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  1. Article: Compulsory Vaccination and Nozickian Rights.

    Clarke, Simon

    Journal of applied philosophy

    2022  

    Abstract: This article examines compulsory vaccination from the perspective of Nozick's theory of rights. It argues that the unvaccinated are a threat, even if unintended, to the rights of others. The reasons Nozick provides for when such threats may be forcibly ... ...

    Abstract This article examines compulsory vaccination from the perspective of Nozick's theory of rights. It argues that the unvaccinated are a threat, even if unintended, to the rights of others. The reasons Nozick provides for when such threats may be forcibly prevented, such as the identifiability of the rights violator, general fear of the risky activity, probability of harm, and the general benefits of the activity, are examined, and it is argued that those reasons weigh in favour of prohibition of the threat and hence in favour of compulsory vaccination. It is also argued that anyone opposed to compulsory vaccination on Nozickian grounds faces a dilemma: if they reject compulsory vaccination, they also risk rejecting the very foundations of the legitimacy of the state.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1475318-2
    ISSN 1468-5930 ; 0264-3758
    ISSN (online) 1468-5930
    ISSN 0264-3758
    DOI 10.1111/japp.12633
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  2. Article ; Online: Bacterial peritonitis in paediatric appendicitis; microbial epidemiology and antimicrobial management.

    Bhaskar, Keir / Clarke, Simon / Moore, Luke S P / Hughes, Stephen

    Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials

    2023  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 45

    Abstract: Background: Appendicitis remains a common surgical emergency in children. Empirical antibacterial treatment is indicated to reduce infective complications. We investigate the bacterial pathogens identified intra-operatively during appendectomies in ... ...

    Abstract Background: Appendicitis remains a common surgical emergency in children. Empirical antibacterial treatment is indicated to reduce infective complications. We investigate the bacterial pathogens identified intra-operatively during appendectomies in children to guide empirical surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis options.
    Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients (< 18 years old) undergoing an appendectomy across a multisite London hospital (Nov 2019-March 2022) was undertaken. Patient-related outcomes including length of hospital stay (LOS), days of antibacterial therapy (DOT), intra-operative microbiology and post-operative radiology reports were interrogated.
    Results: 304 patients underwent an appendectomy during this period; 39.1% of patients had intraoperative samples cultured. Bacterial pathogens were found in 73/119 (61.3%) cases; the most common isolates being Escherichia coli (42.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.0%), milleri Streptococcus spp. (14.3%) and Bacteroides fragilis (5.9%). Polymicrobial infection was common (32/73). Isolation of Pseudomonas spp. from intra-operative sampling was associated with a greater LOS (7.0 vs. 5.0 days; p = 0.011) but nil effect on the incidence of postoperative collections. Presence of milleri Streptococcus spp. was associated with longer LOS (7.0 vs. 5.0 day; p = 0.007), DOT (12.0 vs. 8.5 day; p = 0.007) but had no observed outcome on postoperative collections (29.4% vs. 18.6%; p = 0.330). 48% of E. coli positive cultures were co-amoxiclav resistant and prolonged LOS compared to the non-resistant group (7.0 vs. 5.0 days; p = 0.040) but had no difference in post-operative collections (29.2% vs. 17.9%; p = 0.260).
    Conclusion: A high proportion of children with appendicitis have Pseudomonas spp. isolated, leading to a prolonged LOS. Evolving Enterobacterales resistance and the presence of Pseudomonas spp. necessitate extended antibacterial coverage for paediatric appendectomies with evidence of peritonitis.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Appendicitis/drug therapy ; Appendicitis/epidemiology ; Appendicitis/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Escherichia coli ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Peritonitis/drug therapy ; Peritonitis/epidemiology ; Peritonitis/microbiology ; Bacteria ; Length of Stay
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2097873-X
    ISSN 1476-0711 ; 1476-0711
    ISSN (online) 1476-0711
    ISSN 1476-0711
    DOI 10.1186/s12941-023-00591-1
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  3. Article ; Online: Evaluation of efflux pump inhibitory activity of some plant extracts and using them as adjuvants to potentiate the inhibitory activity of some antibiotics against

    Al-Sallami, Dhama / Alsultan, Amjed / Abbas, Kadhim Hassan / Clarke, Simon R

    Open veterinary journal

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 42–47

    Abstract: Background: Antibiotic-resistant pathogens became a real global threat to human and animal health. This needs to concentrate the efforts to minimize and control these organisms. Efflux pumps are considered one of the important strategies used by ... ...

