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  1. Article ; Online: Fluid Intelligence Emerges from Representing Relations.

    Chuderski, Adam

    Journal of Intelligence

    2022  Volume 10, Issue 3

    Abstract: Based on recent findings in cognitive neuroscience and psychology as well as computational models of working memory and reasoning, I argue that fluid intelligence (fluid reasoning) can amount to representing in the mind the key relation(s) for the task ... ...

    Abstract Based on recent findings in cognitive neuroscience and psychology as well as computational models of working memory and reasoning, I argue that fluid intelligence (fluid reasoning) can amount to representing in the mind the key relation(s) for the task at hand. Effective representation of relations allows for enormous flexibility of thinking but depends on the validity and robustness of the dynamic patterns of argument-object (role-filler) bindings, which encode relations in the brain. Such a reconceptualization of the fluid intelligence construct allows for the simplification and purification of its models, tests, and potential brain mechanisms.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2721035-2
    ISSN 2079-3200 ; 2079-3200
    ISSN (online) 2079-3200
    ISSN 2079-3200
    DOI 10.3390/jintelligence10030051
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  2. Article: No effects of the theta-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation for recall, attention control, and relation integration in working memory.

    Ociepka, Michał / Chinta, Suvarna Rekha / Basoń, Paweł / Chuderski, Adam

    Frontiers in human neuroscience

    2024  Volume 18, Page(s) 1354671

    Abstract: Introduction: Recent studies have suggested that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and especially the theta-frequency tACS, can improve human performance on working memory tasks. However, evidence to date is mixed. Moreover, the two ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Recent studies have suggested that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and especially the theta-frequency tACS, can improve human performance on working memory tasks. However, evidence to date is mixed. Moreover, the two WM tasks applied most frequently, namely the n-back and change-detection tasks, might not constitute canonical measures of WM capacity.
    Method: In a relatively large sample of young healthy participants (
    Results: For each task administered, we observed significant gains in accuracy neither for the frontal tACS session nor for the parietal tACS session, as compared to the sham session. By contrast, the scores on each task positively inter-correlated across the three sessions.
    Discussion: The results suggest that canonical measures of WM capacity are strongly stable in time and hardly affected by theta-frequency tACS. Either the tACS effects observed in the n-back and change detection tasks do not generalize onto other WM tasks, or the tACS method has limited effectiveness with regard to WM, and might require further methodological advancements.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-19
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2425477-0
    ISSN 1662-5161
    ISSN 1662-5161
    DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1354671
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  3. Article ; Online: Schizophrenia patients perform as well as healthy controls on creative problem solving when fluid intelligence is accounted for.

    Kucwaj, Hanna / Gajewski, Zdzisław / Chuderski, Adam

    Cognitive neuropsychiatry

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 253–268

    Abstract: Introduction: This study examined creative problem solving in schizophrenia. We aimed to verify three hypotheses: (H1) schizophrenia patients differ from healthy controls in the accuracy of creative problem solving; (H2) schizophrenia patients are less ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: This study examined creative problem solving in schizophrenia. We aimed to verify three hypotheses: (H1) schizophrenia patients differ from healthy controls in the accuracy of creative problem solving; (H2) schizophrenia patients are less effective at evaluating and rejecting incorrect associations and (H3) have a more idiosyncratic way of searching for semantic associations compared to controls.
    Methods: Six Remote Associates Test (RAT) items and three insight problems were applied to schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. We compared groups on the overall accuracy in the tasks to verify H1 and developed a novel method of comparing the patterns of errors in the RAT to verify H2 and H3. We controlled for fluid intelligence to eliminate this significant source of variation, as typically creativity and intelligence are significantly related.
    Results: Bayesian factor analysis did not support the group differences in either insight problems and RAT accuracy or the patterns of RAT errors.
    Conclusions: The patients performed as well as the controls on both tasks. Analysis of RAT errors suggested that the process of searching for remote associations is comparable in both groups. It is highly improbable that individuals with schizophrenia benefit from their diagnosis during creative problem solving.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Bayes Theorem ; Schizophrenia ; Problem Solving ; Creativity ; Intelligence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1324282-9
    ISSN 1464-0619 ; 1354-6805
    ISSN (online) 1464-0619
    ISSN 1354-6805
    DOI 10.1080/13546805.2023.2215921
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 4855: Show issues Location:
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  4. Article ; Online: Fluid Intelligence and the Cross-Frequency Coupling of Neuronal Oscillations.

