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Article ; Online: Predicting Working Memory Capacity Based on Glutamatergic Concentration and its Modulation of Functional Connectivity.

Zacharopoulos, George / Kadosh Cohen, Roi

2020 Volume 457, Page(s) 12–19

Abstract: Working memory (WM) capacity, the amount of information one can hold online in mind, has a central role in cognition. Previous electrophysiological and imaging studies revealed the pivotal role of persistent activity within parietal and frontal regions ... ...

Abstract	Working memory (WM) capacity, the amount of information one can hold online in mind, has a central role in cognition. Previous electrophysiological and imaging studies revealed the pivotal role of persistent activity within parietal and frontal regions as the neural foundations underpinning WM capacity. The best candidate molecules determining persistent activity are the brain's major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. However, our knowledge of these neurophysiological determinants in forming WM capacity is still poor. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we examined the contribution of glutamate and GABA within the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the left inferior/middle frontal gyrus (FG) in tracking WM capacity. A positive association was found between glutamate within the left IPS and WM capacity. By utilising resting-state functional MRI, we identified a negative association between parieto-cingulate connectivity and WM capacity. Individual variation in parieto-cingulate connectivity was explained by glutamatergic concentration in the IPS. Moreover, we found that parieto-cingulate connectivity mediated the relationship between interparietal sulcus glutamate and WM capacity. This set of findings reveals a novel mechanistic insight by which glutamatergic concentration within the IPS shapes WM capacity via parieto-cingulate connectivity.
MeSH term(s)	Brain Mapping ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Memory, Short-Term ; Parietal Lobe/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	196739-3
ISSN	1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
ISSN (online)	1873-7544
ISSN	0306-4522
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.037
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Book ; Online: Crawling the Internal Knowledge-Base of Language Models

Cohen, Roi / Geva, Mor / Berant, Jonathan / Globerson, Amir

2023

Abstract: Language models are trained on large volumes of text, and as a result their parameters might contain a significant body of factual knowledge. Any downstream task performed by these models implicitly builds on these facts, and thus it is highly desirable ... ...

Abstract	Language models are trained on large volumes of text, and as a result their parameters might contain a significant body of factual knowledge. Any downstream task performed by these models implicitly builds on these facts, and thus it is highly desirable to have means for representing this body of knowledge in an interpretable way. However, there is currently no mechanism for such a representation. Here, we propose to address this goal by extracting a knowledge-graph of facts from a given language model. We describe a procedure for ``crawling'' the internal knowledge-base of a language model. Specifically, given a seed entity, we expand a knowledge-graph around it. The crawling procedure is decomposed into sub-tasks, realized through specially designed prompts that control for both precision (i.e., that no wrong facts are generated) and recall (i.e., the number of facts generated). We evaluate our approach on graphs crawled starting from dozens of seed entities, and show it yields high precision graphs (82-92%), while emitting a reasonable number of facts per entity. Comment: To be published in EACL 2023 (Findings)
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Subject code	004
Publishing date	2023-01-30
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: LM vs LM

Cohen, Roi / Hamri, May / Geva, Mor / Globerson, Amir

Detecting Factual Errors via Cross Examination

2023

Abstract: A prominent weakness of modern language models (LMs) is their tendency to generate factually incorrect text, which hinders their usability. A natural question is whether such factual errors can be detected automatically. Inspired by truth-seeking ... ...

Abstract	A prominent weakness of modern language models (LMs) is their tendency to generate factually incorrect text, which hinders their usability. A natural question is whether such factual errors can be detected automatically. Inspired by truth-seeking mechanisms in law, we propose a factuality evaluation framework for LMs that is based on cross-examination. Our key idea is that an incorrect claim is likely to result in inconsistency with other claims that the model generates. To discover such inconsistencies, we facilitate a multi-turn interaction between the LM that generated the claim and another LM (acting as an examiner) which introduces questions to discover inconsistencies. We empirically evaluate our method on factual claims made by multiple recent LMs on four benchmarks, finding that it outperforms existing methods and baselines, often by a large gap. Our results demonstrate the potential of using interacting LMs for capturing factual errors.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language
Subject code	005
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: Evaluating the Ripple Effects of Knowledge Editing in Language Models

Cohen, Roi / Biran, Eden / Yoran, Ori / Globerson, Amir / Geva, Mor

2023

Abstract: Modern language models capture a large body of factual knowledge. However, some facts can be incorrectly induced or become obsolete over time, resulting in factually incorrect generations. This has led to the development of various editing methods that ... ...

