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Article ; Online: The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys

Kylie Legg / Darryl Cochrane / Erica Gee / Chris Rogers

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 7572, p

2020 Volume 7572

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing ...

Abstract	The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performance characteristics (race falls or wins) between cohorts with low (1–10), middle (10–200) and high (>200) numbers of rides per season were compared. Flat racing apprentices had more rides per season (25, interquartile range [IQR] 7–97 vs. 14, IQR 3–222, p < 0.001) but fewer rides per race day (2, IQR 1–4 vs. 4, IQR 2–6, p < 0.001) than flat racing jockeys. Flat racing jockeys in the high workload cohort (23%) were responsible for 83% of the race-day rides, riding in a median of 375 (IQR 283–520) races per season. These jockeys had half the fall rate (Incidence rate [IR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.9–1.1) and 1.4 times the success rates per 1000 rides (IR 98, 95% CI 97–99) than jockeys in the low and middle workload cohorts ( p < 0.05). Most jockeys had light workloads, greater risk of injury and lower winning rates than the smaller cohort of jockeys with heavier workloads. This disparity in opportunity and success between cohorts indicates inefficiencies within the industry in recruitment and retention of jockeys. These data provide a foundation to further studies investigating jockey competition-specific fitness and its effect on both riding success and reducing injury risk.
Keywords	horse ; fitness ; rider performance ; thoroughbred racing ; jockey ; equestrian athlete ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding

Kylie Legg / Darryl Cochrane / Erica Gee / Chris Rogers

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 7443, p

2020 Volume 7443

Abstract: Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study ... ...

Abstract	Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season ( p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.
Keywords	horse ; thoroughbred racing ; jockey ; career ; risk factors ; equestrian athlete ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Bone Morphology and Strength in the Mid-Diaphysis of the Humerus and Metacarpus in Dairy Calves Prior to Weaning

Michaela Gibson / Keren Dittmer / Rebecca Hickson / Penny Back / Chris Rogers

Animals, Vol 10, Iss 1422, p

2020 Volume 1422

Abstract: Calf growth rate in relation to future milk production has been thoroughly studied; however, the observation of growth arrest lines in bones from heifers with humeral fractures has highlighted the need to understand bone growth in relation to calf growth. ...

Abstract	Calf growth rate in relation to future milk production has been thoroughly studied; however, the observation of growth arrest lines in bones from heifers with humeral fractures has highlighted the need to understand bone growth in relation to calf growth. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived measures of bone strength and morphology with gross measurements of size and growth in pre-weaning dairy calves. Liveweight, height, body length, girth and leg length were measured at one, six and twelve weeks of age. At these intervals, the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus was also scanned in the live animal using pQCT. At six and twelve weeks old, a subset of calves were euthanised and the humerus was collected and scanned at the mid-diaphysis using pQCT. Differences in growth patterns were observed between the metacarpus and humerus over time. Weight was the best predictor for measures of periosteal circumference and stress strain index (R 2 = 0.49–0.58) in the metacarpus, and also the best predictor for measures of stress strain index at all ages in the humerus (R 2 = 0.94). The strong relationship with weight and bone measures emphasises the need for adequate preweaning nutrition for future bone growth.
Keywords	bone ; fracture ; humerus ; metacarpus ; dairy calf ; bone strength ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Sex and Age on Bone Morphology and Strength in the Metacarpus and Humerus in Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle

Michaela Gibson / Rebecca Hickson / Penny Back / Keren Dittmer / Nicola Schreurs / Chris Rogers

Animals, Vol 11, Iss 3, p

2021 Volume 694

Abstract: In cattle, limited data have been reported about the relationship between live weight, bone size, and strength and how this relationship can be altered by factors such as sex and age. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral ... ...

Abstract	In cattle, limited data have been reported about the relationship between live weight, bone size, and strength and how this relationship can be altered by factors such as sex and age. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived parameters of bone strength and morphology with live weight, age and sex in beef-cross-dairy cattle. All animals were weighed the day before slaughter. The metacarpus and humerus were collected at slaughter and scanned at the mid-diaphysis using pQCT. Live weight was the primary explanatory variable for bone size and strength in all cohorts. However, the effect of age was significant, such that magnitude of response to liveweight was less in the 24-month-old cohort. Sex was significant within cohorts in that bulls had a shorter metacarpus than steers and heifers had a shorter metacarpus than steers at age of slaughter.
Keywords	bone strength ; fracture ; humerus ; metacarpal ; sex ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Off-pump injectable versus on-pump conventional tissue valves for pulmonary valve replacement

Chris Rogers / Rachael Heys / Gianni Angelini / Massimo Caputo / Lucy Culliford / Serban Stoica / Andrew Parry / Mark Hamilton / Karen Sheehan / Rebecca Evans / Mark Turner / Barnaby Reeves / Terrie Walker-Smith / Nicola Viola / Kim Wright

BMJ Open, Vol 13, Iss

the injectable valve implantation randomised trial (INVITE)

2023 Volume 6

Abstract: Objectives To assess the effectiveness of injectable tissue pulmonary valve compared with standard pulmonary valve in patients requiring pulmonary valve replacement surgery.Design A multicentre, single-blind, parallel two-group randomised controlled ... ...

