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  1. Article: Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines.

    Chae, Chanhee

    Vaccines

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 2

    Abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, ...

    Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2703319-3
    ISSN 2076-393X
    ISSN 2076-393X
    DOI 10.3390/vaccines9020185
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Divergent clinical outcomes depending on the sequential infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

    Suh, Jeongmin / Ham, Sehyeong / Chae, Chanhee

    Veterinary microbiology

    2024  Volume 292, Page(s) 110060

    Abstract: This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. ... ...

    Abstract This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. hyopneumoniae administered 14 days before PCV2d, simultaneous PCV2d-M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d given 14 days before M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d only, M. hyopneumoniae only, or a mock inoculum. Overall, the pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 14 days prior to PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) and those inoculated simultaneously with PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group) displayed notably higher clinical disease severity and experienced a significant decrease of their average daily weight gain than pigs inoculated with PCV2d 14 days prior to M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2-Mhyo group). M. hyopneumoniae infection potentiated PCV2 blood and lymph node viral loads, as well as PCV2-associated lesions, while the infection of PCV2d did not impact the intensity of M. hyopneumoniae infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) sera levels were significantly increased in the Mhyo-PCV2 and PCV2+Mhyo groups as compared to the PCV2-Mhyo, PCV2, and Mhyo groups. The most important information was that the potentiation effect of M. hyopneumoniae on PCV2d was found only in pigs inoculated with either M. hyopneumoniae followed by PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) or a simultaneous inoculation of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group). The sequential infection order of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in divergent clinical outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Swine ; Animals ; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/pathology ; Swine Diseases ; Circovirus ; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ; Lung/pathology ; Circoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Circoviridae Infections/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-17
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 753154-0
    ISSN 1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
    ISSN (online) 1873-2542
    ISSN 0378-1135
    DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110060
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Virulence comparison of 4 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) genotypes: 2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e with a single infection and co-infection with PCV-2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

    Suh, Jeongmin / Oh, Taehwan / Chae, Chanhee

    Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire

    2023  Volume 87, Issue 1, Page(s) 41–50

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of 4 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in pigs singly infected with 1 of these 4 PCV-2 genotypes and pigs dually infected with a combination of 1 of the 4 PCV-2 ... ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of 4 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in pigs singly infected with 1 of these 4 PCV-2 genotypes and pigs dually infected with a combination of 1 of the 4 PCV-2 genotypes and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Virulence was determined based on levels of PCV-2 loads in the blood and lymph nodes and the severity of lymphoid lesion. Within the singly infected groups, PCV-2a, PCV-2b, and PCV-2d resulted in a similar virulence to each other and all were more virulent than the PCV-2e groups. Within the dually infected groups, the combination of PCV-2d and PRRSV was more virulent than the other 3 PCV-2 genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2e), each in combination with PRRSV. Both PCV-2a+PRRSV and PCV-2b+PRRSV were more virulent than PCV-2e+PRRSV in dually infected pigs. This increased virulence of PCV-2d compared to the other 3 PCV-2 genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2e) may be attributed to an extra amino acid (lysine residue) found within open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of PCV-2d. In contrast, extra amino acids in ORF2 may decrease the virulence of PCV-2e when compared to the other 3 PCV-2 genotypes (2a, 2b, and 2d). The results of this study demonstrated that PCV-2d was the most virulent PCV-2 genotype in pigs co-infected with PRRSV. The results also suggest that genetic differences in the ORF2 of PCV-2 may affect the virulence of PCV-2 genotypes.
    MeSH term(s) Swine ; Animals ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics ; Circovirus/genetics ; Coinfection/veterinary ; Virulence/genetics ; Circoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Swine Diseases ; Genotype ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-06
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632814-3
    ISSN 1928-9022 ; 0830-9000
    ISSN (online) 1928-9022
    ISSN 0830-9000
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Cross-protection of a porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and

    Suh, Jeongmin / Ham, Sehyeong / Oh, Taehwan / Chae, Chanhee

    Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire

    2023  Volume 87, Issue 4, Page(s) 297–302

    Abstract: The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the cross-protection of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) ... ...

