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Article ; Online: Trivially informative semantic context inflates people's confidence they can perform a highly complex skill

Kayla Jordan / Rachel Zajac / Daniel Bernstein / Chaitanya Joshi / Maryanne Garry

Royal Society Open Science, Vol 9, Iss

2022 Volume 3

Abstract: Some research suggests people are overconfident because of personality characteristics, lack of insight, or because overconfidence is beneficial in its own right. But other research fits with the possibility that fluent experience in the moment can ... ...

Abstract	Some research suggests people are overconfident because of personality characteristics, lack of insight, or because overconfidence is beneficial in its own right. But other research fits with the possibility that fluent experience in the moment can rapidly drive overconfidence. For example, fluency can push people to become overconfident in their ability to throw a dart, know how rainbows form or predict the future value of a commodity. But surely there are limits to overconfidence. That is, even in the face of fluency manipulations known to increase feelings of confidence, reasonable people would reject the thought that they, for example, might be able to land a plane in an emergency. To address this question, we conducted two experiments comprising a total of 780 people. We asked some people (but not others) to watch a trivially informative video of a pilot landing a plane before they rated their confidence in their own ability to land a plane. We found watching the video inflated people's confidence that they could land a plane. Our findings extend prior work by suggesting that increased semantic context creates illusions not just of prior experience or understanding—but also of the ability to actually do something implausible.
Keywords	overconfidence ; fluency ; semantic context ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Royal Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Metagenomic dataset on lichen Dirinaria sp. from the Great Rann of Kutch and tropical moist deciduous Dang forest of Gujarat

Apurvasinh Puvar / Chandrashekar Mootapally / Chaitanya Joshi / Madhvi Joshi

Data in Brief, Vol 30, Iss , Pp 105504- (2020)

2020

Abstract: This paper describes the additional data to our research article “Bacterial line of defense in Dirinaria lichen from two different ecosystems: First genomic insights of its mycobiont Diriniria sp. GBRC AP01” by Puvar et al. [1]. In this manuscript we are ...

Abstract	This paper describes the additional data to our research article “Bacterial line of defense in Dirinaria lichen from two different ecosystems: First genomic insights of its mycobiont Diriniria sp. GBRC AP01” by Puvar et al. [1]. In this manuscript we are presenting the data obtained during the annotation of the genome enriched from metagenomic data from the lichen samples.
Keywords	Lichen ; Metagenome ; NGS ; Lichen genomics ; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Considerations for Developing Predictive Spatial Models of Crime and New Methods for Measuring Their Accuracy

Chaitanya Joshi / Sophie Curtis-Ham / Clayton D’Ath / Deane Searle

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 597, p

2021 Volume 597

Abstract: A literature review of the important trends in predictive crime modeling and the existing measures of accuracy was undertaken. It highlighted the need for a robust, comprehensive and independent evaluation and the need to include complementary measures ... ...

Abstract	A literature review of the important trends in predictive crime modeling and the existing measures of accuracy was undertaken. It highlighted the need for a robust, comprehensive and independent evaluation and the need to include complementary measures for a more complete assessment. We develop a new measure called the penalized predictive accuracy index (PPAI), propose the use of the expected utility function to combine multiple measures and the use of the average logarithmic score, which measures accuracy differently than existing measures. The measures are illustrated using hypothetical examples. We illustrate how PPAI could identify the best model for a given problem, as well as how the expected utility measure can be used to combine different measures in a way that is the most appropriate for the problem at hand. It is important to develop measures that empower the practitioner with the ability to input the choices and preferences that are most appropriate for the problem at hand and to combine multiple measures. The measures proposed here go some way towards providing this ability. Further development along these lines is needed.
Keywords	predictive crime models ; measures of accuracy ; model selection ; predictive accuracy index (PAI) ; expected utility ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Knockout of SagD Gene for Overexpression of Streptokinase in Streptococcus equisimilis

Armi M. Chaudhari / Sachin Vyas / Vijai Singh / Amrutlal Patel / Chaitanya Joshi / Madhvi N. Joshi

Microorganisms, Vol 10, Iss 635, p

2022 Volume 635

Abstract: Streptokinase is an enzyme that can break down the blood clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Demand for streptokinase is higher globally than production due to increased ... ...

