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Article ; Online: PM2.5 exposure to marijuana smoke on golf courses and other public outdoor locations: A pilot observational study.

Cheng, Kai-Chung / Huang, Gan / Hildemann, Lynn M

2023 Volume 896, Page(s) 165236

Abstract: Secondhand exposure to cannabis smoke occurs in public outdoor locations due to outdoor smoking or leakage of indoor smoking. Very little is known regarding the actual levels of exposure. This study examined PM2.5 exposure to marijuana smoke, focusing on ...

Abstract	Secondhand exposure to cannabis smoke occurs in public outdoor locations due to outdoor smoking or leakage of indoor smoking. Very little is known regarding the actual levels of exposure. This study examined PM2.5 exposure to marijuana smoke, focusing on one type of public outdoor location - golf courses where illegal marijuana consumption is increasingly common. Based on 24 visits to 10 courses over a 6-month period, >20 % visits encountered marijuana smoke, with peak PM2.5 exposures up to 149 μg/m
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Cannabis ; Golf ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis ; Pilot Projects ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis
Chemical Substances	Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Particulate Matter ; Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165236
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Article ; Online: Measuring PM

Ott, Wayne R / Wallace, Lance A / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Hildemann, Lynn M

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 852, Page(s) 158244

Abstract: The widespread legalization of recreational marijuana raises growing concerns about exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke. An important location for marijuana smoking is the home, but few measurements of air pollutant concentrations in the home are ... ...

Abstract	The widespread legalization of recreational marijuana raises growing concerns about exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke. An important location for marijuana smoking is the home, but few measurements of air pollutant concentrations in the home are available for a marijuana joint fully smoked in one of its rooms. We used research grade calibrated real-time continuous PM
MeSH term(s)	Nicotiana ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Cannabis ; Tobacco Products ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis
Chemical Substances	Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158244
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Article: Measuring PM2.5 concentrations from secondhand tobacco vs. marijuana smoke in 9 rooms of a detached 2-story house

Ott, Wayne R. / Wallace, Lance A. / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Hildemann, Lynn M.

Science of the total environment. 2022 Aug. 19,

2022

Abstract	The widespread legalization of recreational marijuana raises growing concerns about exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke. An important location for marijuana smoking is the home, but few measurements of air pollutant concentrations in the home are available for a marijuana joint fully smoked in one of its rooms. We used research grade calibrated real-time continuous PM₂.₅ air monitors in controlled 5-hour experiments to measure fine particle concentrations in the 9 rooms of a detached, two-story, 4-bedroom home with either a tobacco cigarette or a marijuana joint fully smoked in the home's living room. The master bedroom's door was closed, and the other bedroom doors were open, as was the custom of occupants of this residence. In two experiments with a Marlboro tobacco cigarette smoked by a machine in the living room, the 5-hour mean PM₂.₅ concentration in 9 rooms of the home were 15.2 μg/m³ (SD 5.6 μg/m³) and 15.0 μg/m³ (SD 3.7 μg/m³). In contrast, three experiments with pre-rolled marijuana joints smoked in the same manner in the living room produced 5-hour mean PM₂.₅ concentrations of 38.3 μg/m³ (SD 10.0 μg/m³), 79.8 μg/m³ (SD 25.7 μg/m³) and 80.7 μg/m³ (SD 28.8 μg/m³). In summary, the average secondhand PM₂.₅ concentrations from smoking a marijuana joint in the home were found to be 4.4 times as great as the secondhand PM₂.₅ concentrations from smoking a tobacco cigarette. Opening 3 windows by 12.7 cm reduced the high PM₂.₅ concentrations from marijuana smoking by 67 %, but the PM₂.₅ levels still exceeded those produced by tobacco smoking with the windows closed.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; air ; air pollutants ; cigarettes ; environment ; smoke
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0819
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158244
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Article: PM2.5 exposure close to marijuana smoking and vaping: A case study in residential indoor and outdoor settings

Cheng, Kai-Chung / Ott, Wayne / Wallace, Lance / Zhu, Yifang / Hildemann, Lynn

Science of the total environment. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 802

2022

Abstract: We conducted 35 experiments for spatial measurement of marijuana aerosols in a current smoker's residential spaces. Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) concentrations were measured every second at 1, 2, and 3 m horizontal distances from the smoker who ... ...

