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Article ; Online: China’s carbon accounting system in the context of carbon neutrality

Hong-Shuo YAN / Xian-Chun TAN / An ZENG / Ling-Si KONG

Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 23-

Current situation, challenges and suggestions

2023 Volume 31

Abstract: Global climate governance is currently at the stage of carbon neutrality. Improving the quality of emissions inventories at different levels has become a critical climate governance task, which not only contributes to the Global Stocktake but also helps ... ...

Abstract	Global climate governance is currently at the stage of carbon neutrality. Improving the quality of emissions inventories at different levels has become a critical climate governance task, which not only contributes to the Global Stocktake but also helps verify compliance progress and address new trade barriers. This study provides a comprehensive review of international carbon accounting standards and guidelines while assessing the potential impact of upcoming carbon tax policies, such as the EU CBAM and the U.S. CCA. On this basis, the current situation and challenges of China's carbon emission accounting system are systematically analysed, and suggestions for improvement are proposed. The results show that carbon tax policies will increase the requirements for emission inventories and will strengthen the correlation between different levels. The improvement of China's carbon accounting system should be accelerated. Although the regional carbon accounting guidelines are already in line with international guidelines, further improvements are needed at the enterprise and product levels. New boundaries need to be set in China's corporate carbon accounting guidelines, and the speed of developing product carbon accounting guidelines should be increased. The quality of emissions inventories should be comprehensively improved by implementing a combination of policies, including corporate carbon information disclosure, green supply chain construction, activity data statistics and verification, and a dynamic emission factor database.
Keywords	Carbon neutrality ; Carbon emission ; Policy suggestion ; Accounting ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Significance of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 on China's energy transition pathway

Ling-Si Kong / Xian-Chun Tan / Bai-He Gu / Hong-Shuo Yan

Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 32-

A multi-model comparison analysis

2023 Volume 42

Abstract: China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China, the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter setting has led to inconsistent ... ...

Abstract	China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China, the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter setting has led to inconsistent conclusions on some key issues, such as energy transition. This study employs a multi-model comparison method to examine the significance of China's carbon neutrality target on its energy systems by assessing 67 carbon neutrality scenarios in China that are collected from the ADVANCE database, and identifying the differences between energy transition pathways under BEF60 scenarios (i.e. scenarios realising carbon neutrality by 2060) and AFT60 scenarios (i.e. scenarios realising carbon neutrality after 2060). Results show that China needs a larger deployment of low-carbon electricity, a higher electrification rate and more carbon sequestration amount under BEF60 scenarios than those under AFT60 scenarios. Meanwhile, the magnitude of the difference between the two categories of scenarios varies significantly in terms of different outcome indicators. Those that present significant disparities include the deployment scale of solar power (increasing by 160%), the electrification rate of the building sector (increasing by 27%) and the carbon sequestration amount of biomass power with carbon capture and storage (increasing by 380%). In addition, this study selects six indicators to present the technological and economic characteristics of various energy systems of China at the point of net-zero emissions. Exploring the relationships between characteristics, this research identifies the common features among various net-zero energy systems. A great share of non-biomass renewable power generation is always associated with a relatively high per capita energy use, implying that high renewables penetration may relax restrictions on energy consumption, which should be addressed for China when making efforts to promote energy transition.
Keywords	Carbon neutrality ; Multi-model comparison analysis ; Energy transition ; Technology option ; Common feature ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Research on the carbon neutrality governance under a polycentric approach

Xian-Chun Tan / Ling-Si Kong / Bai-He Gu / An Zeng / Miao-Miao Niu

Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 159-

2022 Volume 168

Abstract: Carbon neutrality has increasingly become a crucial agenda within global climate governance. Meanwhile, recent observations show that the governance architecture for carbon neutrality is transforming to polycentricity. However, there is still a lack of ... ...