    Abstract Background: Antibiotic-resistant pathogens became a real global threat to human and animal health. This needs to concentrate the efforts to minimize and control these organisms. Efflux pumps are considered one of the important strategies used by bacteria to exclude harmful materials from the cell. Inhibition of these pumps can be an active strategy against multidrug resistance pathogens. There are two sources of efflux pump inhibitors that can be used, chemical and natural inhibitors. The chemical origin efflux pump inhibitors have many toxic side effects while the natural origin is characterized by a wide margin of safety for the host cell.
    Aim: In this study, the ability of some plant extracts like (propolis show rosemary, clove, capsaicin, and cumin) to potentiate the inhibitory activity of some antibiotics such as (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin) against
    Methods: Efflux pump inhibitory activity of the selected plant extracts was tested using an ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation assay.
    Results: The results have shown that Propolis has a significant synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamycin. While it has no effect with tetracycline or ampicillin. Also, no synergic effect was noticed in a combination of the minimum inhibitory concentration for the selected plant extracts (rosemary, clove, capsaicin, and cumin) with any of the tested antibiotics. Interestingly, according to the results of the EtBr accumulation assay, Propolis has potent inhibitory activity against the
    Conclusion: This study suggests that Propolis might act as a resistance breaker that is able to restore the activity of ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamycin against
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Capsaicin/pharmacology ; Capsaicin/therapeutic use ; Propolis/pharmacology ; Propolis/therapeutic use ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/pharmacology ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/therapeutic use ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Tetracycline/therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Erythromycin/pharmacology ; Erythromycin/therapeutic use ; Ethidium/pharmacology ; Ethidium/therapeutic use ; Ampicillin/pharmacology ; Ampicillin/therapeutic use ; Gentamicins/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Plant Extracts ; Capsaicin (S07O44R1ZM) ; Propolis (9009-62-5) ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; Tetracycline (F8VB5M810T) ; Ciprofloxacin (5E8K9I0O4U) ; Erythromycin (63937KV33D) ; Ethidium (EN464416SI) ; Ampicillin (7C782967RD) ; Gentamicins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-09
    Publishing country Libya
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2651664-0
    ISSN 2218-6050 ; 2218-6050
    ISSN (online) 2218-6050
    ISSN 2218-6050
    DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i1.5
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  4. Article ; Online: Anionic Redox Topochemistry for Materials Design: Chalcogenides and Beyond.

    Sasaki, Shunsuke / Clarke, Simon J / Jobic, Stéphane / Cario, Laurent

    ACS organic & inorganic Au

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 26–40

    Abstract: Topochemistry refers to a generic category of solid-state reactions in which precursors and products display strong filiation in their crystal structures. Various low-dimensional materials are subject to this stepwise structure transformation by ... ...