    Abstract The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the cross-protection of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and
    MeSH term(s) Swine ; Animals ; Swine Diseases ; Circovirus ; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ; Viral Vaccines ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Circoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Circoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Bacterial Vaccines
    Chemical Substances Viral Vaccines ; Bacterial Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-01
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632814-3
    ISSN 1928-9022 ; 0830-9000
    ISSN (online) 1928-9022
    ISSN 0830-9000
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: The prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) in Korean slaughter pig lymph nodes when compared with other PCV2 genotypes.

    Park, Kee Hwan / Chae, Chanhee

    Transboundary and emerging diseases

    2021  Volume 68, Issue 6, Page(s) 3043–3047

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) over other PCV2 genotypes (a, b, c and d) from the lymph nodes of 1,550 randomly selected slaughter pigs. Samples were obtained at a rate of five samples ... ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) over other PCV2 genotypes (a, b, c and d) from the lymph nodes of 1,550 randomly selected slaughter pigs. Samples were obtained at a rate of five samples per farm from 310 farms between January 2018 and May 2020. Of the 1,550 lymph node samples, PCV2 DNA was detected in 762 (49.20%) samples. Among the 762 PCV2 DNA-positive samples, a single PCV2 genotype was detected in 744 samples, while multiple PCV2 genotypes were only detected in 18 samples. Of the 744 single infection cases, PCV2d was the most prevalent with 709 cases, followed by PCV2b (15 cases), PCV2a (14 cases) and PCV2e (6 cases). Of the 18 multiple infection cases, PCV2a+PCV2d was the most prevalent (7 cases) followed by PCV2b+PCV2d (3 cases), PCV2b+PCV2e (3 cases), PCV2a+PCV2b+PCV2d (3 cases) and PCV2a+PCV2b (2 cases). No PCV2c was detected in any of the single or multiple infection cases. The results of prevalence identified PCV2d as the current dominant genotype, while the newly emerging PCV2e maintained the lowest prevalence among the evaluated swine farms.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Circoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Circovirus/genetics ; Genotype ; Lymph Nodes ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-17
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2414822-2
    ISSN 1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
    ISSN (online) 1865-1682
    ISSN 1865-1674
    DOI 10.1111/tbed.13975
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Porcine respiratory disease complex: Interaction of vaccination and porcine circovirus type 2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

    Chae, Chanhee

    Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

    2016  Volume 212, Page(s) 1–6

    Abstract: Porcine respiratory disease is a multifactorial and complex disease caused by a combination of infectious pathogens, environmental stressors, differences in production systems, and various management practices; hence the name porcine respiratory disease ... ...

    Abstract Porcine respiratory disease is a multifactorial and complex disease caused by a combination of infectious pathogens, environmental stressors, differences in production systems, and various management practices; hence the name porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is used. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are considered to be the most important pathogens that cause PRDC. Although interactions among the three major respiratory pathogens are well documented, it is also necessary to understand the interaction between vaccines and the three major respiratory pathogens. PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae are well known to potentiate PCV2-associated lesions; however, PRRSV and mycoplasmal vaccines can both enhance PCV2 viraemia regardless of the effects of the actual PRRSV or M. hyopneumoniae infection. On the other hand, M. hyopneumoniae potentiates the severity of pneumonia induced by PRRSV, and vaccination against M. hyopneumoniae alone is also able to decrease PRRSV viraemia and PRRSV-induced lung lesions in dually infected pigs. This review focuses on (1) interactions between PCV2, PRRSV, and M. hyopneumoniae; and (2) interactions between vaccines and the three major respiratory pathogens.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Circoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Circoviridae Infections/virology ; Circovirus/physiology ; Incidence ; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/physiology ; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/epidemiology ; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/prevention & control ; Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/virology ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/virology ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/physiology ; Swine ; Vaccination/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 428614-5
    ISSN 1532-2971 ; 0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
    ISSN (online) 1532-2971
    ISSN 0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
    DOI 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.030
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  7. Article: The prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) in Korean slaughter pig lymph nodes when compared with other PCV2 genotypes