Abstract	Streptokinase is an enzyme that can break down the blood clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. Demand for streptokinase is higher globally than production due to increased incidences of various heart conditions. The main source of streptokinase is various strains of Streptococci . Expression of streptokinase in native strain Streptococcus equisimilis is limited due to the SagD gene-mediated post-translational modification of streptolysin, an inhibitor of streptokinase expression through the degradation of FasX small RNA (through CoV/RS), which stabilizes streptokinase mRNA. In order to improve the stability of mRNA and increase the expression of streptokinase, which is inhibited by SagA, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to successfully knockout the SagD gene and observed a 13.58-fold increased expression of streptokinase at the transcript level and 1.48-fold higher expression at the protein level in the mutant strain compared to wild type. We have demonstrated the successful gene knockout of SagD using CRISPR-Cas9 in S. equisimilis, where an engineered strain can be further used for overexpression of streptokinase for therapeutic applications.
Keywords	FasX ; SagD ; CRISPR-Cas9 ; knockout ; streptokinase ; therapy ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Textile Industry Wastewaters From Jetpur, Gujarat, India, Are Dominated by Shewanellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae Harboring Genes Encoding Catalytic Enzymes for Textile Dye Degradation

Dinesh Kumar / Zarna Patel / Priti Pandit / Ramesh Pandit / Amrutlal Patel / Madhvi Joshi / Chaitanya Joshi

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Textile industries play an important role in uplifting the national economies worldwide. Nevertheless, they generate a huge amount of intensive colored effluent, which is a serious threat to the environment. The microbial communities present in these ... ...

Abstract	Textile industries play an important role in uplifting the national economies worldwide. Nevertheless, they generate a huge amount of intensive colored effluent, which is a serious threat to the environment. The microbial communities present in these highly polluted environmental sites help in remediating pollutants naturally. However, little is known about their genes and enzymes in the textile wastewater systems. In this study, we explored the microbial community structure and their functional capability in three different wastewater systems, i.e., industry sites, effluent treatment plant (ETP), and common effluent treatment plant (CETP). Our findings based on shotgun metagenomics highlight the varied bacterial diversity at the three industry sites. Overall, the major dominant phyla in the industry site and CETP samples were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while in the ETP site, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria were predominant. The final discharge sample site was having a higher proportion of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Aeromonas caviae, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Shewanella decolorationis, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio cholera were the abundant species across the three sites. Furthermore, this research study identified the key microbial genes encoding enzymes having a known role in textile dye and aromatic compound degradation. Functional annotation of the shotgun metagenome samples indicates the presence of reductase, azoreductase, nitrate/nitrite reductase, and oxidoreductase enzyme encoding genes. Our findings provide the shotgun metagenomics-based approach for mining the textile dye degrading genes and genomic insights into the bioremediation of textile industrial effluent.
Keywords	metagenomics ; biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) ; bioremediation ; textile industry effluent ; wastewater ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Distinct gut and vaginal microbiota profile in women with recurrent implantation failure and unexplained infertility

Nayna Patel / Nidhi Patel / Sejal Pal / Neelam Nathani / Ramesh Pandit / Molina Patel / Niket Patel / Chaitanya Joshi / Bhavin Parekh