Abstract	Objectives To assess the effectiveness of injectable tissue pulmonary valve compared with standard pulmonary valve in patients requiring pulmonary valve replacement surgery.Design A multicentre, single-blind, parallel two-group randomised controlled trial. Participants were blind to their allocation. Follow-up continued for 6 months. Randomised allocations were generated by a computer using block randomisation, stratified by centre.Setting Two National Health Service secondary care centres in the UK.Participants People aged 12–80 years requiring pulmonary valve replacement.Interventions Participants were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to injectable pulmonary valve replacement (IPVR) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or standard pulmonary valve replacement (SPVR) with CPB.Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was chest drainage volume over the first 24 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital clinical outcomes; valve and heart function 6 months postsurgery and health-related quality of life 6 weeks and 6 months postsurgery.Results Nineteen participants agreed to take part. Eleven were allocated to IPVR and eight to SPVR. The trial was stopped before the target sample size of 60 participants was reached due to challenges in recruitment. The primary analysis includes all randomised participants; there were no withdrawals. Chest drain volume 24 hours after surgery was on average 277.6 mL lower with IPVR (IPVR mean 340.0 mL; SPVR mean 633.8 mL; mean difference, −277.6; 95% CI, −484.0 to −71.2; p=0.005). There were no statistically significant differences in time to readiness for extubation (p=0.476), time to fitness for discharge (p=0.577) and time to first discharge from the intensive care unit (p=0.209). Six participants with IPVR required CPB. Safety profiles and quality of life scores were similar.Conclusions IPVR reduced chest drain volume despite >50% of participants requiring CPB. There was no evidence of any other benefit of IPVR.Trial registration number ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Management of Horses during Fireworks in New Zealand

Gabriella Gronqvist / Chris Rogers / Erica Gee

Animals, Vol 6, Iss 3, p

2016 Volume 20

Abstract: Within popular press there has been much coverage of the negative effects associated with firework and horses. The effect of fireworks has been documented in companion animals, yet no studies have investigated the negative effects, or otherwise, of ... ...

Abstract	Within popular press there has been much coverage of the negative effects associated with firework and horses. The effect of fireworks has been documented in companion animals, yet no studies have investigated the negative effects, or otherwise, of fireworks on horses. This study aims to document horse responses and current management strategies to fireworks via an online survey. Of the total number of horses, 39% (1987/4765) were rated as “anxious”, 40% (1816/4765) “very anxious” and only 21% (965/4765) rated as “not anxious” around fireworks. Running (82%, 912/1107) was the most common behaviour reported, with no difference between property type (p > 0.05) or location (p > 0.05). Possibly as a consequence of the high frequency of running, 35% (384/1107) of respondents reported having horses break through fences in response to fireworks and a quarter (26%, 289/1099) reported that their horse(s) had received injuries associated with fireworks. The most common management strategy was moving their horse(s) to a paddock away from the fireworks (77%) and to stable/yard them (55%). However, approximately 30% reported these management strategies to be ineffective. Of the survey participants, 90% (996/1104) were against the sale of fireworks for private use.
Keywords	fireworks ; horses ; anxiety ; behaviour ; fear ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Veterinary and Equine Science Students’ Interpretation of Horse Behaviour

Gabriella Gronqvist / Chris Rogers / Erica Gee / Audrey Martinez / Charlotte Bolwell

Animals, Vol 7, Iss 8, p

2017 Volume 63

Abstract: Many veterinary and undergraduate equine science students have little previous horse handling experience and a poor understanding of horse behaviour; yet horses are one of the most unsafe animals with which veterinary students must work. It is essential ... ...

Abstract	Many veterinary and undergraduate equine science students have little previous horse handling experience and a poor understanding of horse behaviour; yet horses are one of the most unsafe animals with which veterinary students must work. It is essential for veterinary and equine students to learn how to interpret horse behaviour in order to understand demeanour and levels of arousal, and to optimise their own safety and the horses’ welfare. The study utilised a qualitative research approach to investigate veterinary science and veterinary technology and undergraduate equine science students’ interpretation of expressive behaviours shown by horses. The students (N = 127) were shown six short video clips and asked to select the most applicable terms, from a pre-determined list, to describe the behavioural expression of each individual horse. A wide variation of terms were selected by students and in some situations of distress, or situations that may be dangerous or lead to compromised welfare, apparently contradictory terms were also selected (happy or playful) by students with less experience with horses. Future studies should consider the use of Qualitative Behavioural Analysis (QBA) and free-choice profiling to investigate the range of terms used by students to describe the expressive demeanour and arousal levels of horses.
Keywords	horse behaviour ; horse welfare ; qualitative analysis ; expressive behaviour ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injury during Racing on New Zealand Racetracks 2005–2011

Charlotte Bolwell / Chris Rogers / Erica Gee / Wayne McIlwraith

Animals, Vol 7, Iss 8, p

2017 Volume 62

Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of veterinary events that resulted in a horse failing to finish a race and identify risk factors for musculoskeletal injury (MSI) during a race. Data were obtained on Thoroughbred flat race starts ...

