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Article ; Online: Thermal characterization and separation of whey proteins by differential scanning calorimetry.

Jennings, Charity C / Freidenberger, McCall / Christensen, Shawn A / Conlin, Joy / Freidenberger, Olivia / Kenealey, Jason D

Food chemistry

2024 Volume 441, Page(s) 138347

Abstract: Most commercially available whey products contain a mixture of 6-7 whey proteins; however, there is an increased focus on using the individual whey proteins for their unique biological activities. Before extracting individual whey proteins for use, it is ...

Abstract	Most commercially available whey products contain a mixture of 6-7 whey proteins; however, there is an increased focus on using the individual whey proteins for their unique biological activities. Before extracting individual whey proteins for use, it is important to quantify how much of a particular protein is present in whey mixtures as well as if the protein is still structurally folded. We first characterized the denaturation temperature and enthalpy values for the six purified whey proteins at six pHs (3-9) and under ion chelation using a nano-differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). From the individual protein scans, we determined the optimal condition for detecting all 6 proteins on a single DSC scan was whey in an EDTA MOPs pH 6.7 buffer.
MeSH term(s)	Whey Proteins ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Temperature ; Proteins ; Thermodynamics ; Protein Denaturation
Chemical Substances	Whey Proteins ; Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138347
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Article: The 13-lipoxygenase MSD2 and the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 impact Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in Sorghum

Block, Anna K / Xin, Zhanguo / Christensen, Shawn A

Planta. 2020 Oct., v. 252, no. 4

2020

Abstract: MAIN CONCLUSION: Linolenic acid produced by the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 in sorghum is used for insect-induced jasmonic acid production and is important for resistance against Spodoptera frugiperda. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone that ... ...

Abstract	MAIN CONCLUSION: Linolenic acid produced by the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 in sorghum is used for insect-induced jasmonic acid production and is important for resistance against Spodoptera frugiperda. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone that regulates both plant development and stress responses. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase Multiseeded3 (MSD3) and the 13-lipoxygenase Multiseeded2 (MSD2) are important for producing JA to regulate panicle development and spikelet fertility, but their function in plant defense remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether these genes are important for the production of JA in response to herbivory by the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Compared to wild-type controls, the msd3 mutant accumulated less JA in leaves of both infested and uninfested plants, revealing that MSD3 is involved in stress-induced JA production. In contrast, herbivore-induced JA production in the msd2 mutant was indistinguishable from wild type, indicating that MSD2 does not function in herbivore-induced JA production. An increase of S. frugiperda growth was observed on both the msd3 and msd2 mutants, hinting at roles for both JA and additional oxylipins in sorghum’s defense responses.
Keywords	Sorghum bicolor ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; defense mechanisms ; fatty acid desaturase ; genetic resistance ; grain sorghum ; insect infestations ; insect pests ; insect resistance ; jasmonic acid ; leaves ; linolenic acid ; lipoxygenases ; mutants ; oxylipins ; panicles ; phytophagous insects ; plant hormones ; plant pests ; plant stress ; spikelets ; stress response
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Size	p. 62.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
Note	golden set
ZDB-ID	208909-9
ISSN	1432-2048 ; 0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
ISSN (online)	1432-2048
ISSN	0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
DOI	10.1007/s00425-020-03475-2
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Article ; Online: The 13-lipoxygenase MSD2 and the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 impact Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in Sorghum.

Block, Anna K / Xin, Zhanguo / Christensen, Shawn A

Planta

2020 Volume 252, Issue 4, Page(s) 62

Abstract: Main conclusion: Linolenic acid produced by the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 in sorghum is used for insect-induced jasmonic acid production and is important for resistance against Spodoptera frugiperda. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone that ... ...

Abstract	Main conclusion: Linolenic acid produced by the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase MSD3 in sorghum is used for insect-induced jasmonic acid production and is important for resistance against Spodoptera frugiperda. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone that regulates both plant development and stress responses. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase Multiseeded3 (MSD3) and the 13-lipoxygenase Multiseeded2 (MSD2) are important for producing JA to regulate panicle development and spikelet fertility, but their function in plant defense remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether these genes are important for the production of JA in response to herbivory by the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Compared to wild-type controls, the msd3 mutant accumulated less JA in leaves of both infested and uninfested plants, revealing that MSD3 is involved in stress-induced JA production. In contrast, herbivore-induced JA production in the msd2 mutant was indistinguishable from wild type, indicating that MSD2 does not function in herbivore-induced JA production. An increase of S. frugiperda growth was observed on both the msd3 and msd2 mutants, hinting at roles for both JA and additional oxylipins in sorghum's defense responses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Fatty Acid Desaturases/metabolism ; Herbivory ; Lipoxygenase/genetics ; Lipoxygenase/metabolism ; Mutation ; Oxylipins/metabolism ; Plant Defense Against Herbivory/genetics ; Sorghum/enzymology ; Sorghum/genetics ; Sorghum/parasitology ; Spodoptera/physiology
Chemical Substances	Oxylipins ; 13-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.-) ; Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) ; Fatty Acid Desaturases (EC 1.14.19.-) ; omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (EC 1.14.99.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208909-9
ISSN	1432-2048 ; 0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
ISSN (online)	1432-2048
ISSN	0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
DOI	10.1007/s00425-020-03475-2
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Article: Detecting the Conspecific: Herbivory-Induced Olfactory Cues in the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Ingber, David A / Christensen, Shawn A / Alborn, Hans T / Hiltpold, Ivan

Metabolites

2021 Volume 11, Issue 9

Abstract: The fall armyworm (FAW), ...

