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Article ; Online: Author Correction: Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population.

2023 Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 305

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	1220066-9
ISSN	1546-170X ; 1078-8956
ISSN (online)	1546-170X
ISSN	1078-8956
DOI	10.1038/s41591-023-02648-2
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Article ; Online: Long-term persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses after infection and estimates of the duration of protection.

Lau, Eric Hy / Hui, David Sc / Tsang, Owen Ty / Chan, Wai-Hung / Kwan, Mike Yw / Chiu, Susan S / Cheng, Samuel Ms / Ko, Ronald Lw / Li, John Kc / Chaothai, Sara / Tsang, Chi H / Poon, Leo Lm / Peiris, Malik

EClinicalMedicine

2021 Volume 41, Page(s) 101174

Abstract: Background: The duration of immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected people remains unclear. Neutralizing antibody responses are the best available correlate of protection against re-infection. Recent studies estimated that the correlate of 50% protection from ... ...

Abstract	Background: The duration of immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected people remains unclear. Neutralizing antibody responses are the best available correlate of protection against re-infection. Recent studies estimated that the correlate of 50% protection from re-infection was 20% of the mean convalescent neutralizing antibody titre. Methods: We collected sera from a cohort of 124 individuals with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections from Prince of Wales Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Queen Mary Hospitals of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, for periods up to 386 days after symptom onset and tested these for antibody to SARS-CoV-2 using 50% virus plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT Findings: Because the rate of antibody waning slows with time, we fitted lines of decay to 115 sera from 62 patients collected beyond 90 days after symptom onset and estimate that PRNT Interpretation: The data suggest that symptomatic COVID-19 disease is followed by relatively long-lived protection from re-infection by antigenically similar viruses. Funding: Health and Medical Research Fund, Commissioned research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) (Reference Nos. COVID190126 and COVID1903003) from the Food and Health Bureau and the Theme-based Research Scheme project no. T11-712/19-N, the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong SAR Government.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-5370
ISSN (online)	2589-5370
DOI	10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101174
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Article ; Online: Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population.

Nature medicine

2023 Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) 348–357

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has demonstrated enhanced transmissibility and escape of vaccine-derived immunity. Although first-generation vaccines remain effective against severe disease and death, robust evidence on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against ... ...

Abstract	The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has demonstrated enhanced transmissibility and escape of vaccine-derived immunity. Although first-generation vaccines remain effective against severe disease and death, robust evidence on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all Omicron infections, irrespective of symptoms, remains sparse. We used a community-wide serosurvey with 5,310 subjects to estimate how vaccination histories modulated risk of infection in infection-naive Hong Kong during a large wave of Omicron BA.2 epidemic in January-July 2022. We estimated that Omicron infected 45% (41-48%) of the local population. Three and four doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac were effective against Omicron infection 7 days after vaccination (VE of 48% (95% credible interval 34-64%) and 69% (46-98%) for three and four doses of BNT162b2, respectively; VE of 30% (1-66%) and 56% (6-97%) for three and four doses of CoronaVac, respectively). At 100 days after immunization, VE waned to 26% (7-41%) and 35% (10-71%) for three and four doses of BNT162b2, and to 6% (0-29%) and 11% (0-54%) for three and four doses of CoronaVac. The rapid waning of VE against infection conferred by first-generation vaccines and an increasingly complex viral evolutionary landscape highlight the necessity for rapidly deploying updated vaccines followed by vigilant monitoring of VE.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Vaccine Efficacy ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	sinovac COVID-19 vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1220066-9
ISSN	1546-170X ; 1078-8956
ISSN (online)	1546-170X
ISSN	1078-8956
DOI	10.1038/s41591-023-02219-5
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Article ; Online: Serological assays for differentiating natural COVID-19 infection from vaccine induced immunity.

Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology

2023 Volume 170, Page(s) 105621

Abstract: Background: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may elicit antibodies to a range of viral proteins including non-structural protein ORF8. RNA, adenovirus vectored and sub-unit vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike would be only expected to elicit S-antibodies ... ...