Abstract	We conducted 35 experiments for spatial measurement of marijuana aerosols in a current smoker's residential spaces. Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) concentrations were measured every second at 1, 2, and 3 m horizontal distances from the smoker who performed prescribed 5-min smoking and vaping activities. In each experiment, five SidePak monitors measured PM₂.₅ concentrations at five different angles facing the front of the smoker, representing the worst-case exposures. We studied the effect of distance from the smoker for two marijuana sources – smoking a marijuana cigarette, or joint, and vaping a liquid-cartridge vaping pen. Experiments were conducted in the family room indoors and in the backyard outdoors where the smoker normally consumes marijuana. Indoor marijuana vaping had higher average exposures (5-min PM₂.₅) at 1 m distance than indoor marijuana smoking, but the levels from indoor vaping decreased more rapidly with distance (e.g., 77% reduction for vaping versus 33% for smoking from 1 to 2 m). Smoking and vaping in the outdoor environment reduce the average exposures down to <5% of the indoor levels at each distance. Cumulative frequency distributions of the 1-s PM₂.₅ concentrations revealed the frequencies of exceeding any selected transient peak exposure limit at a given distance. The frequency of exceedance decreased more quickly with distance for vaping than for smoking. Smoking and vaping outdoors made the transient peak exposures close to the source much less frequent than smoking and vaping indoors (e.g., <1% exceeded 1000 μg/m³ outdoors versus >20% indoors at 1 m). Plotting the frequency of exceedance versus distance could offer additional guidance for a recommended minimum distance from a marijuana source.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; case studies ; cigarettes ; environment ; particulates
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149897
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Article: Method for estimating the volatility of aerosols using the piezobalance: Examples from vaping e-cigarette and marijuana liquids

Wallace, Lance A / Ott, Wayne R / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Zhao, Tongke / Hildemann, Lynn

Atmospheric environment. 2021 May 15, v. 253

2021

Abstract: We present a new method to estimate the fraction of an aerosol mixture that is volatile, as well as the time required for evaporation from a collecting surface. The method depends on an instrument (the Piezobalance) designed to measure the accumulated ... ...

Abstract	We present a new method to estimate the fraction of an aerosol mixture that is volatile, as well as the time required for evaporation from a collecting surface. The method depends on an instrument (the Piezobalance) designed to measure the accumulated mass on a quartz crystal that can also measure the subsequent loss of mass due to evaporation. Commercially available e-liquids or marijuana liquids were heated using an e-cigarette device or a vapor pen, inhaled, and exhaled into a closed unventilated room (volume = 43 and 33 m³) in each of two residences. From a set of 88 measurements on an e-liquid containing 99.7% “vegetable glycerin” (VG), we estimate the fraction of the e-cigarette aerosol that is volatile to be 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 77–99%). We also estimate the time to reach 95% of the total loss of the volatile material from the crystal to be 47 min (CI 33–60 min). For pure propylene glycol (PG) liquid, we measured extremely high rates of evaporation, finding that 8–16 rapid-fire puffs were required to reach a high concentration at just 0.65 m distance. From 124 experiments on three types of marijuana cartridges, the corresponding estimates of the volatile fraction of exhaled marijuana aerosol were normally 5–7% for liquids heated to moderate temperatures (N = 106), but 25–34% for liquids heated to high temperatures (N = 18). In the latter case, the time to reach 95% of the total loss of volatile material was on the order of 5–10 h. This indicates the importance of volatility considerations in affecting exposure to indoor aerosols from these two common sources. Secondhand exposures to PM₂.₅ from e-cigarette aerosols are likely to be short-lived for most scenarios, whereas we show that secondhand PM₂.₅ exposures from marijuana vaping aerosols can be substantial and long-lived after a single puff.The method presented here is general and can be used on almost any aerosol mixtures. It has the advantage of requiring a single instrument that can measure both the source strength and decay rates of the aerosol created by the source and also the fraction of collected material that is volatile. The method identified a major difference in the expected exposure to e-cigarette aerosols vs. marijuana aerosols from vaping. The method should be of interest to investigators who study particulate air pollution and to companies that manufacture air monitoring systems. A number of important sources of indoor aerosol mixtures (e.g., cooking, candle use, incense, etc.) remain to be investigated for volatility effects using this method.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; aerosols ; air ; air pollution ; confidence interval ; electronic equipment ; environment ; evaporation ; liquids ; manufacturing ; propylene glycol ; quartz ; vapors
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0515
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118379
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Article ; Online: PM