Abstract	Carbon neutrality has increasingly become a crucial agenda within global climate governance. Meanwhile, recent observations show that the governance architecture for carbon neutrality is transforming to polycentricity. However, there is still a lack of systematic investigation on carbon neutrality governance under the polycentric approach. Against this background, this study attempts to investigate the emergence and structure of polycentric climate governance, and to figure out to what extent the evolving polycentric system can contribute to the climate change governance towards carbon neutrality. The results show that efforts made by actors at transnational and subnational levels within the polycentric system can greatly complement the deficits of carbon neutrality governance by international regime and state government in many different domains. Besides, the identified issues, that are critical to carbon neutrality including climate legislation, adaptation, technology deployment and data authenticity and transparency, can be addressed in a more effective way through the coordination among multiple actors at multiple levels. Finally, further research should be conducted to address the dynamic linkages between international regimes as well as the issues related to small and medium-sized cities, and develop a comprehensive evaluation and accounting system for the risks and benefits of polycentric climate governance.
Keywords	Climate governance ; Polycentricity ; Carbon neutrality ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	320
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Survey on Infection of Rabbit Coccidiosis and the Species Identification of Coccidia in Western Chongqing

Chun TAN / Hongguo JIA / Sipeng MEI / Bingnan WANG / Xue SUN / Shan LUO / Rongqiong ZHOU

Guangdong nongye kexue, Vol 49, Iss 5, Pp 118-

2022 Volume 124

Abstract: Objective】The study was carried out to understand the infection of rabbit coccidiosis and the species of coccidia, which provided a basis for the prevention and control of rabbit coccidiosis in western Chongqing.【Method】A total of 1273 samples from 14 ... ...

Abstract	【Objective】The study was carried out to understand the infection of rabbit coccidiosis and the species of coccidia, which provided a basis for the prevention and control of rabbit coccidiosis in western Chongqing.【Method】A total of 1273 samples from 14 rabbit farms in 8 regions (including Rongchang, Yongchuan, Dazu etc.) in western Chongqing were examined by using the flotation technique with saturated salt solution and McMaster's method, and the oocysts were collected to identify the species of coccidia【Result】There were coccidia infections in all the 14 rabbit farms, in which the mean infection rate was 90.65%, and both the highest infection rates in Bishan and Jiangjin regions were 100%. The infection rate of rabbits less than 2 months of age was significantly higher than that of rabbits at other ages including 2-4 months, 4-9 months and more than 9 months, with an infection rate of 98.19%. The infection rate of rabbit coccidia in small-scale farms was significantly lower than that in large-scale farms, with an infection rate of 86.53%. The number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of the eight regions ranged from 9.65×103 to 6.56×104, and the highest OPG of rabbits at age of 2-4 months was 6.31×104. According to a survey on the medicine use situation, the infection rate and OPG of farms without taking coccidial drugs were 92.31% and 4.42×104, while the infection rate and OPG of farms taking coccidial drugs were 89.19% and was 2.75×104. In total, 10 species of Eimeria were identified in 14 rabbit farms and the dominant species were E. perforans, E. magna, E. coecicola and E. media with detection rates of 25.20%, 23.38%, 11.96% and 10.02%, respectively.【Conclusion】Coccidia infection in rabbits is common in western Chongqing, most of which are mixed infections. Therefore, the prevention and control of rabbit coccidiosis should be strengthened in this area.
Keywords	rabbit coccidiosis ; epidemiology ; coccidia identification ; infection rate ; dominant species ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Which adjustment methods are suitable for the wind-induced errors of Geonor T-200BM3 precipitation weighing gauges in a periglacial site?

Lei Wang / Ren-Sheng Chen / Wei-Jun Sun / Chun-Tan Han / Bao-Juan Huai / Yan-Ni Zhao

Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 14, Iss 5, Pp 707-

2023 Volume 719

Abstract: Single Alter shielded T-200BM3 weighing precipitation gauges are widely used in the measurement of all precipitation types (rainfall, snow and mixed precipitation) in unattended boreal or alpine regions, but their original datasets must be adjusted for ... ...