Abstract	Background: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may elicit antibodies to a range of viral proteins including non-structural protein ORF8. RNA, adenovirus vectored and sub-unit vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike would be only expected to elicit S-antibodies and antibodies to distinct domains of nucleocapsid (N) protein may reliably differentiate infection from vaccine-elicited antibody. However, inactivated whole virus vaccines may potentially elicit antibody to wider range of viral proteins, including N protein. We hypothesized that antibody to ORF8 protein will discriminate natural infection from vaccination irrespective of vaccine type. Methods: We optimized and validated the anti-ORF8 and anti-N C-terminal domain (NCTD) ELISA assays using sera from pre-pandemic, RT-PCR confirmed natural infection sera and BNT162b2 (BNT) or CoronaVac vaccinees. We then applied these optimized assays to a cohort of blood donor sera collected in April-July 2022 with known vaccination and self-reported infection status. Results: We optimized cut-off values for the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD IgG ELISA assays using receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. The sensitivity of the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD ELISA for detecting past infection was 83.2% and 99.3%, respectively. Specificity of anti-ORF8 ELISA was 96.8 % vs. the pre-pandemic cohort or 93% considering the pre-pandemic and vaccine cohorts together. The anti-N-CTD ELISA specificity of 98.9% in the pre-pandemic cohort, 93% in BNT vaccinated and only 4 % in CoronaVac vaccinated cohorts. Anti-N-CTD antibody was longer-lived than anti-ORF8 antibody after natural infection. Conclusions: Anti-N-CTD antibody assays provide good discrimination between natural infection and vaccination in BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals. Anti-ORF8 antibody can help discriminate infection from vaccination in either type of vaccine and help estimate infection attack rates (IAR) in communities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; BNT162 Vaccine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines ; Antibodies, Viral
Chemical Substances	BNT162 Vaccine ; Viral Vaccines ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1446080-4
ISSN	1873-5967 ; 1386-6532
ISSN (online)	1873-5967
ISSN	1386-6532
DOI	10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105621
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Article ; Online: Strength and durability of antibody responses to BNT162b2 and CoronaVac.

Cowling, Benjamin J / Wong, Irene O L / Shiu, Eunice Y C / Lai, Amber Y T / Cheng, Samuel M S / Chaothai, Sara / Kwan, Kelvin K H / Martín-Sánchez, Mario / Poon, Leo L M / Ip, Dennis K M / Leung, Gabriel M / Leung, Nancy H L / Peiris, J S Malik

Vaccine

2022 Volume 40, Issue 32, Page(s) 4312–4317

Abstract: We studied 2780 adults in Hong Kong who received CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine ("Comirnaty", BioNTech/Fosun Pharma). We compared rates of antibody waning over time using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ... ...

Abstract	We studied 2780 adults in Hong Kong who received CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine ("Comirnaty", BioNTech/Fosun Pharma). We compared rates of antibody waning over time using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for spike receptor binding domain and a surrogate virus neutralization test. We found stronger and more durable antibody responses to two doses of the mRNA vaccine, and slightly stronger initial antibody responses to each vaccine in younger adults and women. The weaker and less durable responses following CoronaVac support earlier provision of third doses to persons who previously received two doses of this vaccine.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibody Formation ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Female ; Humans ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.033
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Article: Strength and durability of antibody responses to BNT162b2 and CoronaVac

Cowling, Benjamin J. / Wong, Irene O.L. / Shiu, Eunice Y.C. / Lai, Amber Y.T. / Cheng, Samuel M.S. / Chaothai, Sara / Kwan, Kelvin K.H. / Martín-Sánchez, Mario / Poon, Leo L.M. / Ip, Dennis K.M. / Leung, Gabriel M. / Leung, Nancy H.L. / Malik Peiris, J.S.

Vaccine. 2022 May 09,

2022

Abstract: We studied 2780 adults in Hong Kong who received CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (“Comirnaty”, BioNTech/Fosun Pharma). We compared rates of antibody waning over time using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ... ...

Abstract	We studied 2780 adults in Hong Kong who received CoronaVac inactivated virus vaccine (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (“Comirnaty”, BioNTech/Fosun Pharma). We compared rates of antibody waning over time using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for spike receptor binding domain and a surrogate virus neutralization test. We found stronger and more durable antibody responses to two doses of the mRNA vaccine, and slightly stronger initial antibody responses to each vaccine in younger adults and women. The weaker and less durable responses following CoronaVac support earlier provision of third doses to persons who previously received two doses of this vaccine.
Keywords	antibodies ; durability ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; neutralization tests ; vaccines ; viruses ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0509
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.033
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Article ; Online: Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of BNT162b2 to Ancestral Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and the Omicron Variant in Adults Who Received 2 Doses of Inactivated Vaccine.

