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Article ; Online: Pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition of lipoxygenases by flavonoid rich extract from Artemisia vulgaris.

Lim, Jin Ru / Chua, Lee Suan / Mustaffa, Azizul Azri

Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences

2024 Volume 1237, Page(s) 124072

Abstract: The peroxyl radicals generated by the activity of lipoxygenases (LOX) are mediators to trigger inflammatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to investigate potent LOX inhibitor for modulating the occurrence and resolving inflammatory processes. ... ...

Abstract	The peroxyl radicals generated by the activity of lipoxygenases (LOX) are mediators to trigger inflammatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to investigate potent LOX inhibitor for modulating the occurrence and resolving inflammatory processes. Artemisa vulgaris, is a herbal plant that is known for flavonoids, potentially inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging radicals. The objectives of the present study were to obtain flavonoids rich extract from A. vulgaris, and determine the inhibitory mode of the extract against LOX. The flavonoids rich extract was optimized in an ultrasound assisted extraction using ionic liquids as extraction solvent. The results found that the optimum conditions; ratio of solid-to-liquid (1:10) and 30 min of extraction time could produce the high yield (10.14 %) and flavonoid content (5.30 mg QE/g). The LOX activity was demonstrated to follow a mixed mode of inhibition in the presence of the flavonoid rich extract as an inhibitor. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was increased from 0.283 µM to 0.435 µM, whereas the maximum velocity was reduced from 0.22 µM/min to 0.058 µM/min in the inhibition. The flavonoids rich extract is likely to be a natural potent non-competitive inhibitor which may bind to free LOX or substrate-bound LOX.
MeSH term(s)	Flavonoids/pharmacology ; Lipoxygenases ; Artemisia ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Flavonoids ; Lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.-) ; Antioxidants ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1180823-8
ISSN	1873-376X ; 0378-4347 ; 1570-0232 ; 1387-2273
ISSN (online)	1873-376X
ISSN	0378-4347 ; 1570-0232 ; 1387-2273
DOI	10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124072
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Article: Evaluating Biological Properties of Stingless Bee Propolis.

Lim, Jin Ru / Chua, Lee Suan / Dawood, Dawood Ali Salim

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 12

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the content of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, as well as the biological functions of propolis extracts from the stingless bee ( ...

Abstract	The aim of the present study was to determine the content of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, as well as the biological functions of propolis extracts from the stingless bee (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12122290
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Article ; Online: Potential of rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon aristatus extract for inflammatory induced diseases and its mechanisms of action.

Mohmad Saberi, Salfarina Ezrina / Chua, Lee Suan

Life sciences

2023 Volume 333, Page(s) 122170

Abstract: Orthosiphon aristatus has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for various illnesses in Southeast Asia and Europe. The most dominant bioactive compound of the herb is rosmarinic acid (RosA) which has been demonstrated for its remarkable anti- ... ...

Abstract	Orthosiphon aristatus has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for various illnesses in Southeast Asia and Europe. The most dominant bioactive compound of the herb is rosmarinic acid (RosA) which has been demonstrated for its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. This review describes the recent progress of studies on multi-target molecular pathways of RosA in relation to targeted inflammatory-associated diseases. An inclusive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, PubMed, Medline, Wiley and Science Direct for studies reporting on the anti-inflammatory actions of RosA from 2008 until 2023. The keywords of the search were RosA and anti-inflammatory in relation to hepatoprotective, chondroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and toxicity. Only publications that are written in English are included in this review. The inhibition and deactivation of pro-inflammatory biomolecules by RosA were explained based on the initial inflammation stimuli and their location in the body. The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression to inhibit NF-κB pathway is the key mechanism for hepatoprotection. Besides NF-κB inhibition, RosA activates PPARγ to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury for cardioprotection. The regulation of MAPK and T-cell activation is important for chondroprotection, whereas the anti-oxidant property of RosA is the main contributor of neuroprotection. Even though less studies on the anti-inflammation of RosA extracts from O. aristatus, but the effective pharmacological properties of RosA has promoted it as a natural potent lead for further investigation.
MeSH term(s)	Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; Orthosiphon/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Rosmarinic Acid
Chemical Substances	Plant Extracts ; NF-kappa B ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3378-9
ISSN	1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
ISSN (online)	1879-0631
ISSN	0024-3205
DOI	10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122170
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Article ; Online: Drying Kinetic of Jaboticaba Berries and Natural Fermentation for Anthocyanin-Rich Fruit Vinegar