Abstract	Single Alter shielded T-200BM3 weighing precipitation gauges are widely used in the measurement of all precipitation types (rainfall, snow and mixed precipitation) in unattended boreal or alpine regions, but their original datasets must be adjusted for undercatch errors caused by wind in snowy, windy and harsh environments. Therefore, previous researchers have developed many adjustment methods for all precipitation types on different time scales. However, which adjustment method is suitable for T-200BM3 weighing gauge wind-induced error adjustment in harsh alpine regions is unclear. Therefore, precipitation measurement intercomparison experiments were conducted in the Qilian Mountains from July 2018 to July 2021, and eight adjustment methods; were evaluated for wind-induced errors for daily, individual precipitation event, hourly, and half-hourly time scales. Z2004 outperformed the other adjustment methods in regard to the daily measurements of snow and mixed precipitation. Regarding individual snowfall events, M2007 reduced the absolute value of RMSE (bias) from 1.44 to 1.32 mm (0.77–0.24 mm) and could be recommended for snowfall event adjustment. K2017-1 attained a better performance than K2017-2 in regard to half-hourly snowfall and mixed sample adjustment and was more suitable for half-hourly snowfall sample adjustment. K2017-1 reduced the absolute value of bias from 0.07 to 0.00 mm for snowfall. Finally, Z2004, M2007, and K2017-1 yielded better adjustment results for the daily accumulation precipitation amount (>2 mm d−1), individual snowfall events (>2 mm per event), and half-hourly accumulation snowfall or mixed samples (>1 mm 30 min−1), respectively. However, further intercomparison in different climate regions is needed for trace precipitation samples.
Keywords	Evaluation ; Wind-induced errors ; Adjustment methods ; Weighing gauges ; Periglacial site ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: GWAS analysis reveals distinct pathogenicity profiles of Australian Parastagonospora nodorum isolates and identification of marker-trait-associations to septoria nodorum blotch

Huyen T. T. Phan / Eiko Furuki / Lukas Hunziker / Kasia Rybak / Kar-Chun Tan

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of septoria nodorum leaf blotch (SNB) and glume blotch which are common in many wheat growing regions in the world. The disease is complex and could be explained by multiple interactions ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of septoria nodorum leaf blotch (SNB) and glume blotch which are common in many wheat growing regions in the world. The disease is complex and could be explained by multiple interactions between necrotrophic effectors secreted by the pathogen and matching susceptibility genes in wheat. An Australian P. nodorum population was clustered into five groups with contrasting properties. This study was set to identify their pathogenicity profiles using a diverse wheat panel of 134 accessions which are insensitive to SnToxA and SnTox1 in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. SNB seedling resistance/susceptibility to five representative isolates from the five clusters, responses to crude culture-filtrates (CFs) of three isolates and sensitivity to SnTox3 semi-purified effector together with 11,455 SNP markers have been used for linkage disequilibrium (LD) and association analyses. While quantitative trait loci (QTL) on 1D, 2A, 2B, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, 7D chromosomes were consistently detected across isolates and conditions, distinct patterns and isolate specific QTL were also observed among these isolates. In this study, SnTox3–Snn3-B1 interaction for the first time in Australia and SnTox3–Snn3-D1 interaction for the first time in bread wheat were found active using wild-type isolates. These findings could be due to new SnTox3 haplotype/isoform and exotic CIMMYT/ICARDA and Vavilov germplasm used, respectively. This study could provide useful information for dissecting novel and different SNB disease components, helping to prioritise research targets and contributing valuable information on genetic loci/markers for marker-assisted selection in SNB resistance wheat breeding programme.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An optimized sporulation method for the wheat fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Silke Jacques / Leon Lenzo / Kofi Stevens / Julie Lawrence / Kar-Chun Tan

Plant Methods, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Background The necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) causes tan (syn. yellow) spot of wheat and accounts for significant yield losses worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this economically important crop ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) causes tan (syn. yellow) spot of wheat and accounts for significant yield losses worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this economically important crop disease is crucial to counteract the yield and quality losses of wheat globally. Substantial progress has been made to comprehend the race structure of this phytopathogen based on its production of necrotrophic effectors and genomic resources of Ptr. However, one limitation for studying Ptr in a laboratory environment is the difficulty to isolate high spore numbers from vegetative growth with mycelial contamination common. These limitations reduce the experimental tractability of Ptr. Results Here, we optimized a multitude of parameters and report a sporulation method for Ptr that yields robust, high quality and pure spores. Our methodology encompasses simple and reproducible plugging and harvesting techniques, resulting in spore yields up to 1500 fold more than the current sporulation methods and was tested on multiple isolates and races of Ptr as well as an additional seven modern Australian Ptr isolates. Moreover, this method also increased purity and spore harvest numbers for two closely related fungal pathogens (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata and f. teres) that cause net blotch diseases in barley (Hordeum vulgare), highlighting the usability of this optimized sporulation protocol for the wider research community. Conclusions Large-scale spore infection and virulence assays are essential for the screening of wheat and barley cultivars and combined with the genetic mapping of these populations allows pinpointing and exploiting sources of host genetic resistance. We anticipate that improvements in spore numbers and purity will further advance research to increase our understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of these important fungal pathogens.
Keywords	Conidia ; Sporulation ; Tan spot ; Pyrenophora ; Wheat ; Plant-pathogen ; Plant culture ; SB1-1110 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Bibliometric research on the development of climate change in the BRI regions