Leung, Nancy H L / Cheng, Samuel M S / Martín-Sánchez, Mario / Au, Niki Y M / Ng, Yvonne Y / Luk, Leo L H / Chan, Karl C K / Li, John K C / Leung, Yonna W Y / Tsang, Leo C H / Chaothai, Sara / Kwan, Kelvin K H / Ip, Dennis K M / Poon, Leo L M / Leung, Gabriel M / Peiris, J S Malik / Cowling, Benjamin J

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2022 Volume 76, Issue 3, Page(s) e299–e307

Abstract: Background: Limited data exist on antibody responses to mixed vaccination strategies that involve inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, particularly in the context of emerging variants.: Methods: We conducted an open-label trial ... ...

Abstract	Background: Limited data exist on antibody responses to mixed vaccination strategies that involve inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, particularly in the context of emerging variants. Methods: We conducted an open-label trial of a third vaccine dose of a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (BNT162b2, Fosun Pharma/BioNTech) in adults aged ≥30 years who had previously received 2 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. We collected blood samples before administering the third dose and 28 days later and tested for antibodies to the ancestral virus using a binding assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT), and a live virus plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). We also tested for antibodies against the Omicron variant using live-virus PRNT. Results: In 315 participants, a third dose of BNT162b2 substantially increased antibody titers on each assay. Mean ELISA levels increased from an optical density of 0.3 to 2.2 (P < .001), and mean sVNT levels increased from an inhibition of 17% to 96% (P < .001). In a random subset of 20 participants, the geometric mean PRNT50 titers rose substantially, by 45-fold from day 0 to day 28 against the ancestral virus (P < .001) and by 11-fold against the Omicron variant (P < .001). In daily monitoring, post-vaccination reactions subsided within 7 days for more than 99% of participants. Conclusions: A third dose of COVID-19 vaccine with an mRNA vaccine substantially improved antibody levels against the ancestral virus and the Omicron variant with a well-tolerated safety profile in adults who had received 2 doses of inactivated vaccine 6 months earlier. Clinical trials registration: NCT05057182.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; RNA, Messenger ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines, Inactivated
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines, Inactivated
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/ciac458
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Article ; Online: Comparative antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, reactogenicity, and efficacy of homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 (Cobovax): an open-label, randomised trial.

The Lancet. Microbe

2023 Volume 4, Issue 9, Page(s) e670–e682

Abstract: Background: Few trials have compared homologous and heterologous third doses of COVID-19 vaccination with inactivated vaccines and mRNA vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess immune responses, safety, and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection ... ...

Abstract	Background: Few trials have compared homologous and heterologous third doses of COVID-19 vaccination with inactivated vaccines and mRNA vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess immune responses, safety, and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection following homologous or heterologous third-dose COVID-19 vaccination with either one dose of CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech; inactivated vaccine) or BNT162b2 (Fosun Pharma-BioNTech; mRNA vaccine). Methods: This is an ongoing, randomised, allocation-concealed, open-label, comparator-controlled trial in adults aged 18 years or older enrolled from the community in Hong Kong, who had received two doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2 at least 6 months earlier. Participants were randomly assigned, using a computer-generated sequence, in a 1:1 ratio with allocation concealment to receive a (third) dose of CoronaVac or BNT162b2 (ancestral virus strain), stratified by types of previous COVID-19 vaccination (homologous two doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2). Participants were unmasked to group allocation after vaccination. The primary endpoint was serum neutralising antibodies against the ancestral virus at day 28 after vaccination in each group, measured as plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT Findings: We enrolled participants from Nov 12, 2021, to Jan 27, 2022. We vaccinated 219 participants who previously received two doses of CoronaVac, including 101 randomly assigned to receive CoronaVac (CC-C) and 118 randomly assigned to receive BNT162b2 (CC-B) as their third dose; and 232 participants who previously received two doses of BNT162b2, including 118 randomly assigned to receive CoronaVac (BB-C) and 114 randomly assigned to receive BNT162b2 (BB-B) as their third dose. The PRNT Interpretation: Similar levels of incidence of, presumably, omicron BA.2 infections were observed in each group despite very weak antibody responses to BA.2 in the recipients of a CoronaVac third dose. Further research is warranted to identify appropriate correlates of protection for inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Funding: Health and Medical Research Fund, Hong Kong. Translation: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies ; Immunity
Chemical Substances	sinovac COVID-19 vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Antibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2666-5247
ISSN (online)	2666-5247
DOI	10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00216-1
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Article ; Online: Immunogenicity against wild-type and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 after a third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adolescents.