Chua, Lee Suan / Abd Wahab, Nurul Syafiqah

Foods. 2022 Dec. 23, v. 12, no. 1

2022

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the drying kinetic of jaboticaba berries that were then used for the fermentation of natural fruit vinegar. The drying behavior was fitted well to the thin-layer kinetic model of Midilli et al. in a vacuum oven at 40 °C. ... ...

Abstract	This study aimed to determine the drying kinetic of jaboticaba berries that were then used for the fermentation of natural fruit vinegar. The drying behavior was fitted well to the thin-layer kinetic model of Midilli et al. in a vacuum oven at 40 °C. Moisture diffusion was the dominant mechanism because two falling rate periods were observed. The effective moisture diffusivity was decreased (2.52 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) after being pretreated with 70% sugar (1.84 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s) and 10% salt (6.73 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s) solutions. Fresh berry vinegar was found to have higher flavonoids, including anthocyanins, to exhibit higher antiradical and anti-pathogenic microorganism activities. However, the phenolic content in dried berries vinegar was higher, mainly from the bond breaking of tannins and lignins from fruit peel. Some extent of oxidation occurred because of the change in the color index of vinegar samples. The acidity of both vinegars was 3% acetic acid. Headspace GC-MS also detected acetic acid as the major compound (>60%) in the vapor of vinegar samples. A wide range of non-volatile compounds composed of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, and sugar derivatives was detected by UHPLC-TWIMS-QTOFMS. The peak intensity of anthocyanins was reduced by 28–77% in dried berry vinegar. Therefore, it is better to prepare natural fruit vinegar using fresh berries, preserving anthocyanins for high antioxidant capacity.
Keywords	Plinia cauliflora ; acetic acid ; acidity ; anthocyanins ; antioxidant activity ; color ; fermentation ; fruit peels ; fruits ; headspace analysis ; kinetics ; lignin ; moisture diffusivity ; ovens ; oxidation ; sugars ; terpenoids ; vapors ; vinegars
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1223
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12010065
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Editorial: Developing medicinal plant extracts commercially: The importance of extraction and fractionation.

Brendler, Thomas / Chua, Lee Suan / Abdullah, Luqman Chuah / Yam, Mun Fei

Frontiers in pharmacology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1140783

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2587355-6
ISSN	1663-9812
ISSN	1663-9812
DOI	10.3389/fphar.2023.1140783
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Article ; Online: Potential protein hydrolysates from the white and purple flower varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus leaves.

Chua, Lee Suan / Abdullah, Farah Izana / Lim, Teck Kwang / Lin, Qingsong

Food chemistry

2023 Volume 432, Page(s) 137261

Abstract: This study was aimed to extract bioactive peptides from the white and purple flower varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus leaves. The herb is well known for its pharmacological importance, possibly attributed to its plant proteins. Phenol based extraction ... ...

Abstract	This study was aimed to extract bioactive peptides from the white and purple flower varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus leaves. The herb is well known for its pharmacological importance, possibly attributed to its plant proteins. Phenol based extraction was used to extract plant proteins, and then hydrolysed by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin (serine protease) and pepsin (aspartic protease). MS/MS analysis revealed that 145 and 125 proteins were detected from the white and purple flower varieties, respectively. Trypsin hydrolysates were showed to have a higher degree of hydrolysis (24-33%), resulting in higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The white flower of trypsin hydrolysates showed a higher radical scavenging activity which could be attributed to its higher content of stress proteins (19%). However, trypsin hydrolysates from the purple flower showed higher ferric reducing power and bacterial growth inhibition. The performance of hydrolysates was better than ampicillin in inhibiting Acinetobacter baumanni and Staphylococcus aureus.
MeSH term(s)	Protein Hydrolysates ; Trypsin ; Orthosiphon ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Serine Proteases ; Flowers ; Plant Leaves
Chemical Substances	Protein Hydrolysates ; Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) ; Serine Proteases (EC 3.4.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137261
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Article: Drying Kinetic of Jaboticaba Berries and Natural Fermentation for Anthocyanin-Rich Fruit Vinegar.

