacts of AM fungi on P availability and uptake in a field soil system.
    MeSH term(s) Biomass ; Lycopersicon esculentum/microbiology ; Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil ; Symbiosis
    Chemical Substances Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152620
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