Cheng, Kai-Chung / Ott, Wayne / Wallace, Lance / Zhu, Yifang / Hildemann, Lynn

The Science of the total environment

2021 Volume 802, Page(s) 149897

Abstract: We conducted 35 experiments for spatial measurement of marijuana aerosols in a current smoker's residential spaces. Fine particulate matter ( ... ...

Abstract	We conducted 35 experiments for spatial measurement of marijuana aerosols in a current smoker's residential spaces. Fine particulate matter (PM
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Marijuana Smoking ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Vaping
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149897
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Article: Characteristics of secondhand cannabis smoke from common smoking methods: Calibration factor, emission rate, and particle removal rate

Zhao, Tongke / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Ott, Wayne R / Wallace, Lance / Hildemann, Lynn M

Atmospheric environment. 2020 Dec. 01, v. 242

2020

Abstract: The widespread legalization of recreational cannabis use raises growing concerns about exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke (SCS). However, few studies are characterizing fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) exposure from SCS. Here, we determined PM₂.₅ ... ...

Abstract	The widespread legalization of recreational cannabis use raises growing concerns about exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke (SCS). However, few studies are characterizing fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) exposure from SCS. Here, we determined PM₂.₅ calibration factors (CFs) for SCS from four common cannabis consuming methods—glass pipe smoking, joint smoking, bong smoking, and cannabis pen vaping—for widely used optical monitors (SidePak™ AM510, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN) by comparing the monitors with gravimetric mass measurements. We furthermore investigated the emission rate, particle size distribution, and particle removal rate of SCS. The CFs of SidePak PM₂.₅ monitors measuring the four types of SCS were 0.31 (SE = 0.02), 0.39 (SE = 0.02), 0.40 (SE = 0.01), and 0.44 (SE = 0.03), respectively. The arithmetic mean emission rates of the four SCS sources were ~2–6 times that of secondhand tobacco smoke (STS) on a per-puff basis. The fresh SCS (1-min after smoking) showed a bimodal size distribution—one mode located at ~380–420 nm and another at ~800–840 nm. Under low-ventilation conditions, the indoor removal rates of SCS from cannabis vaping were slightly higher (i.e., 0.61–0.77/h) than those for the other three sources (i.e., 0.35–0.53/h).
Keywords	calibration ; environment ; particle size distribution ; particulates ; smoke ; tobacco
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1201
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117731
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Article ; Online: Elevated plasma YKL-40 level is found in the dogs with cancer and is related to poor prognosis.

Cheng, Kai Chung / Lee, Jih Jong / Wang, Shang Lin / Lin, Chun Yu / Tseng, Ching Tien / Lin, Chen Si / Liao, Albert Taiching

Journal of veterinary science

2019 Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) e53

Abstract: YKL-40, a secreted glycoprotein, may serve as an autoantigen, which mediates multiple inflammatory diseases and cancers. A high YKL-40 serum level is correlated with metastasis and poor survival in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of YKL-40 ... ...

Abstract	YKL-40, a secreted glycoprotein, may serve as an autoantigen, which mediates multiple inflammatory diseases and cancers. A high YKL-40 serum level is correlated with metastasis and poor survival in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of YKL-40 in dogs is still under evaluation. Herein, we examined the associations between plasma YKL-40 level and YKL-40 autoantibody (YAA) titers with malignancy and prognosis in canine cancer. Plasma levels of YKL-40 in healthy dogs (n = 20) and in dogs (n = 82) with cancer were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results indicated that plasma YKL-40 levels were significantly higher (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers, Tumor/blood ; Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/blood ; Dog Diseases/diagnosis ; Dog Diseases/metabolism ; Dogs ; Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasms/veterinary ; Prognosis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers, Tumor ; Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-30
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2125308-0
ISSN	1976-555X ; 1229-845X
ISSN (online)	1976-555X
ISSN	1229-845X
DOI	10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e53
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Article ; Online: Effectiveness of air purifier on health outcomes and indoor particles in homes of children with allergic diseases in Fresno, California: A pilot study.