Abstract	Modern language models capture a large body of factual knowledge. However, some facts can be incorrectly induced or become obsolete over time, resulting in factually incorrect generations. This has led to the development of various editing methods that allow updating facts encoded by the model. Evaluation of these methods has primarily focused on testing whether an individual fact has been successfully injected, and if similar predictions for other subjects have not changed. Here we argue that such evaluation is limited, since injecting one fact (e.g. ``Jack Depp is the son of Johnny Depp'') introduces a ``ripple effect'' in the form of additional facts that the model needs to update (e.g.``Jack Depp is the sibling of Lily-Rose Depp''). To address this issue, we propose a novel set of evaluation criteria that consider the implications of an edit on related facts. Using these criteria, we then construct RippleEdits, a diagnostic benchmark of 5K factual edits, capturing a variety of types of ripple effects. We evaluate prominent editing methods on RippleEdits, showing that current methods fail to introduce consistent changes in the model's knowledge. In addition, we find that a simple in-context editing baseline obtains the best scores on our benchmark, suggesting a promising research direction for model editing. Comment: Accepted for publication in Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL), 2024. Author's final version
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language
Publishing date	2023-07-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Laser linewidth characterization via self-homodyne measurement under nearly-coherent conditions.

Attia, Ido / Wohlgemuth, Eyal / Balciano, Ohad / Cohen, Roi Jacob / Yoffe, Yaron / Sadot, Dan

Optics express

2022 Volume 30, Issue 9, Page(s) 14492–14504

Abstract: In this work we propose a novel and efficient characterization scheme for a narrow linewidth laser using a nearly-coherent delayed self-homodyne (NC-DSH) technique. The modulated signal of an analog coherent optics (ACO) transceiver, configured in ... ...

Abstract	In this work we propose a novel and efficient characterization scheme for a narrow linewidth laser using a nearly-coherent delayed self-homodyne (NC-DSH) technique. The modulated signal of an analog coherent optics (ACO) transceiver, configured in optical loop-back, and the local oscillator (LO) are mixed after a very short optical path difference (OPD), corresponding to an interferometer operating in its nearly-coherent regime. The phase noise is extracted from a digital signal processing algorithm of carrier phase estimation (CPE), while data is transmitted. The interferometric pattern's E-field power spectral density (PSD) enables the extraction of the OPD and the linewidth of the transceiver's laser source in high accuracy. The proposed technique is demonstrated using a commercial integrated coherent transmitter and receiver optical sub-assembly (IC-TROSA).
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491859-6
ISSN	1094-4087 ; 1094-4087
ISSN (online)	1094-4087
ISSN	1094-4087
DOI	10.1364/OE.451758
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Article ; Online: Biatrial drainage of right superior vena cava with left superior vena cava: A diagnostic conundrum.

Bhansali, Suneet / Cohen, Roi B / Halpern, Dan / Saharan, Sunil / Saric, Muhamed / Kumar, T K Susheel / Mosca, Ralph S

JTCVS techniques

2022 Volume 14, Page(s) 198–200

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ISSN	2666-2507
ISSN (online)	2666-2507
DOI	10.1016/j.xjtc.2022.03.020
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Article ; Online: Stealth and secured optical coherent transmission using a gain switched frequency comb and multi-homodyne coherent detection.

