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Article ; Online: Effects of nest-box environment on fledgling success rate and pathogen load.

Scott-Baumann, James F / Morgan, Eric R / Cogan, Tristan A

2022 Volume 149, Issue 9, Page(s) 1186–1192

Abstract: Nest boxes have been used for many decades as tools for conservation and to study avian population dynamics. Plastic is increasingly used as a material for nest boxes, but no studies have investigated effects of this different material. Two consecutive ... ...

Abstract	Nest boxes have been used for many decades as tools for conservation and to study avian population dynamics. Plastic is increasingly used as a material for nest boxes, but no studies have investigated effects of this different material. Two consecutive studies were conducted to investigate effects of nest-box environment on nidicolous parasites, bacteria and fungi, as well as nest success, in blue tits
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/parasitology ; Plastics ; Population Dynamics
Chemical Substances	Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207627-5
ISSN	1469-8161 ; 0031-1820
ISSN (online)	1469-8161
ISSN	0031-1820
DOI	10.1017/S0031182022000695
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Article: Effects of nest-box environment on fledgling success rate and pathogen load

Scott-Baumann, James F. / Morgan, Eric R. / Cogan, Tristan A.

Parasitology. 20222022 Aug. 16, May 16, v. 149, no. 9

2022

Abstract	Nest boxes have been used for many decades as tools for conservation and to study avian population dynamics. Plastic is increasingly used as a material for nest boxes, but no studies have investigated effects of this different material. Two consecutive studies were conducted to investigate effects of nest-box environment on nidicolous parasites, bacteria and fungi, as well as nest success, in blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus and great tits Parus major. The first compared microclimate and parasite and pathogen load in plastic and wooden nest boxes. The second tested the nest protection hypothesis – that birds naturally incorporate aromatic herbs into nests to decrease nest parasites and pathogens – by comparing parasite and pathogen load in plastic nest boxes to which aromatic or non-aromatic plant material was added. No significant difference in nest-box temperature or relative humidity was found between plastic and wooden boxes. Wooden boxes, however, contained 30-fold higher numbers of fleas and a higher total bacterial load on chicks. Fledging success for blue tit broods was significantly higher in wooden boxes. Parasites and bacteria did not decrease by the inclusion of aromatic herbs. The results increase the evidence base for nest-box design in support of plastic, which can provide an appropriate alternative nest-box material to wood, with apparently no difference in microclimate and no increase in the load of measured parasites and pathogens.
Keywords	Cyanistes caeruleus ; Parus major ; fledglings ; microbial load ; microclimate ; nest success ; nests ; parasites ; parasitology ; plastics ; population dynamics ; relative humidity ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0516
Size	p. 1186-1192.
Publishing place	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	207627-5
ISSN	1469-8161 ; 0031-1820
ISSN (online)	1469-8161
ISSN	0031-1820
DOI	10.1017/S0031182022000695
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Article ; Online: Adult porcine (Sus scrofa) derived inner ear cells: Characteristics in in-vitro cultures.

Wijesinghe, Printha / Sastry, Anand / Hui, Elizabeth / Cogan, Tristan A / Zheng, Boyuan / Ho, Germain / Kakal, Juzer / Nunez, Desmond A

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)

2023 Volume 306, Issue 8, Page(s) 2119–2134

Abstract: There is a need for an animal model that closely parallels human cochlea gestational development. This study aims to document porcine inner ear anatomy, and in vitro porcine derived inner ear cell culture characteristics. Twenty-four temporal bone were ... ...

Abstract	There is a need for an animal model that closely parallels human cochlea gestational development. This study aims to document porcine inner ear anatomy, and in vitro porcine derived inner ear cell culture characteristics. Twenty-four temporal bone were harvested from 12 adult pigs (Sus scrofa). Six were formalin fixed and their maximal diameters were measured. The cochlea duct length was determined by the insertion length of a Nucleus 22 cochlear implant in two bones. Four formalin fixed bones were sectioned for histology. Cochlear and vestibular tissues were harvested from non-fixed bones, cultured and characterized at different passages (P). Gene and protein expression of multipotent stem/progenitor (Nestin and Sox2), inner ear hair (Myosin VIIa, Prestin) and supporting (Cytokeratin 18 and Vimentin) cell markers were determined. The porcine cochlea was a 3.5 turn spiral. There was a separate vestibular compartment. The cochlear mean maximal diameter and height was 7.99 and 3.77 mm, respectively. Sphere forming cells were identified on phase-contrast microscopy. The relative mRNA expression levels of KRT18, MYO7A and SLC26A5 were significantly positively correlated in cochlear cultures; and MYO7A and SLC26A5; SOX2 and KRT18; NES and SLC26A5 genes were positively correlated in vestibular cultures (p = .037, Spearman correlation [τ] = .900). Inner ear sensory and stem cell characteristics persist in passaged porcine inner ear cells. Further work is required to establish the usefulness of porcine inner ear cell cultures to the study of human inner ear disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Adult ; Humans ; Swine ; Cochlea ; Vestibule, Labyrinth ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Sus scrofa
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2269667-2
ISSN	1932-8494 ; 1932-8486
ISSN (online)	1932-8494
ISSN	1932-8486
DOI	10.1002/ar.25149
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Article: Evidence that faecal carriage of resistant Escherichia coli by 16-week-old dogs in the United Kingdom is associated with raw feeding