Chua, Lee Suan / Abd Wahab, Nurul Syafiqah

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1

Abstract	This study aimed to determine the drying kinetic of jaboticaba berries that were then used for the fermentation of natural fruit vinegar. The drying behavior was fitted well to the thin-layer kinetic model of Midilli et al. in a vacuum oven at 40 °C. Moisture diffusion was the dominant mechanism because two falling rate periods were observed. The effective moisture diffusivity was decreased (2.52 × 10−10 m2/s) after being pretreated with 70% sugar (1.84 × 10−10 m2/s) and 10% salt (6.73 × 10−11 m2/s) solutions. Fresh berry vinegar was found to have higher flavonoids, including anthocyanins, to exhibit higher antiradical and anti-pathogenic microorganism activities. However, the phenolic content in dried berries vinegar was higher, mainly from the bond breaking of tannins and lignins from fruit peel. Some extent of oxidation occurred because of the change in the color index of vinegar samples. The acidity of both vinegars was 3% acetic acid. Headspace GC-MS also detected acetic acid as the major compound (>60%) in the vapor of vinegar samples. A wide range of non-volatile compounds composed of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, and sugar derivatives was detected by UHPLC-TWIMS-QTOFMS. The peak intensity of anthocyanins was reduced by 28−77% in dried berry vinegar. Therefore, it is better to prepare natural fruit vinegar using fresh berries, preserving anthocyanins for high antioxidant capacity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12010065
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Article ; Online: Evaluating Biological Properties of Stingless Bee Propolis

Lim, Jin Ru / Chua, Lee Suan / Dawood, Dawood Ali Salim

Foods. 2023 June 06, v. 12, no. 12

2023

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the content of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, as well as the biological functions of propolis extracts from the stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama). The raw propolis was extracted via maceration with ... ...

Abstract	The aim of the present study was to determine the content of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, as well as the biological functions of propolis extracts from the stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama). The raw propolis was extracted via maceration with ultrasonic pretreatment in 100% water and 20% ethanol. The yield of ethanolic propolis extracts was about 1% higher than its aqueous counterpart. The colorimetric assays showed that the ethanolic propolis extract had about two times higher phenolics (17.043 mg GAE/g) and tannins (5.411 mg GAE/g), and four times higher flavonoids (0.83 mg QE/g). The higher phenolic content had enhanced the antiradical and antibacterial capacities of the ethanolic extract. The propolis extracts significantly exhibited higher antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) than gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). However, aqueous extract was found to have a higher anticancer property based on the viability of lung cancer cells. No cytotoxic effect was observed on normal lung cells as the cell viability was maintained >50%, even the concentration of propolis extracts were increased up to 800 µg/mL. Different chemical compositions of propolis extract would show different bioactivities depending upon the individual applications. The high content of phenolics suggests that the propolis extract could be a natural source of bioactive ingredients for the development of innovative and functional foods.
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Staphylococcus aureus ; antibacterial properties ; antineoplastic activity ; cell viability ; colorimetry ; cytotoxicity ; ethanol ; flavonoids ; lung neoplasms ; lungs ; maceration ; phenolic compounds ; propolis ; stingless bees ; ultrasonics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0606
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2704223-6
ISSN	2304-8158
ISSN	2304-8158
DOI	10.3390/foods12122290
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Water-soluble propolis extract as a natural preservative for jaboticaba juice

Chua, Lee Suan / Chan, Yi Lin / Tay, Zhi Ying / Soo, John

Food Bioscience. 2023 Apr. 13, p.102651-

2023 , Page(s) 102651–

Abstract: This study was focused on the preparation of water-soluble propolis extract as the natural preservative for perishable jaboticaba juice. A successive extraction and alkaline hydrolysis were performed to produce water-soluble propolis extract. The ... ...