    Park, Kee Hwan / Chae, Chanhee

    Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2021 Nov., v. 68, no. 6

    2021  

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) over other PCV2 genotypes (a, b, c and d) from the lymph nodes of 1,550 randomly selected slaughter pigs. Samples were obtained at a rate of five samples ... ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) over other PCV2 genotypes (a, b, c and d) from the lymph nodes of 1,550 randomly selected slaughter pigs. Samples were obtained at a rate of five samples per farm from 310 farms between January 2018 and May 2020. Of the 1,550 lymph node samples, PCV2 DNA was detected in 762 (49.20%) samples. Among the 762 PCV2 DNA‐positive samples, a single PCV2 genotype was detected in 744 samples, while multiple PCV2 genotypes were only detected in 18 samples. Of the 744 single infection cases, PCV2d was the most prevalent with 709 cases, followed by PCV2b (15 cases), PCV2a (14 cases) and PCV2e (6 cases). Of the 18 multiple infection cases, PCV2a+PCV2d was the most prevalent (7 cases) followed by PCV2b+PCV2d (3 cases), PCV2b+PCV2e (3 cases), PCV2a+PCV2b+PCV2d (3 cases) and PCV2a+PCV2b (2 cases). No PCV2c was detected in any of the single or multiple infection cases. The results of prevalence identified PCV2d as the current dominant genotype, while the newly emerging PCV2e maintained the lowest prevalence among the evaluated swine farms.
    Keywords DNA ; Porcine circovirus ; farms ; genotype ; lymph ; lymph nodes ; slaughter ; swine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-11
    Size p. 3043-3047.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2414822-2
    ISSN 1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
    ISSN (online) 1865-1682
    ISSN 1865-1674
    DOI 10.1111/tbed.13975
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  8. Article ; Online: In vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CLEVir-X against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

    Suh, Jeongmin / Ham, Sehyeong / Kim, Youngnam / Kim, Sunghun / Cho, Ahreum / Moon, Hojin / Chae, Chanhee

    Virus research

    2024  Volume 345, Page(s) 199380

    Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CLEVir-X, against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). CLEVir-X is a nucleoside analogue and a dialdehyde form of xanthosine. CLEVir-X ... ...

    Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CLEVir-X, against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). CLEVir-X is a nucleoside analogue and a dialdehyde form of xanthosine. CLEVir-X demonstrated antiviral action during the in vitro portion of this experiment with its inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition against PRRSV. The anti-PRRSV effect of CLEVir-X was recovered through supplementation with guanosine. This suggests that PRRSV replication may be regulated through IMPDH and its guanosine biosynthetic pathway. CLEVir-X treatment in cultures resulted in mutation frequency increase of up to 7.8-fold within the viral genomes (e.g. ORF6) compared to their parallel, untreated cultures. The incorporation of CLEVir-X into the viral genome causes lethal mutagenesis and subsequent decrease in specific infectivity. During the in vivo antiviral experiment, 21-day-old pigs began oral administration of 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline containing CLEVir-X (with purity of 68 % and dosage of 40 mg/kg body weight). This treatment was provided twice daily at 9:00AM and 5:00PM for 14 days. Pigs were simultaneously intranasally inoculated with PRRSV at the beginning of CLEVir-X treatment (21 days of age). Several beneficial effects from the oral administration of CLEVir-X were observed including reduction of body temperature, alleviation of respiratory clinical signs, decreased PRRSV load in both blood and lung tissues, and mitigation of lung interstitial pneumonia lesions. The results of the present study demonstrated that CLEVir-X has mutagenic and nonmutagenic modes of antiviral action against PRRSV based on both in vitro and in vivo antiviral experiments.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-27
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605780-9
    ISSN 1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
    ISSN (online) 1872-7492
    ISSN 0168-1702
    DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199380
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  9. Article: Pathogenicity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2e in Experimentally Infected Pigs