Mounsey, Oliver / Wareham, Kezia / Hammond, Ashley / Findlay, Jacqueline / Gould, Virginia C. / Morley, Katy / Cogan, Tristan A. / Turner, Katy M.E. / Avison, Matthew B. / Reyher, Kristen K.

One health. 2022 June, v. 14

2022

Abstract: We report a survey (August 2017 to March 2018) and risk factor analysis of faecal carriage of antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli in 223 16-week-old dogs in the United Kingdom. Raw feeding was associated with the presence of fluoroquinolone- ... ...

Abstract	We report a survey (August 2017 to March 2018) and risk factor analysis of faecal carriage of antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli in 223 16-week-old dogs in the United Kingdom. Raw feeding was associated with the presence of fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) E. coli and those resistant to tetracycline, amoxicillin, and streptomycin, but not to cefalexin. Whole genome sequencing of 36 FQ-R E. coli isolates showed a wide range of sequence types (STs), with almost exclusively mutational FQ-R dominated by ST744 and ST162. Comparisons between E. coli isolates from puppies known to be located within a 50 × 50 km region with those isolated from human urinary tract infections (isolated in parallel in the same region) identified an ST744 FQ-R lineage that was carried by one puppy and caused one urinary tract infection. Accordingly, we conclude that raw feeding is associated with carriage of ABR E. coli in dogs even at 16 weeks of age and that bacteria carried by puppies are shared with humans. We therefore suggest that those who feed their dogs raw meat seriously consider the potential ABR-transmission threat their pet may become as a result and deploy appropriate hygiene practices in mitigation.
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; amoxicillin ; factor analysis ; genome ; humans ; hygiene ; pets ; puppies ; raw meat ; risk factors ; streptomycin ; surveys ; tetracycline ; urinary tract ; urinary tract diseases ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-06
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2834831-X
ISSN	2352-7714
ISSN	2352-7714
DOI	10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100370
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Article: Factors influencing the detection of antibacterial‐resistant Escherichia coli in faecal samples from individual cattle

Turner, Andrea / Schubert, Hannah / Puddy, Emma F. / Sealey, Jordan E. / Gould, Virginia C. / Cogan, Tristan A. / Avison, Matthew B. / Reyher, Kristen K.

Journal of applied microbiology. 2022 Apr., v. 132, no. 4

2022

Abstract: AIMS: To investigate whether on‐farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial‐resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples ... ...

Abstract	AIMS: To investigate whether on‐farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial‐resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty‐four heifers from 37 farms were sampled via rectal or faecal pat sampling. Samples were stored at −80°C for variable periods before microbiological analysis. Data analysis was done through a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression approach. Individual rectal samples had increased odds of positivity for amoxicillin‐, cefalexin‐ and tetracycline‐resistant E. coli. Sample storage for 6–12 months was associated with decreased odds of finding amoxicillin‐ and tetracycline‐resistant E. coli. On‐farm ABU had little influence, and environmental ABR E. coli prevalence had no significant influence on the odds of sample‐level positivity for ABR E. coli. CONCLUSIONS: Sampling methodology and sample handling have a greater association than on‐farm factors with the detection of ABR E. coli in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Sampling and storage methodologies should be considered carefully at the point of designing ABR surveillance studies in livestock and their environments and, where possible, these methodologies should be standardized between and within future studies.
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; microbiology ; monitoring ; regression analysis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Size	p. 2633-2641.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1358023-1
ISSN	1365-2672 ; 1364-5072
ISSN (online)	1365-2672
ISSN	1364-5072
DOI	10.1111/jam.15419
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Article ; Online: Factors influencing the detection of antibacterial-resistant Escherichia coli in faecal samples from individual cattle.