Xian-Chun Tan / Kai-Wei Zhu / Yu-Ling Sun / Wan-Yu Zhao / Fang Chen

Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol 12, Iss 2, Pp 254-

2021 Volume 262

Abstract: Climate change is one of the great global challenges. To clarify the research status of climate change in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) regions, the BRI countries can better deal with climate change. This study aims to improve our understanding of ... ...

Abstract	Climate change is one of the great global challenges. To clarify the research status of climate change in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) regions, the BRI countries can better deal with climate change. This study aims to improve our understanding of the status and trends of research on climate change in the BRI regions. Based on keywords associated with the BRI and climate change, we undertake bibliometric research by collecting 21,225 related SCI/SSCI articles published during 2013–2018. Statistics and analysis revealed the topics and hotspots of research on BRI and climate change. Following findings are distilled. First, although the number of published articles exhibited a rapidly growing trend, their distribution is extremely uneven. Articles were mainly published by institutions from USA, UK, China, India, and Germany, while individual contributions from most BRI countries was less than 1% of the publication volume. Second, existing studies focused on climate change impacts on BRI countries, in addition, climate mitigation and adaptation in BRI regions, especially the assessment of climate change risks and measures and policies in response to climate change, was less watched in the research. Third, not all BRI regions have been examined by researchers. South Africa, South Asia, and West Asia and North Africa are hotspots, while the Pacific and Central Asia are largely neglected. In the future, BRI countries need to improve their research ability on climate change and more attention should be paid to the field of climate mitigation, especially on the assessment of climate change risks, measures, and policies, and BRI countries in the Oceania and Central Asia regions.
Keywords	Belt and road initiative ; Climate change ; Development trends ; Bibliometrics ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Buckling Failure Mechanism of a Rock Dam Foundation Fractured by Gentle Through-Going and Steep Structural Discontinuities

Donghui Chen / Huie Chen / Wen Zhang / Chun Tan / Zhifa Ma / Jianye Chen / Bo Shan

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 5426, p

2020 Volume 5426

Abstract: The failure mechanism analysis of dam foundations is key for designing hydropower stations. This study analyses the rock masses in a sluice section, which is an important part of the main dam of the Datengxia Hydropower Station currently built in China. ... ...

Abstract	The failure mechanism analysis of dam foundations is key for designing hydropower stations. This study analyses the rock masses in a sluice section, which is an important part of the main dam of the Datengxia Hydropower Station currently built in China. The stability of the sluice rock masses is predominantly affected by gentle through-going soft interlayers and steep structural fractures. Its foundation failure mechanism is investigated by means of a numerical method, i.e., Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and the geomechanical model method. The modeling principle and process, and results for the rock dam foundation are introduced and generated by using the abovementioned two methods. The results indicate that the failure mechanism of the foundation rock masses, as characterized by gentle through-going and steep structural discontinuities, is not a conventional type of shear failure mechanism but a buckling one. This type of failure mechanism is verified by analyzing the deformation features resulting from the overloading of both methods and strength reduction of the numerical method.
Keywords	buckling failure mechanism ; rock dam foundation ; UDEC ; geomechanical model method ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Regulation of proteinaceous effector expression in phytopathogenic fungi.

Kar-Chun Tan / Richard P Oliver

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 13, Iss 4, p e

2017 Volume 1006241

Abstract: Effectors are molecules used by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection via effector-triggered susceptibility or tissue necrosis in their host. Much research has been focussed on the identification and elucidating the function of fungal effectors ... ...

Abstract	Effectors are molecules used by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection via effector-triggered susceptibility or tissue necrosis in their host. Much research has been focussed on the identification and elucidating the function of fungal effectors during plant pathogenesis. By comparison, knowledge of how phytopathogenic fungi regulate the expression of effector genes has been lagging. Several recent studies have illustrated the role of various transcription factors, chromosome-based control, effector epistasis, and mobilisation of endosomes within the fungal hyphae in regulating effector expression and virulence on the host plant. Improved knowledge of effector regulation is likely to assist in improving novel crop protection strategies.
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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