BMC Women's Health, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Background Female reproductive tract dysbiosis impacts implantation. However, whether gut dysbiosis influences implantation failure and whether it accompanies reproductive tract dysbiosis remains scantly explored. Herein, we examined the gut- ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Female reproductive tract dysbiosis impacts implantation. However, whether gut dysbiosis influences implantation failure and whether it accompanies reproductive tract dysbiosis remains scantly explored. Herein, we examined the gut-vaginal microbiota axis in infertile women. Methods We recruited 11 fertile women as the controls, and a cohort of 20 infertile women, 10 of whom had recurrent implantation failure (RIF), and another 10 had unexplained infertility (UE). Using amplicon sequencing, which employs PCR to create sequences of DNA called amplicon, we compared the diversity, structure, and composition of faecal and vaginal bacteria of the controls with that of the infertile cohort. Of note, we could only sequence 8 vaginal samples in each group (n = 24/31). Result Compared with the controls, α-diversity and β-diversity of the gut bacteria among the infertile groups differed significantly (p < 0.05). Taxa analysis revealed enrichment of Gram-positive bacteria in the RIF group, whereas Gram-negative bacteria were relatively abundant in the UE group. Strikingly, mucus-producing genera declined in the infertile cohort (p < 0.05). Hungatella, associated with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production, were enriched in the infertile cohort (p < 0.05). Vaginal microbiota was dominated by the genus Lactobacillus, with Lactobacillus iners AB-1 being the most abundant species across the groups. Compared with the infertile cohort, overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, associated with vaginal dysbiosis, such as Leptotrichia and Snethia, occurred in the controls. Conclusion The gut microbiota had little influence on the vaginal microbiota. Gut dysbiosis and vaginal eubiosis occurred in the infertile women, whereas the opposite trend occurred in the controls.
Keywords	Gut microbiota ; Vaginal microbiota ; Implantation failure ; Infertility ; Dysbiosis ; Gynecology and obstetrics ; RG1-991 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of Cyperus Rotundus on Cytokine Gene Expression in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Sarika Johari / Chaitanya Joshi / Tejal Gandhi

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 41, Iss 5, Pp 391-

2016 Volume 398

Abstract: Background: The protective effect of the chloroform extract of Cyperus rotundus (CHCR) is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Cytokines, important regulators of inflammation and repair, play a key role in the pathogenesis of ... ...

Abstract	Background: The protective effect of the chloroform extract of Cyperus rotundus (CHCR) is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Cytokines, important regulators of inflammation and repair, play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Targeting these cytokines can effectively ameliorate the symptoms of IBD. The aim of the present study was to unravel the molecular mechanism through cytokine regulation in rats in experimental IBD. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 groups (n=6). Group I served as the normal control. Group II served as the vehicle control and received 50% ethanol intracolonically on day 11 of the study. Group III served as the model control. Group IV and Group V were given standard drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) and CHCR (800 mg/kg), respectively, for 18 days once a day orally. Colitis was induced with dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (180 mg/kg in 50% ethanol) intracolonically in groups III–V on day 11 of the study. On day 18, the rats were euthanized and colon tissues were removed for IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-gamma gene expression studies using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-gamma were upregulated in the model control rats. Pretreatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) and CHCR (800 mg/kg) significantly decreased the fold of the expression of the above cytokines. Conclusion: CHCR acts as a molecular brake and downregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes; this is beneficial for reducing the severity of the experimental IBD. Thus, Cyperus rotundus is a safe, economical, and effective alternative for the treatment of patients with IBD.
Keywords	Inflammatory bowel diseases ; Cyperus rotundus ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-18 ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparative analysis of SNP candidates in disparate milk yielding river buffaloes using targeted sequencing

Ramesh Menon / Anand B. Patel / Chaitanya Joshi

PeerJ, Vol 4, p e

2016 Volume 2147

Abstract: River buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk plays an important role in economy and nutritious diet in several developing countries. However, reliable milk-yield genomic markers and their functional insights remain unexposed. Here, we have used a target capture ... ...

Abstract	River buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk plays an important role in economy and nutritious diet in several developing countries. However, reliable milk-yield genomic markers and their functional insights remain unexposed. Here, we have used a target capture sequencing approach in three economically important buffalo breeds namely: Banni, Jafrabadi and Mehsani, belonging to either high or low milk-yield group. Blood samples were collected from the milk-yield/breed balanced group of 12 buffaloes, and whole exome sequencing was performed using Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium sequencer. Using an innovative approach namely, MultiCom; we have identified high-quality SNPs specific for high and low-milk yield buffaloes. Almost 70% of the reported genes in QTL regions of milk-yield and milk-fat in cattle were present among the buffalo milk-yield gene candidates. Functional analysis highlighted transcriptional regulation category in the low milk-yield group, and several new pathways in the two groups. Further, the discovered SNP candidates may account for more than half of mammary transcriptome changes in high versus low-milk yielding cattle. Thus, starting from the design of a reliable strategy, we identified reliable genomic markers specific for high and low-milk yield buffalo breeds and addressed possible downstream effects.
Keywords	Buffalo ; Single nucleotide polymorphism ; Milk-yield ; Quantitative trait loci ; Mammary transcriptome ; Exome sequencing ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Theoretical consequences of trait-based environmental filtering for the breadth and shape of the niche: New testable hypotheses generated by the Traitspace model