    Oh, Taehwan / Suh, Jeongmin / Chae, Chanhee

    Journal of comparative pathology. 2022 May 11,

    2022  

    Abstract: A new porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) genotype was recently isolated from diseased pigs. To investigate the pathogenicity of PCV2e, groups of conventional pigs were inoculated in one of three ways: with PCV2e only, with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and ... ...

    Abstract A new porcine circovirus type 2e (PCV2e) genotype was recently isolated from diseased pigs. To investigate the pathogenicity of PCV2e, groups of conventional pigs were inoculated in one of three ways: with PCV2e only, with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2e, or with PCV2e and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Pigs were examined post mortem at 21 days post inoculation. Pigs in the M. hyopeumoniae/PCV2e group were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by an intranasal inoculation with PCV2e at 6 weeks of age. Pigs in the PCV2e/PRRSV group were inoculated intranasally with PCV2e and PRRSV at 6 weeks of age. Significant differences in PCV2e loads in blood or lymph nodes, or in the severity of lymphoid lesions, were not detected between the M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2e and PCV2e/PRRSV groups. All pigs co-infected with either M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2e or PCV2e/PRRSV developed mild porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), whereas none of the pigs infected with PCV2e alone developed PCVAD. Production of PCVAD in pigs therefore appears to require PCV2e infection simultaneously with an additional infectious agent such as M. hyopneumoniae or PRRSV for full disease expression in pigs. These results demonstrate that PCV2e is not associated with significant clinical disease as assessed by levels of PCV2e viraemia and severity of lymphoid lesions.
    Keywords Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ; Porcine circovirus ; blood ; genotype ; lymph ; mixed infection ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ; swine ; viremia ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0511
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 390920-7
    ISSN 1532-3129 ; 0021-9975
    ISSN (online) 1532-3129
    ISSN 0021-9975
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.05.001
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  10. Article ; Online: Virulence Comparison of Four Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d and 2e) in Pigs Single-Infected with PCV2 and Pigs Dual-Infected with PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

    Oh, Taehwan / Cho, Hyejean / Suh, Jeongmin / Chae, Chanhee

    Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2022 Sept. 24,

    2022  

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of four porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d and 2e). Pigs were infected with one of these four genotypes. Pigs were also dually infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and one of ... ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of four porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d and 2e). Pigs were infected with one of these four genotypes. Pigs were also dually infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and one of the four PCV2 genotypes. Virulence was determined based on the amount of PCV2 loads in the blood and lymph node and the severity of lymphoid lesions. Marked differences in virulence were found among the four genotypes. Within the single infection model, PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d were more virulent than PCV2e, while significant differences in virulence were not found among the PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d groups. Within the dual infection model, PCV2d was more virulent than the other three PCV2 genotypes. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae potentiated the severity of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions and increased the amount of PCV2 loads in the blood and lymph nodes, regardless of the PCV2 genotype. By contrast, PCV2 was not able to potentiate the severity of mycoplasmal-induced lung lesions or the level of M. hyopneumoniae laryngeal load. The results of this study demonstrate that PCV2d is of major clinical importance, while PCV2e is of minor clinical importance.
    Keywords Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ; Porcine circovirus-2 ; blood ; genotype ; larynx ; lungs ; lymph ; lymph nodes ; models ; virulence ; porcine circovirus type 2a ; porcine circovirus type 2b ; porcine circovirus type 2d ; porcine circovirus type 2e ; porcine circovirus-associated disease
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0924
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 390920-7
    ISSN 1532-3129 ; 0021-9975
    ISSN (online) 1532-3129
    ISSN 0021-9975
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.012
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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