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  1. Article ; Online: Experience shapes chandelier cell function and structure in the visual cortex

    Koen Seignette / Nora Jamann / Paolo Papale / Huub Terra / Ralph O Porneso / Leander de Kraker / Chris van der Togt / Maaike van der Aa / Paul Neering / Emma Ruimschotel / Pieter R Roelfsema / Jorrit S Montijn / Matthew W Self / Maarten HP Kole / Christiaan N Levelt

    eLife, Vol

    2024  Volume 12

    Abstract: Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we ... ...

    Abstract Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we found that V1 ChCs predominantly receive monosynaptic input from local layer 5 pyramidal cells and higher-order cortical regions. Two-photon calcium imaging and convolutional neural network modeling revealed that ChCs are visually responsive but weakly selective for stimulus content. In mice running in a virtual tunnel, ChCs respond strongly to events known to elicit arousal, including locomotion and visuomotor mismatch. Repeated exposure of the mice to the virtual tunnel was accompanied by reduced visual responses of ChCs and structural plasticity of ChC boutons and axon initial segment length. Finally, ChCs only weakly inhibited pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ChCs provide an arousal-related signal to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells that may modulate their activity and/or gate plasticity of their axon initial segments during behaviorally relevant events.
    Keywords axo-axonic ; prediction error ; chandelier ; inhibitition ; arousal ; most exciting input ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: A parameter-free statistical test for neuronal responsiveness

    Jorrit S Montijn / Koen Seignette / Marcus H Howlett / J Leonie Cazemier / Maarten Kamermans / Christiaan N Levelt / J Alexander Heimel

    eLife, Vol

    2021  Volume 10

    Abstract: Neurophysiological studies depend on a reliable quantification of whether and when a neuron responds to stimulation. Simple methods to determine responsiveness require arbitrary parameter choices, such as binning size, while more advanced model-based ... ...

    Abstract Neurophysiological studies depend on a reliable quantification of whether and when a neuron responds to stimulation. Simple methods to determine responsiveness require arbitrary parameter choices, such as binning size, while more advanced model-based methods require fitting and hyperparameter tuning. These parameter choices can change the results, which invites bad statistical practice and reduces the replicability. New recording techniques that yield increasingly large numbers of cells would benefit from a test for cell-inclusion that requires no manual curation. Here, we present the parameter-free ZETA-test, which outperforms t-tests, ANOVAs, and renewal-process-based methods by including more cells at a similar false-positive rate. We show that our procedure works across brain regions and recording techniques, including calcium imaging and Neuropixels data. Furthermore, in illustration of the method, we show in mouse visual cortex that (1) visuomotor-mismatch and spatial location are encoded by different neuronal subpopulations and (2) optogenetic stimulation of VIP cells leads to early inhibition and subsequent disinhibition.
    Keywords neural data analysis ; statistics ; responsiveness ; response latency ; visual cortex ; VIP disinhibition ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Correction

    Jean-Pierre Sommeijer / Christiaan N. Levelt

    PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss

    Synaptotagmin-2 Is a Reliable Marker for Parvalbumin Positive Inhibitory Boutons in the Mouse Visual Cortex

    2012  Volume 7

    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Correction

    Jean-Pierre Sommeijer / Christiaan N. Levelt

    PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss

    Synaptotagmin-2 Is a Reliable Marker for Parvalbumin Positive Inhibitory Boutons in the Mouse Visual Cortex.

    2012  Volume 7

    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Synaptotagmin-2 is a reliable marker for parvalbumin positive inhibitory boutons in the mouse visual cortex.