    Abstract Topochemistry refers to a generic category of solid-state reactions in which precursors and products display strong filiation in their crystal structures. Various low-dimensional materials are subject to this stepwise structure transformation by accommodating guest atoms or molecules in between their 2D slabs or 1D chains loosely bound by van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Those processes are driven by redox reactions between guests and the host framework, where transition metal cations have been widely exploited as the redox center. Topochemistry coupled with this cationic redox not only enables technological applications such as Li-ion secondary batteries but also serves as a powerful tool for structural or electronic fine-tuning of layered transition metal compounds. Over recent years, we have been pursuing materials design beyond this cationic redox topochemistry that was mostly limited to 2D or 1D vdW systems. For this, we proposed new topochemical reactions of non-vdW compounds built of 2D arrays of anionic chalcogen dimers alternating with redox-inert host cationic layers. These chalcogen dimers were found to undergo redox reaction with external metal elements, triggering either (1) insertion of these metals to construct 2D metal chalcogenides or (2) deintercalation of the constituent chalcogen anions. As a whole, this topochemistry works like a "zipper", where reductive cleavage of anionic chalcogen-chalcogen bonds opens up spaces in non-vdW materials, allowing the formation of novel layered structures. This Perspective briefly summarizes seminal examples of unique structure transformations achieved by anionic redox topochemistry as well as challenges on their syntheses and characterizations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2694-247X
    ISSN (online) 2694-247X
    DOI 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00043
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  5. Article ; Online: Staphylococcus aureus

    Alsultan, Amjed / Walton, Gemma / Andrews, Simon C / Clarke, Simon R

    Microbiology (Reading, England)

    2023  Volume 169, Issue 3

    Abstract: Staphylococcus ... ...

    Abstract Staphylococcus aureus
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cholates ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections ; Oxidoreductases
    Chemical Substances Cholates ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1180712-x
    ISSN 1465-2080 ; 1350-0872
    ISSN (online) 1465-2080
    ISSN 1350-0872
    DOI 10.1099/mic.0.001314
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    Ud II Zs.140: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  6. Article ; Online: Whiteness and the Race Equality Network: co-production in action.

    King, Colin / Clarke, Simon / Fulford, Bill / Handa, Ashok / Bergqvist, Anna

    The lancet. Psychiatry

    2023  Volume 10, Issue 10, Page(s) 739–741

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2215-0374
    ISSN (online) 2215-0374
    DOI 10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00223-7
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  7. Article ; Online: Carbon monoxide: raising awareness of the silent killer in the emergency department.

    Malik, Fahad Siddique / Ghazal Asswad, Randa / Clarke, Simon

    BMJ open quality

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 2

    Abstract: Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials. CO poisoning causes a range of symptoms of which headache is the most common, occurring in up to 90% of patients. An audit in the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials. CO poisoning causes a range of symptoms of which headache is the most common, occurring in up to 90% of patients. An audit in the Emergency Department at University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK found a lack of clinical awareness among healthcare professionals (HCPs) with CO exposure being considered in only 0.8% of patients presenting with non-traumatic headache. This Quality Improvement Project (QIP) aimed to increase this consideration to 50% of presentations.
    Methods: Three separate sequential Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) cycles were instigated. Interventions involved verbal reminders to frontline HCPs (cycle 1), using strategically placed CO posters (cycle 2) and finally designing and introducing a CO sticker education scheme (cycle 3). These stickers, highlighting the approved CO COMA acronym, were placed in patient notes to serve as a physical reminder for HCPs when seeing patients. Rapid cycle sequencing was used with each cycle lasting 2 weeks. Patient notes were analysed for evidence that the HCP considered a diagnosis of CO.
    Results: An average of 61 patients were included in each PDSA cycle. Given baseline findings, each cycle demonstrated positive results with CO awareness being considered in 1.7% and 10.0% of patients with non-traumatic headache following cycles 1 and 2, respectively. The final PDSA cycle demonstrated significant increase in consideration of CO to 42.1% of non-traumatic headache presentations.
    Conclusion: This QIP demonstrated that even small interventions can lead to significant change in awareness of CO exposure. Implementation of a CO sticker education scheme is a feasible way of increasing awareness among emergency care professionals and serves as a low-cost, easy to use, transferable and sustainable solution to address the lack of CO awareness in acute emergency settings. Importantly, this serves to promote improved patient safety.
    MeSH term(s) Carbon Monoxide ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/complications ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/diagnosis ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/therapy ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Headache/etiology ; Humans ; Quality Improvement
    Chemical Substances Carbon Monoxide (7U1EE4V452)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2399-6641
    ISSN (online) 2399-6641
    DOI 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001777
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  8. Article ; Online: Simulation-based education for paediatric surgeons: Does it really improve technical skills?