Laughlin, Daniel C / Chaitanya Joshi

Ecological modelling. 2015 July 10, v. 307

2015

Abstract: Every species on Earth fills a unique environmental niche that is driven, in part, by the process of environmental filtering, where the adaptive value of the functional traits of individuals determine their fitness within the given environmental ... ...

Abstract	Every species on Earth fills a unique environmental niche that is driven, in part, by the process of environmental filtering, where the adaptive value of the functional traits of individuals determine their fitness within the given environmental conditions. Despite its long-standing importance in ecology, theoretical investigations of environmental filtering have lagged behind studies of species interactions and neutral dynamics. A new statistical model of trait-based environmental filtering can be a useful tool for exploring the logical consequences of this process while holding all other processes constant. The model uses the logic of objective Bayesian inference to compute the probabilities of species within different environments using two sources of information: the location and dispersion of species within functional trait space, and the statistical relationship between traits and environmental gradients. By varying key parameters in the model, we highlight several testable hypotheses for trait-based ecology. First, niche breadth decreases as intraspecific trait variation decreases, as the strength of the environmental filter increases, and if the trait values do not enhance fitness in any environmental condition in the landscape. Second, niche shape is determined by the form of the trait–environment relationships, where species with extreme trait values are predicted to dominate at the environmental extremes when traits are linearly related to the environment, species with intermediate trait values generally have a selective advantage across a broader environmental range, and bimodal species response curves can occur independently from negative species interactions. The generality of these modelling results can be tested using empirical data from any ecosystem.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; ecosystems ; environmental factors ; information sources ; landscapes ; statistical models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-0710
Size	p. 10-21.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	191971-4
ISSN	0304-3800
ISSN	0304-3800
DOI	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.013
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Somatic Cell Count

Yati Vaidya / Shriram Patel / Chaitanya Joshi / Dev Nauriyal / Anju Kunjadia

European Journal of Breast Health, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 88-

A Human Breast Wellbeing Indicator

2017 Volume 93

Abstract: Objective:Human milk is universally accounted as the preeminent source of nutrition for infants. Surprisingly, no approved diagnostic tests are available for the diagnosis of physical condition of the breast. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a key tool ... ...

Abstract	Objective:Human milk is universally accounted as the preeminent source of nutrition for infants. Surprisingly, no approved diagnostic tests are available for the diagnosis of physical condition of the breast. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a key tool commonly used in the dairy industry to provide evidence of udder health, which in turn determines the quality of bovine and cattle milk. Elevated levels of somatic cells in milk are observed during intra-mammary infectious state in bovine animals, which is due to active participation of the immune system. This constraint in humans can principally be used to study breast health.Materials and Methods:In the present study, 176 breast milk samples in total were randomly collected from four different regions of Gujarat, India. All the samples were subjected to somatic cell count and total bacterial count tests. The effect of geographical region and maternal health was studied on the basis of milk SCC and total bacterial load. Statistical interpretation of the results was done using PRISM 6.07.Results:Breast showing clinical symptoms of mastitis yielded a high SCC (>104 cells/microliter (μL)) and bacterial count (between 105 to 1011 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/milliliter (mL)) in comparison to milk collected from healthy breast (<104 cells/μL and 103 to 104 CFU/mL). Statistical analysis reveals existence of significant correlation between the geographical region and SCC count of milk collected from healthy breast whereas no correlation was observed in infected breast milk. The study has also demonstrated that a lineer correlation exists between SCC and abundance of bacteria present in breast milk.Conclusion:The present study could be employed to predict lactating breast health.
Keywords	breast milk ; breast health ; colony forming unit ; somatic cell count ; Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Galenos Publishing House
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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