Abstract	This study was focused on the preparation of water-soluble propolis extract as the natural preservative for perishable jaboticaba juice. A successive extraction and alkaline hydrolysis were performed to produce water-soluble propolis extract. The propolis extract was found to have a high content of phenolics and flavonoids, but a low concentration of wax. The hydrolysed propolis extract was added into jaboticaba juice and the treated juice quality was monitored for 2 weeks at 4 °C. The results found that the performance of propolis extract was comparable with chemical preservative, sodium benzoate in similar amount (0.035%) used in the present study. The comparison was performed based on the physiochemical properties such as pH, titratable acidity, browning index and ascorbic acid content of juice. Ascorbic acid was the most reliable parameter to monitor the kinetic degradation of jaboticaba juice. Its degradation followed a first order kinetic model with a lower kinetic constant (0.1912 mg/mL/day) than that of non-treated juice (0.2073 mg/mL/day). The second reliable parameter was titratable acidity which could be used to monitor the rate of acid formation resulting from the breakdown of fruit sugars during degradation. The acidity of juice was slightly increased with storage time following zero order kinetics. The browning index was not suitable for juice quality monitoring as the addition of propolis would reduce flavylium cations of anthocyanins to be colourless. This non-thermal extraction followed by mild alkaline hydrolysis at pH 7.5 could produce good quality propolis extract, possibly as an alternative to chemical preservatives for jaboticaba juice.
Keywords	Plinia cauliflora ; alkaline hydrolysis ; anthocyanins ; ascorbic acid ; fruits ; juice quality ; juices ; kinetics ; pH ; phenolic compounds ; propolis ; sodium benzoate ; storage time ; titratable acidity ; water solubility ; Stingless bees ; Hydrolysis ; Jaboticaba ; Natural preservative
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0413
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ISSN	2212-4292
DOI	10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102651
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Untargeted MS-based small metabolite identification from the plant leaves and stems of Impatiens balsamina.

Chua, Lee Suan

Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB

2016 Volume 106, Page(s) 16–22

Abstract: The identification of plant metabolites is very important for the understanding of plant physiology including plant growth, development and defense mechanism, particularly for herbal medicinal plants. The metabolite profile could possibly be used for ... ...

Abstract	The identification of plant metabolites is very important for the understanding of plant physiology including plant growth, development and defense mechanism, particularly for herbal medicinal plants. The metabolite profile could possibly be used for future drug discovery since the pharmacological activities of the indigenous herbs have been proven for centuries. An untargeted mass spectrometric approach was used to identify metabolites from the leaves and stems of Impatiens balsamina using LC-DAD-MS/MS. The putative compounds are mostly from the groups of phenolic, organic and amino acids which are essential for plant growth and as intermediates for other compounds. Alanine appeared to be the main amino acid in the plant because many alanine derived metabolites were detected. There are also several secondary metabolites from the groups of benzopyrones, benzofuranones, naphthoquinones, alkaloids and flavonoids. The widely reported bioactive components such as kaempferol, quercetin and their glycosylated, lawsone and its derivatives were detected in this study. The results also revealed that aqueous methanol could extract flavonoids better than water, and mostly, flavonoids were detected from the leaf samples. The score plots of component analysis show that there is a minor variance in the metabolite profiles of water and aqueous methanolic extracts with 21.5 and 30.5% of the total variance for the first principal component at the positive and negative ion modes, respectively.
MeSH term(s)	Antioxidants/metabolism ; Flavonoids/analysis ; Impatiens/metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Metabolome ; Methanol/chemistry ; Phenols/analysis ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Stems/metabolism ; Principal Component Analysis ; Water/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Flavonoids ; Phenols ; Plant Extracts ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Methanol (Y4S76JWI15)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-24
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	742978-2
ISSN	1873-2690 ; 0981-9428
ISSN (online)	1873-2690
ISSN	0981-9428
DOI	10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.040
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