    Pacilli, Maurizio / Clarke, Simon A

    Seminars in pediatric surgery

    2020  Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) 150905

    Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in employing simulation methodology for teaching surgical skills. Supposedly, skills achieved in the simulation arena, should lead to an improvement of surgical performance in the operating room. In ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in employing simulation methodology for teaching surgical skills. Supposedly, skills achieved in the simulation arena, should lead to an improvement of surgical performance in the operating room. In this article we aim to summarise those areas of simulation-based research that relate to paediatric surgery; we present the current evidence behind low-fidelity simulation and computer-based simulation in improving the acquisition of surgical skills.
    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Clinical Competence ; Competency-Based Education/methods ; Computer Simulation ; Education, Medical, Graduate/methods ; Humans ; Pediatrics/education ; Simulation Training/methods ; Specialties, Surgical/education ; United Kingdom
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1133381-9
    ISSN 1532-9453 ; 1055-8586
    ISSN (online) 1532-9453
    ISSN 1055-8586
    DOI 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2020.150905
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3544: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
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  9. Article ; Online: Learning how relationships work: a thematic analysis of young people and relationship professionals' perspectives on relationships and relationship education.

    Benham-Clarke, Simon / Ewing, Jan / Barlow, Anne / Newlove-Delgado, Tamsin

    BMC public health

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 2332

    Abstract: Background: Relationships in various forms are an important source of meaning in people's lives that can benefit their health, wellbeing and happiness. Relationship distress is associated with public health problems such as alcohol misuse, obesity, poor ...

    Abstract Background: Relationships in various forms are an important source of meaning in people's lives that can benefit their health, wellbeing and happiness. Relationship distress is associated with public health problems such as alcohol misuse, obesity, poor mental health, and child poverty, whilst safe, stable, and nurturing relationships are potential protective factors. Despite increased emphasis on Relationship Education in schools, little is known about the views of relationship professionals on relationship education specifically, and how this contrasts with the views of young people (YP). This Wellcome Centre for the Cultures and Environments of Health funded Beacon project seeks to fill this gap by exploring their perspectives and inform the future development of relationship education.
    Methods: We conducted focus groups with YP (n = 4) and interviews with relationship professionals (n = 10). The data was then thematically analysed.
    Results: Themes from YP focus groups included: 'Good and bad relationships'; 'Learning about relationships'; 'the role of schools' and 'Beyond Relationship Education'. Themes from interviews with relationship professionals included: 'essential qualities of healthy relationships'; 'how YP learn to relate' and 'the role of Relationship Education in schools'.
    Conclusions: YP and relationship professionals recognised the importance of building YP's relational capability in schools with a healthy relationship with oneself at its foundation. Relationship professionals emphasised the need for a developmental approach, stressing the need for flexibility, adaptability, commitment and resilience to maintain relationships over the life course. YP often presented dichotomous views, such as relationships being either good or bad relationships, and perceived a link between relationships and mental health. Although not the focus of current curriculum guidance, managing relationship breakdowns and relationship transitions through the life course were viewed as important with an emphasis on building relational skills. This research suggests that schools need improved Relationship Education support, including specialist expertise and resources, and guidance on signposting YP to external sources of help. There is also potential for positive relationship behaviours being modelled and integrated throughout curriculums and reflected in a school's ethos. Future research should explore co-development, evaluation and implementation of Relationship Education programmes with a range of stakeholders.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Schools ; Learning ; Mental Health ; Health Status ; Focus Groups
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-022-14802-5
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  10. Article: Activation of Human Platelets by

    Waller, Amie K / Birch, Katie / Gibbins, Jonathan M / Clarke, Simon R

    Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 11

    Abstract: Infection ... ...

    Abstract Infection by
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-26
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2695572-6
    ISSN 2076-0817
    ISSN 2076-0817
    DOI 10.3390/pathogens11111237
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