    Jean-Pierre Sommeijer / Christiaan N Levelt

    PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 4, p e

    2012  Volume 35323

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inhibitory innervation by parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons has been implicated in the onset of the sensitive period of visual plasticity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the development and plasticity of these inhibitory inputs is ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Inhibitory innervation by parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons has been implicated in the onset of the sensitive period of visual plasticity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the development and plasticity of these inhibitory inputs is difficult because PV expression is low in young animals and strongly influenced by neuronal activity. Moreover, the synaptic boutons that PV neurons form onto each other cannot be distinguished from the innervated cell bodies by immunostaining for this protein because it is present throughout the cells. These problems call for the availability of a synaptic, activity-independent marker for PV+ inhibitory boutons that is expressed before sensitive period onset. We investigated whether synaptotagmin-2 (Syt2) fulfills these properties in the visual cortex. Syt2 is a synaptic vesicle protein involved in fast Ca(2+) dependent neurotransmitter release. Its mRNA expression follows a pattern similar to that of PV throughout the brain and is present in 30-40% of hippocampal PV expressing basket cells. Up to now, no quantitative analyses of Syt2 expression in the visual cortex have been carried out. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used immunohistochemistry to analyze colocalization of Syt2 with multiple interneuron markers including vesicular GABA transporter VGAT, calbindin, calretinin, somatostatin and PV in the primary visual cortex of mice during development and after dark-rearing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We show that in the adult visual cortex Syt2 is only found in inhibitory, VGAT positive boutons. Practically all Syt2 positive boutons also contain PV and vice versa. During development, Syt2 expression can be detected in synaptic boutons prior to PV and in contrast to PV expression, Syt2 is not down-regulated by dark-rearing. These properties of Syt2 make it an excellent marker for analyzing the development and plasticity of perisomatic inhibitory innervations onto both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the visual cortex.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 571
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: Inhibitory interneurons in visual cortical plasticity

    van Versendaal, Daniëlle / Christiaan N. Levelt

    Cellular and molecular life sciences. 2016 Oct., v. 73, no. 19

    2016  

    Abstract: For proper maturation of the neocortex and acquisition of specific functions and skills, exposure to sensory stimuli is vital during critical periods of development when synaptic connectivity is highly malleable. To preserve reliable cortical processing, ...

    Abstract For proper maturation of the neocortex and acquisition of specific functions and skills, exposure to sensory stimuli is vital during critical periods of development when synaptic connectivity is highly malleable. To preserve reliable cortical processing, it is essential that these critical periods end after which learning becomes more conditional and active interaction with the environment becomes more important. How these age-dependent forms of plasticity are regulated has been studied extensively in the primary visual cortex. This has revealed that inhibitory innervation plays a crucial role and that a temporary decrease in inhibition is essential for plasticity to take place. Here, we discuss how different interneuron subsets regulate plasticity during different stages of cortical maturation. We propose a theory in which different interneuron subsets select the sources of neuronal input that undergo plasticity.
    Keywords innervation ; interneurons ; learning ; neocortex ; visual cortex
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-10
    Size p. 3677-3691.
    Publishing place Springer International Publishing
    Document type Article
    Note Review
    ZDB-ID 1358415-7
    ISSN 1420-9071 ; 1420-682X
    ISSN (online) 1420-9071
    ISSN 1420-682X
    DOI 10.1007/s00018-016-2264-4
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article ; Online: The Role of GABAergic Inhibition in Ocular Dominance Plasticity

    J. Alexander Heimel / Daniëlle van Versendaal / Christiaan N. Levelt

    Neural Plasticity, Vol

    2011  Volume 2011

    Keywords Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ; RC321-571 ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Neurology ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
    Publishing date 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Hindawi Publishing Corporation
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Cre-dependent expression of multiple transgenes in isolated neurons of the adult forebrain.

    Sridhara Chakravarthy / Tara Keck / Martijn Roelandse / Robin Hartman / Andreas Jeromin / Sean Perry / Sonja B Hofer / Thomas Mrsic-Flogel / Christiaan N Levelt

    PLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 8, p e

    2008  Volume 3059

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Transgenic mice with mosaic, Golgi-staining-like expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) have been very useful in studying the dynamics of neuronal structure and function. In order to further investigate the molecular events ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Transgenic mice with mosaic, Golgi-staining-like expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) have been very useful in studying the dynamics of neuronal structure and function. In order to further investigate the molecular events regulating structural plasticity, it would be useful to express multiple proteins in the same sparse neurons, allowing co-expression of functional proteins or co-labeling of subcellular compartments with other fluorescent proteins. However, it has been difficult to obtain reproducible expression in the same subset of neurons for direct comparison of neurons expressing different functional proteins. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe a Cre-transgenic line that allows reproducible expression of transgenic proteins of choice in a small number of neurons of the adult cortex, hippocampus, striatum, olfactory bulb, subiculum, hypothalamus, superior colliculus and amygdala. We show that using these Cre-transgenic mice, multiple Cre-dependent transgenes can be expressed together in the same isolated neurons. We also describe a Cre-dependent transgenic line expressing a membrane associated EGFP (EGFP-F). Crossed with the Cre-transgenic line, EGFP-F expression starts in the adolescent forebrain, is present in dendrites, dendritic protrusions, axons and boutons and is strong enough for acute or chronic in vivo imaging. SIGNIFICANCE: This triple transgenic approach will aid the morphological and functional characterization of neurons in various Cre-dependent transgenic mice.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 616
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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