Abstract	The fall armyworm (FAW),
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662251-8
ISSN	2218-1989
ISSN	2218-1989
DOI	10.3390/metabo11090583
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Article: Production of the Green Leaf Volatile (

Yactayo-Chang, Jessica P / Hunter, Charles T / Alborn, Hans T / Christensen, Shawn A / Block, Anna K

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 11, Issue 17

Abstract: Plant-produced volatile compounds play important roles in plant signaling and in the communication of plants with other organisms. Many plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in response to damage or attack, which serve to warn neighboring plants or ... ...

Abstract	Plant-produced volatile compounds play important roles in plant signaling and in the communication of plants with other organisms. Many plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in response to damage or attack, which serve to warn neighboring plants or attract predatory or parasitic insects to help defend against insect pests. GLVs include aldehydes, esters, and alcohols of 6-carbon compounds that are released rapidly following wounding. One GLV produced by maize (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704341-1
ISSN	2223-7747
ISSN	2223-7747
DOI	10.3390/plants11172201
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Article ; Online: A non-JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid-mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack.

Huang, Pei-Cheng / Tate, Morgan / Berg-Falloure, Katherine M / Christensen, Shawn A / Zhang, Jinglan / Schirawski, Jan / Meeley, Robert / Kolomiets, Michael V

Molecular plant pathology

2023 Volume 24, Issue 7, Page(s) 725–741

Abstract: Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we ... ...

Abstract	Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator-insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA-producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA-inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA-mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA-deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non-JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.
MeSH term(s)	Oxidoreductases ; Salicylic Acid ; Oxylipins ; Cyclopentanes ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Chemical Substances	jasmonic acid (6RI5N05OWW) ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-) ; Salicylic Acid (O414PZ4LPZ) ; 2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate (63681-84-5) ; Oxylipins ; Cyclopentanes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2020755-4
ISSN	1364-3703 ; 1364-3703
ISSN (online)	1364-3703
ISSN	1364-3703
DOI	10.1111/mpp.13299
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Article: Production of the Green Leaf Volatile (Z)-3-Hexenal by a Zea mays Hydroperoxide Lyase

Yactayo-Chang, Jessica P. / Hunter, Charles T. / Alborn, Hans T. / Christensen, Shawn A. / Block, Anna K.

Plants. 2022 Aug. 25, v. 11, no. 17

2022

Abstract	Plant-produced volatile compounds play important roles in plant signaling and in the communication of plants with other organisms. Many plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in response to damage or attack, which serve to warn neighboring plants or attract predatory or parasitic insects to help defend against insect pests. GLVs include aldehydes, esters, and alcohols of 6-carbon compounds that are released rapidly following wounding. One GLV produced by maize (Zea mays) is the volatile (Z)-3-hexenal; this volatile is produced from the cleavage of (9Z,11E,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid by hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) of the cytochrome P450 CYP74B family. The specific HPL in maize involved in (Z)-3-hexenal production had not been determined. In this study, we used phylogenetics with known HPLs from other species to identify a candidate HPL from maize (ZmHPL). To test the ability of the putative HPL to produce (Z)-3-hexenal, we constitutively expressed the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 that contains a natural loss-of-function mutant in AtHPL and examined the transgenic plants for restored (Z)-3-hexenal production. Volatile analysis of leaves from these transgenic plants showed that they did produce (Z)-3-hexenal, confirming that ZmHPL can produce (Z)-3-hexenal in vivo. Furthermore, we used gene expression analysis to show that expression of ZmHPL is induced in maize in response to both wounding and the insect pests Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera exigua. Our study demonstrates that ZmHPL can produce GLVs and highlights its likely role in (Z)-3-hexenal production in response to mechanical damage and herbivory in maize.
Keywords	Arabidopsis thaliana ; Spodoptera exigua ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Zea mays ; corn ; cytochrome P-450 ; ecotypes ; gene expression ; genes ; genetically modified organisms ; herbivores ; insects ; leaves ; loss-of-function mutation ; lyases ; mechanical damage ; mutants ; phylogeny
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0825
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2704341-1
ISSN	2223-7747
ISSN	2223-7747
DOI	10.3390/plants11172201
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Article ; Online: A non‐JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid‐mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack

Huang, Pei‐Cheng / Tate, Morgan / Berg‐Falloure, Katherine M. / Christensen, Shawn A. / Zhang, Jinglan / Schirawski, Jan / Meeley, Robert / Kolomiets, Michael V.