    Chuderski, Adam

    The Spanish journal of psychology

    2016  Volume 19, Page(s) E91

    Abstract: Several existing theoretical models predict that the individual capacity of working memory and abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence) strongly depends on certain features of neuronal oscillations, especially their cross-frequency coupling. Empirical ... ...

    Abstract Several existing theoretical models predict that the individual capacity of working memory and abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence) strongly depends on certain features of neuronal oscillations, especially their cross-frequency coupling. Empirical evidence supporting these predictions is still scarce, but it makes the future studies on oscillatory coupling a promising line of research that can uncover the physiological underpinnings of fluid intelligence. Cross-frequency coupling may serve as the optimal level of description of neurocognitive processes, integrating their genetic, structural, neurochemical, and bioelectrical underlying factors with explanations in terms of cognitive operations driven by neuronal oscillations.
    MeSH term(s) Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization/physiology ; Humans ; Intelligence/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-12-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2073783-X
    ISSN 1988-2904 ; 1138-7416
    ISSN (online) 1988-2904
    ISSN 1138-7416
    DOI 10.1017/sjp.2016.86
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  5. Article: Captured by associations: Semantic distractibility during analogical reasoning in schizophrenia.

    Kucwaj, Hanna / Ociepka, Michał / Gajewski, Zdzisław / Chuderski, Adam

    Schizophrenia research. Cognition

    2022  Volume 31, Page(s) 100274

    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2800609-4
    ISSN 2215-0013
    ISSN 2215-0013
    DOI 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100274
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  6. Article ; Online: High intelligence prevents the negative impact of anxiety on working memory.

    Chuderski, Adam

    Cognition & emotion

    2015  Volume 29, Issue 7, Page(s) 1197–1209

    Abstract: Using a large sample and the confirmatory factor analysis, the study investigated the relationships between anxiety, working memory (WM) and (fluid) intelligence. The study showed that the negative impact of anxiety on WM functioning diminishes with ... ...

    Abstract Using a large sample and the confirmatory factor analysis, the study investigated the relationships between anxiety, working memory (WM) and (fluid) intelligence. The study showed that the negative impact of anxiety on WM functioning diminishes with increasing intelligence, and that anxiety can significantly affect WM only in people below average intelligence. This effect could not be fully explained by the sheer differences in WM capacity (WMC), suggesting the importance of higher-level cognition in coping with anxiety. Although intelligence moderated the impact of anxiety on WM, it was only weakly related to anxiety. In contrast to previous studies, anxiety explained the substantial amount of WMC variance (17.8%) in less intelligent participants, but none of the variance in more intelligent ones. These results can be explained in terms of either increased motivation of intelligent but anxious people to cope with a WM task, or their ability to compensate decrements in WM.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety/diagnosis ; Anxiety/psychology ; Attention ; Color Perception ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Middle Aged ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Saccades
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2014.969683
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 3087: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Various sources of distraction during analogical reasoning.

    Kucwaj, Hanna / Ociepka, Michał / Chuderski, Adam

    Memory & cognition

    2022  Volume 50, Issue 7, Page(s) 1614–1628

    Abstract: Reasoning by analogy requires mapping relational correspondence between two situations to transfer information from the more familiar (source) to the less familiar situation (target). However, the presence of distractors may lead to invalid conclusions ... ...

    Abstract Reasoning by analogy requires mapping relational correspondence between two situations to transfer information from the more familiar (source) to the less familiar situation (target). However, the presence of distractors may lead to invalid conclusions based on semantic or perceptual similarities instead of on relational correspondence. To understand the role of distraction in analogy making, we examined semantically rich four-term analogies (A:B::C:?) and scene analogies, as well as semantically lean geometric analogies and the matrix task tapping general reasoning. We examined (a) what types of lures were most distracting, (b) how the two semantically rich analogy tasks were related, and (c) how much variance in the scores could be attributed to general reasoning ability. We observed that (a) in four-term analogies the distractors semantically related to C impacted performance most strongly, as compared to the perceptual, categorical, and relational distractors, but the two latter distractor types also mattered; (b) distraction sources in four-term and scene analogies were virtually unrelated; and (c) general reasoning explained the largest part of variance in resistance to distraction. The results suggest that various sources of distraction operate at different stages of analogical reasoning and differently affect specific analogy paradigms.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Problem Solving ; Semantics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 185691-1
    ISSN 1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
    ISSN (online) 1532-5946
    ISSN 0090-502X
    DOI 10.3758/s13421-022-01285-3
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 4560: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Graph Mapping: A novel and simple test to validly assess fluid reasoning.