Turner, Andrea / Schubert, Hannah / Puddy, Emma F / Sealey, Jordan E / Gould, Virginia C / Cogan, Tristan A / Avison, Matthew B / Reyher, Kristen K

Journal of applied microbiology

2021 Volume 132, Issue 4, Page(s) 2633–2641

Abstract: Aims: To investigate whether on-farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To investigate whether on-farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers. Methods and results: Three hundred and sixty-four heifers from 37 farms were sampled via rectal or faecal pat sampling. Samples were stored at -80°C for variable periods before microbiological analysis. Data analysis was done through a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression approach. Individual rectal samples had increased odds of positivity for amoxicillin-, cefalexin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. Sample storage for 6-12 months was associated with decreased odds of finding amoxicillin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. On-farm ABU had little influence, and environmental ABR E. coli prevalence had no significant influence on the odds of sample-level positivity for ABR E. coli. Conclusions: Sampling methodology and sample handling have a greater association than on-farm factors with the detection of ABR E. coli in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers. Significance and impact of the study: Sampling and storage methodologies should be considered carefully at the point of designing ABR surveillance studies in livestock and their environments and, where possible, these methodologies should be standardized between and within future studies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Dairying ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Tetracycline
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Tetracycline (F8VB5M810T)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1358023-1
ISSN	1365-2672 ; 1364-5072
ISSN (online)	1365-2672
ISSN	1364-5072
DOI	10.1111/jam.15419
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Article: Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol

Alexander, Robert W. / Tian, Jianghan / Haddrell, Allen E. / Oswin, Henry P. / Neal, Edward / Hardy, Daniel A. / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F. S. / Cogan, Tristan A. / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D. / Hill, Darryl J. / Reid, Jonathan P.

Viruses. 2022 Aug. 24, v. 14, no. 9

2022

Abstract: Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential ...

Abstract	Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
Keywords	Murine hepatitis virus ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; bioaerosols ; droplets ; evaporation ; mucins ; mucus ; particulates ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; viability
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0824
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14091856
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol.

Alexander, Robert W / Tian, Jianghan / Haddrell, Allen E / Oswin, Henry P / Neal, Edward / Hardy, Daniel A / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Hill, Darryl J / Reid, Jonathan P

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 9

Abstract	Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19 ; Mice ; Microbial Viability ; Mucins ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Mucins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14091856
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Article: Evidence that faecal carriage of resistant

Mounsey, Oliver / Wareham, Kezia / Hammond, Ashley / Findlay, Jacqueline / Gould, Virginia C / Morley, Katy / Cogan, Tristan A / Turner, Katy M E / Avison, Matthew B / Reyher, Kristen K

One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2022 Volume 14, Page(s) 100370

Abstract: We report a survey (August 2017 to March 2018) and risk factor analysis of faecal carriage of antibacterial-resistant (ABR) ...

Abstract	We report a survey (August 2017 to March 2018) and risk factor analysis of faecal carriage of antibacterial-resistant (ABR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834831-X
ISSN	2352-7714
ISSN	2352-7714
DOI	10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100370
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Article ; Online: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Hilditch, Thomas G / Tian, Jianghan / Hardy, Daniel A / Hill, Darryl J / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 27, Page(s) e2200109119

Abstract: Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies for preventing transmission. We present measurements of the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol droplets (∼5 to 10 µm equilibrated radius) over timescales spanning 5 s to 20 min using an instrument to probe survival in a small population of droplets (typically 5 to 10) containing ∼1 virus/droplet. Measurements of airborne infectivity change are coupled with a detailed physicochemical analysis of the airborne droplets containing the virus. A decrease in infectivity to ∼10% of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 over 20 min, with a large proportion of the loss occurring within the first 5 min after aerosolization. The initial rate of infectivity loss was found to correlate with physical transformation of the equilibrating droplet; salts within the droplets crystallize at relative humidities (RHs) below 50%, leading to a near-instant loss of infectivity in 50 to 60% of the virus. However, at 90% RH, the droplet remains homogenous and aqueous, and the viral stability is sustained for the first 2 min, beyond which it decays to only 10% remaining infectious after 10 min. The loss of infectivity at high RH is consistent with an elevation in the pH of the droplets, caused by volatilization of CO
MeSH term(s)	Aerosolized Particles and Droplets/chemistry ; Aerosolized Particles and Droplets/isolation & purification ; COVID-19/transmission ; Humans ; Humidity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Chemical Substances	Aerosolized Particles and Droplets
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2200109119
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