Leung, Daniel / Cohen, Carolyn A / Mu, Xiaofeng / Rosa Duque, Jaime S / Cheng, Samuel M S / Wang, Xiwei / Wang, Manni / Zhang, Wenyue / Zhang, Yanmei / Tam, Issan Y S / Lam, Jennifer H Y / Chan, Sau Man / Chaothai, Sara / Kwan, Kelvin K H / Chan, Karl C K / Li, John K C / Luk, Leo L H / Tsang, Leo C H / Chu, Nym Coco /

Wong, Wilfred H S / Mori, Masashi / Leung, Wing Hang / Valkenburg, Sophie / Peiris, Malik / Tu, Wenwei / Lau, Yu Lung

Frontiers in immunology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1106837

Abstract: Introduction: Two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine CoronaVac cannot elicit high efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, especially against the Omicron variant, but that can be improved by a third dose in adults. The use of a third dose of ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine CoronaVac cannot elicit high efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, especially against the Omicron variant, but that can be improved by a third dose in adults. The use of a third dose of CoronaVac in adolescents may be supported by immunobridging studies in the absence of efficacy data. Methods: With an immunobridging design, our study (NCT04800133) tested the non-inferiority of the binding and neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses induced by a third dose of CoronaVac in healthy adolescents (N=94, median age 14.2 years, 56% male) compared to adults (N=153, median age 48.1 years, 44% male). Responses against wild-type (WT) and BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 were compared in adolescents. Safety and reactogenicity were also monitored. Results: A homologous third dose of CoronaVac further enhanced antibody response in adolescents compared to just 2 doses. Adolescents mounted non-inferior antibody and T cell responses compared to adults. Although S IgG and neutralizing antibody responses to BA.1 were lower than to WT, they remained detectable in 96% and 86% of adolescents. T cell responses to peptide pools spanning only the mutations of BA.1 S, N and M in adolescents were preserved, increased, and halved compared to WT respectively. No safety concerns were identified. Discussion: The primary vaccination series of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for adolescents should include 3 doses for improved humoral immunogenicity.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Adolescent ; Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Female ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Chemical Substances	sinovac COVID-19 vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106837
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Article ; Online: Superior antibody and membrane protein-specific T-cell responses to CoronaVac by intradermal versus intramuscular routes in adolescents.

Rosa Duque, Jaime S / Cheng, Samuel M S / Cohen, Carolyn A / Leung, Daniel / Wang, Xiwei / Mu, Xiaofeng / Chung, Yuet / Lau, Tsun Ming / Wang, Manni / Zhang, Wenyue / Zhang, Yanmei / Wong, Howard H W / Tsang, Leo C H / Chaothai, Sara / Kwan, Tsz Chun / Li, John K C / Chan, Karl C K / Luk, Leo L H / Ho, Jenson C H /

Li, Wing Yan / Lee, Amos M T / Lam, Jennifer H Y / Chan, Sau Man / Wong, Wilfred H S / Tam, Issan Y S / Mori, Masashi / Valkenburg, Sophie A / Peiris, Malik / Tu, Wenwei / Lau, Yu Lung

World journal of pediatrics : WJP

2023 Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) 353–370

Abstract: Background: Optimising the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines to improve their protection against disease is necessary. Fractional dosing by intradermal (ID) administration has been shown to be equally immunogenic as intramuscular (IM) administration ... ...

Abstract	Background: Optimising the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines to improve their protection against disease is necessary. Fractional dosing by intradermal (ID) administration has been shown to be equally immunogenic as intramuscular (IM) administration for several vaccines, but the immunogenicity of ID inactivated whole severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the full dose is unknown. This study (NCT04800133) investigated the superiority of antibody and T-cell responses of full-dose CoronaVac by ID over IM administration in adolescents. Methods: Participants aged 11-17 years received two doses of IM or ID vaccine, followed by the 3rd dose 13-42 days later. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity outcomes were measured post-dose 2 (IM-CC versus ID-CC) and post-dose 3 (IM-CCC versus ID-CCC). Doses 2 and 3 were administered to 173 and 104 adolescents, respectively. Results: Spike protein (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG), S-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG, S IgG Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa)-binding, SNM [sum of individual (S), nucleocapsid protein (N), and membrane protein (M) peptide pool]-specific interleukin-2 (IL-2) Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate superior antibody and M-specific T-cell responses by ID inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and serves as the basis for future research to improve the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Injections, Intradermal ; Injections, Intramuscular ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; sinovac COVID-19 vaccine ; Vaccines, Inactivated
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase II ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2236681-7
ISSN	1867-0687 ; 1708-8569
ISSN (online)	1867-0687
ISSN	1708-8569
DOI	10.1007/s12519-023-00764-0
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