    Jastrzębski, Jan / Ociepka, Michał / Chuderski, Adam

    Behavior research methods

    2022  Volume 55, Issue 1, Page(s) 448–460

    Abstract: We present Graph Mapping - a simple and effective computerized test of fluid intelligence (reasoning ability). The test requires structure mapping - a key component of the reasoning process. Participants are asked to map a pair of corresponding nodes ... ...

    Abstract We present Graph Mapping - a simple and effective computerized test of fluid intelligence (reasoning ability). The test requires structure mapping - a key component of the reasoning process. Participants are asked to map a pair of corresponding nodes across two mathematically isomorphic but visually different graphs. The test difficulty can be easily manipulated - the more complex structurally and dissimilar visually the graphs, the higher response error rate. Graph Mapping offers high flexibility in item generation, ranging from trivial to extremally difficult items, supporting progressive item sequences suitable for correlational studies. It also allows multiple item instances (clones) at a fixed difficulty level as well as full item randomization, both particularly suitable for within-subject experimental designs, longitudinal studies, and adaptive testing. The test has short administration times and is unfamiliar to participants, yielding practical advantages. Graph Mapping has excellent psychometric properties: Its convergent validity and reliability is comparable to the three leading traditional fluid reasoning tests. The convenient software allows a researcher to design the optimal test variant for a given study and sample. Graph Mapping can be downloaded from: https://osf.io/wh7zv/.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Intelligence/physiology ; Psychometrics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-022-01846-z
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  9. Article ; Online: Uncovering the course of analogical mapping using eye tracking.

    Kroczek, Bartłomiej / Ciechanowska, Iwona / Chuderski, Adam

    Cognition

    2022  Volume 225, Page(s) 105140

    Abstract: Analogical mapping - the core component of analogical reasoning - consists of establishing the relational structure shared by two analogous situations and inferring the missing elements in a less familiar situation from a more familiar one. Several ... ...

    Abstract Analogical mapping - the core component of analogical reasoning - consists of establishing the relational structure shared by two analogous situations and inferring the missing elements in a less familiar situation from a more familiar one. Several existing models of analogy predicted that the complete relational structure can be considered in parallel. Other models postulated that mapping can be less or more incremental - it can access only a relatively small part of the structure, and needs to move to its other parts in steps in order to construct the final relational correspondence. However, the precise time course of analogical mapping, especially in sufficiently complex analogies, to date was rarely studied empirically. In two studies, eye tracking was used to assess in a rigorous way the extent to which mapping can be incremental. In a newly designed geometric A:B::C:D task, pattern D was generated from C according to the same shape transformations that generated pattern B from A. The six possible response options differed systematically in the number of correct transformations, from no transformation matching, via partial relational match, up to the full match. In Study 1, the relational match of options fixated on by participants was initially low but increased monotonically over the course of analogy. The number of corresponding eye fixations predicted 68% variance in relational match of the final response. The correct option was chosen only if fixated on for a sufficiently long time. Study 2 replicated the findings using a more ecologically valid and less demanding task variant that required to map the changes in people's appearance. The results support these theoretical models of analogy which postulate strictly incremental mapping.
    MeSH term(s) Eye-Tracking Technology ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Problem Solving
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1499940-7
    ISSN 1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
    ISSN (online) 1873-7838
    ISSN 0010-0277
    DOI 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105140
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  10. Article ; Online: Bilingualism caught in a net: A new approach to understanding the complexity of bilingual experience.

    Kałamała, Patrycja / Chuderski, Adam / Szewczyk, Jakub / Senderecka, Magdalena / Wodniecka, Zofia

    Journal of experimental psychology. General

    2022  Volume 152, Issue 1, Page(s) 157–174

    Abstract: The growing importance of research on bilingualism in psychology and neuroscience motivates the need for a psychometric model that can be used to understand and quantify this phenomenon. This research is the first to meet this need. We reanalyzed two ... ...

    Abstract The growing importance of research on bilingualism in psychology and neuroscience motivates the need for a psychometric model that can be used to understand and quantify this phenomenon. This research is the first to meet this need. We reanalyzed two data sets (
    MeSH term(s) Young Adult ; Humans ; Multilingualism ; Language ; Linguistics ; Language Development ; Cognition
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 189732-9
    ISSN 1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
    ISSN (online) 1939-2222
    ISSN 0096-3445
    DOI 10.1037/xge0001263
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