Park, Hye-Kyung / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Tetteh, Afua O / Hildemann, Lynn M / Nadeau, Kari C

The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma

2017 Volume 54, Issue 4, Page(s) 341–346

Abstract: Objective: Epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution is correlated with morbidity caused by allergic diseases. We evaluated the effectiveness of reducing the levels of indoor fine particulate matter <2.5 micrometer diameter (PM: Methods! ...

Abstract	Objective: Epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution is correlated with morbidity caused by allergic diseases. We evaluated the effectiveness of reducing the levels of indoor fine particulate matter <2.5 micrometer diameter (PM Methods: The active group (with air purifiers) and the control group consisted of eight houses each. Air purifiers were installed in the living rooms and bedrooms of the subjects in the active group during the entire 12-week study duration. Childhood asthma control test, peak flow rate monitoring, and nasal symptom scores were evaluated at weeks 0, 6, and 12. Results: At 12 weeks, the active group showed a trend toward an improvement of childhood asthma control test scores and mean evening peak flow rates, whereas the control group showed deterioration in the same measures. Total and daytime nasal symptoms scores significantly reduced in the active group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). The average indoor PM Conclusions: Intervention with air purifiers reduces indoor PM
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Air Filters ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control ; Asthma/therapy ; California ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Pilot Projects ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603816-5
ISSN	1532-4303 ; 0277-0903
ISSN (online)	1532-4303
ISSN	0277-0903
DOI	10.1080/02770903.2016.1218011
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Article ; Online: Development of betulinic acid as an agonist of TGR5 receptor using a new in vitro assay.

Lo, Shih-Hsiang / Cheng, Kai-Chung / Li, Ying-Xiao / Chang, Chin-Hong / Cheng, Juei-Tang / Lee, Kung-Shing

Drug design, development and therapy

2016 Volume 10, Page(s) 2669–2676

Abstract: Background: G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, also known as TGR5 is known to be involved in glucose homeostasis. In animal models, treatment with a TGR5 agonist induces incretin secretion to reduce hyperglycemia. Betulinic acid, a triterpenoid ... ...

Abstract	Background: G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, also known as TGR5 is known to be involved in glucose homeostasis. In animal models, treatment with a TGR5 agonist induces incretin secretion to reduce hyperglycemia. Betulinic acid, a triterpenoid present in the leaves of white birch, has been introduced as a selective TGR5 agonist. However, direct activation of TGR5 by betulinic acid has not yet been reported. Methods: Transfection of TGR5 into cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells was performed to establish the presence of TGR5. Additionally, TGR5-specific small interfering RNA was employed to silence TGR5 in cells (NCI-H716 cells) that secreted incretins. Uptake of glucose by CHO-K1 cells was evaluated using a fluorescent indicator. Amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and glucagon-like peptide were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Betulinic acid dose-dependently increases glucose uptake by CHO-K1 cells transfected with TGR5 only, which can be considered an alternative method instead of radioligand binding assay. Additionally, signals coupled to TGR5 activation are also increased by betulinic acid in cells transfected with TGR5. In NCI-H716 cells, which endogenously express TGR5, betulinic acid induces glucagon-like peptide secretion via increasing calcium levels. However, the actions of betulinic acid were markedly reduced in NCI-H716 cells that received TGR5-silencing treatment. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the activation of TGR5 by betulinic acid for the first time. Conclusion: Similar to the positive control lithocholic acid, which is the established agonist of TGR5, betulinic acid has been characterized as a useful agonist of TGR5 and can be used to activate TGR5 in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Triterpenes/chemical synthesis ; Triterpenes/chemistry ; Triterpenes/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
Chemical Substances	GPBAR1 protein, human ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Triterpenes ; betulinic acid (4G6A18707N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2451346-5
ISSN	1177-8881 ; 1177-8881
ISSN (online)	1177-8881
ISSN	1177-8881
DOI	10.2147/DDDT.S113197
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