Abstract	The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of veterinary events that resulted in a horse failing to finish a race and identify risk factors for musculoskeletal injury (MSI) during a race. Data were obtained on Thoroughbred flat race starts in New Zealand between 1 August 2005 and 31 July 2011 (six racing seasons). Stipendiary Steward’s reports were key-word searched to identify veterinary events that prevented a horse from finishing a race. Race data were used calculate the incidence of veterinary events per 1000 horse starts and Poisson regression was used to investigate risk factors for MSI. There were 188,616 race starts and 177 reported veterinary events. The incidence of MSI on race day was 0.72 per 1000 starts, whilst the incidence of respiratory events was 0.21 per 1000 starts. The rate of MSI was significantly lower on ‘dead’ and ‘slow’ tracks compared with ‘good’ tracks and significantly greater in longer races (≥1671 m) compared with races of ≤1200 m. The rate of MSI during flat races in New Zealand appears lower than that reported worldwide, which may be due to the management and training of horses in New Zealand or differences in case definitions used in comparable studies.
Keywords	horse ; racehorse ; incidence rates ; cardiac ; respiratory ; fatalities ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Challenges of Using Horses for Practical Teaching Purposes in Veterinary Programmes

Gabriella Gronqvist / Chris Rogers / Erica Gee / Charlotte Bolwell / Stuart Gordon

Animals, Vol 6, Iss 11, p

2016 Volume 69

Abstract: Students enrolled in veterinary degrees often come from an urban background with little previous experience in handling horses and other large animals. Many veterinary degree programmes place importance on the teaching of appropriate equine handling ... ...

Abstract	Students enrolled in veterinary degrees often come from an urban background with little previous experience in handling horses and other large animals. Many veterinary degree programmes place importance on the teaching of appropriate equine handling skills, yet within the literature it is commonly reported that time allocated for practical classes often suffers due to time constraint pressure from other elements of the curriculum. The effect of this pressure on animal handling teaching time is reflected in the self-reported low level of animal handling competency, particularly equine, in students with limited prior experience with horses. This is a concern as a naive student is potentially at higher risk of injury to themselves when interacting with horses. Additionally, a naive student with limited understanding of equine behaviour may, through inconsistent or improper handling, increase the anxiety and compromise the welfare of these horses. There is a lack of literature investigating the welfare of horses in university teaching facilities, appropriate handling procedures, and student safety. This article focuses on the importance for students to be able to interpret equine behaviour and the potential consequences of poor handling skills to equine and student welfare. Lastly, the authors suggest a conceptual model to optimise equine welfare, and subsequently student safety, during practical equine handling classes.
Keywords	horse ; equine handling ; equine welfare ; human-equine interaction ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Passive gripper inspired by and the Fin Ray® Effect

Whitney Crooks / Shane Rozen-Levy / Barry Trimmer / Chris Rogers / William Messner

International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, Vol

2017 Volume 14

Abstract: Soft robotic grippers are advantageous for tasks in which a robot comes into close contact with a human, must handle a delicate object, or needs to conform to an object. Most soft robotic grippers, like their hard counterparts, require actuation to ... ...

Abstract	Soft robotic grippers are advantageous for tasks in which a robot comes into close contact with a human, must handle a delicate object, or needs to conform to an object. Most soft robotic grippers, like their hard counterparts, require actuation to maintain a grip on an object. Here, we present a passive, soft robotic gripper that requires power to open and close but not to maintain a grip, which can be problematic in environments with limited energy availability (e.g. solar or battery power). Passive grip, by not requiring power to maintain grip on an object, provides a unique and safe alternative to energy-limited or energy-scarce environments. The Tufts Passive Gripper was inspired by the passive grip of the Manduca sexta and the simplicity of the Fin Ray® Effect. The gripper can be three-dimensional printed as one part on a multimaterial three-dimensional printer and only requires four additional steps to install the motor/tendon actuation mechanism. The gripper was capable of picking up over 40 common household objects, including a tissue, a pen, silverware, a needle, a stapler, a cup, and so on. The maximum load a gripper could hold when oriented perpendicular and parallel to the ground was 530 g (1 lb) and 240 g (0.5 lb), respectively.
Keywords	Electronics ; TK7800-8360 ; Electronic computers. Computer science ; QA75.5-76.95
Subject code	629
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SAGE Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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