Molecular Plant Pathology. 2023 July, v. 24, no. 7 p.725-741

2023

Abstract: Peroxisome‐localized oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12‐OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non‐JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we ... ...

Abstract	Peroxisome‐localized oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12‐OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non‐JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator‐insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA‐producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA‐inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA‐mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA‐deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non‐JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.
Keywords	Bipolaris maydis ; Glomerella graminicola ; Ustilago zeae ; antagonism ; biosynthesis ; corn ; fungi ; genes ; jasmonic acid ; lifestyle ; lipoxygenases ; mutants ; mutation ; pathogens ; phenotype ; plant pathology ; salicylic acid
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Size	p. 725-741.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020755-4
ISSN	1364-3703 ; 1464-6722
ISSN (online)	1364-3703
ISSN	1464-6722
DOI	10.1111/mpp.13299
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Article ; Online: Metabolomics by UHPLC-HRMS reveals the impact of heat stress on pathogen-elicited immunity in maize.

Christensen, Shawn A / Santana, E'lysse A / Alborn, Hans T / Block, Anna K / Chamberlain, Casey A

Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society

2021 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Introduction: Studies investigating crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress have largely focused on plant responses to singular forms of stress and individual biochemical pathways that only partially represent stress responses. Thus, combined ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Studies investigating crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress have largely focused on plant responses to singular forms of stress and individual biochemical pathways that only partially represent stress responses. Thus, combined abiotic and biotic stress treatments and the global assessment of their elicited metabolic expression remains largely unexplored. In this study, we employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the molecular responses of maize (Zea mays) to abiotic, biotic, and combinatorial stress. Objective: We compared the inducible metabolomes of heat-stressed (abiotic) and C. heterostrophus-infected (biotic) maize and examined the effects of heat stress on the ability of maize to defend itself against C. heterostrophus. Methods: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on plants grown under control conditions (28 °C), heat stress (38 °C), Cochliobolus heterostrophus infection, or combinatorial stress [heat (38 °C) + C. heterostrophus infection]. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed differential metabolite expression between heat stress, C. heterostrophus infection, and their respective controls. In combinatorial experiments, treatment with heat stress prior to fungal inoculation negatively impacted maize disease resistance against C. heterostrophus, and distinct metabolome separation between combinatorial stressed plants and the non-heat-stressed infected controls was observed. Targeted analysis revealed inducible primary and secondary metabolite responses to abiotic/biotic stress, and combinatorial experiments indicated that deficiency in the hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, may contribute to the heat-induced susceptibility of maize to C. heterostrophus. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that abiotic stress can predispose crops to more severe disease symptoms, underlining the increasing need to investigate defense chemistry in plants under combinatorial stress.
MeSH term(s)	Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Heat-Shock Response ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics/methods ; Plant Diseases/immunology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Zea mays/immunology ; Zea mays/metabolism ; Zea mays/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2250617-2
ISSN	1573-3890 ; 1573-3882
ISSN (online)	1573-3890
ISSN	1573-3882
DOI	10.1007/s11306-020-01739-2
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Article ; Online: RNAi-induced knockdown of white gene in the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula L.).

Souza, Dariane / Christensen, Shawn A / Wu, Ke / Buss, Lyle / Kleckner, Kaylin / Darrisaw, Constance / Shirk, Paul D / Siegfried, Blair D

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 10396

Abstract: The southern green stink bug (SGSB) Nezara viridula L. is one of the most common stink bug species in the United States and can cause significant yield loss in a variety of crops. A suitable marker for the assessment of gene-editing tools in SGSB has yet ...

Abstract	The southern green stink bug (SGSB) Nezara viridula L. is one of the most common stink bug species in the United States and can cause significant yield loss in a variety of crops. A suitable marker for the assessment of gene-editing tools in SGSB has yet to be characterized. The white gene, first documented in Drosophila, has been a useful target to assess the efficiency of introduced mutations in many species as it controls pigmentation processes and mutants display readily identifiable phenotypes. In this study we used the RNAi technique to investigate functions and phenotypes associated with the white ortholog in the SGSB and to validate white as a marker for genetic transformation in this species. This study revealed that white may be a suitable marker for germline transformation in the SGSB as white transcript knockdown was not lethal, did not impair embryo development and provided a distinguishable phenotype. Our results demonstrated that the white ortholog in SGSB is involved in the pathway for ommochrome synthesis and suggested additional functions of this gene such as in the integument composition, management of hemolymph compounds and riboflavin mobilization.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Crops, Agricultural ; Heteroptera/genetics ; Heteroptera/metabolism ; RNA Interference
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-14620-0
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