Wohlgemuth, Eyal / Yoffe, Yaron / Nadimi Goki, Pantea / Imran, Muhammad / Fresi, Francesco / Doddaballapura Lakshmijayasimha, Prajwal / Cohen, Roi / Anandarajah, Prince / Potì, Luca / Sadot, Dan

Optics express

2021 Volume 29, Issue 24, Page(s) 40462–40480

Abstract: A novel all-optical stealth and secured transmission is proposed and demonstrated. Spectral replicas of the covert signal are carried by multiple tones of a gain switched optical frequency comb, optically coded with spectral phase mask, and concealed ... ...

Abstract	A novel all-optical stealth and secured transmission is proposed and demonstrated. Spectral replicas of the covert signal are carried by multiple tones of a gain switched optical frequency comb, optically coded with spectral phase mask, and concealed below EDFA's noise. The secured signal's spectrum is spread far beyond the bandwidth of a coherent receiver, thus forcing real time all-optical processing. An unauthorized user, who does not possess knowledge on the phase mask, can only obtain a noisy and distorted signal, that cannot be improved by post-processing. On the other hand, the authorized user decodes the signal using an inverse spectral phase mask and achieves a substantial optical processing gain via multi-homodyne coherent detection. A transmission of 20 Gbps under negative -7.5 dB OSNR is demonstrated here, yielding error-free detection by the eligible user.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491859-6
ISSN	1094-4087 ; 1094-4087
ISSN (online)	1094-4087
ISSN	1094-4087
DOI	10.1364/OE.431070
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Article ; Online: Outcomes of posterior wall isolation with pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Jankelson, Lior / Garber, Leonid / Shulman, Eric / Cohen, Roi Bar / Peterson, Connor / Wadhwani, Lalit / Nadeau-Routhier, Charles / Xia, Yuhe / Barbhaiya, Chirag / Holmes, Douglas / Knotts, Robert / Bernstein, Scott / Kushnir, Alexander / Spinelli, Michael / Park, David / Aizer, Anthony / Chinitz, Larry

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology

2022 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 209–217

Abstract: Introduction: Prior studies have shown that addition of posterior wall isolation (PWI) may reduce atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. No data on PWI in paroxysmal AF (pAF) patients with normal left atrial ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Prior studies have shown that addition of posterior wall isolation (PWI) may reduce atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. No data on PWI in paroxysmal AF (pAF) patients with normal left atrial voltage is available, to date. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of PWI in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients presenting with pAF and normal left atrial voltage. Methods: Consecutive patient registry analysis was performed on all patients with pAF and normal left atrial voltage undergoing initial radiofrequency ablation from November 1, 2018 to November 15, 2019. Primary endpoint was recurrence of atrial arrhythmia including AF, atrial tachycardia (AT), or atrial flutter (AFL). Results: A total of 321 patients were studied, 214 in the PVI group and 107 in the PWI + PVI group. Recurrence of any atrial arrhythmia occurred in 18.2% of patients in the PVI group and 16.8% in the PVI + PWI cohort (p = 0.58). At 1 year, recurrence was 14.0% in the PVI group and 15.0% in the PWI + PVI group (p = 0.96). There was a lower AT/AFL recurrence in the PVI + PWI group, not reaching significance (3.7% in the PWI + PVI group vs. 7.9% in PVI group, p = 0.31). Need for carina lesions predicted recurrence in the PVI-only group. Conclusions: Addition of PWI to PVI in pAF patients undergoing their first ablation did not reduce the frequency of atrial arrhythmia recurrence. This warrants further study in a prospective trial.
MeSH term(s)	Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis ; Atrial Fibrillation/surgery ; Catheter Ablation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Veins/surgery ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1025989-2
ISSN	1540-8167 ; 1045-3873
ISSN (online)	1540-8167
ISSN	1045-3873
DOI	10.1111/jce.15325
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Article ; Online: QT interval dynamics and triggers for QT prolongation immediately following cardiac arrest.

Cohen, Roi Bar / Dai, Matthew / Aizer, Anthony / Barbhaiya, Chirag / Peterson, Connor / Bernstein, Scott / Park, David S / Spinelli, Michael / Chinitz, Larry A / Jankelson, Lior

Resuscitation

2021 Volume 162, Page(s) 171–179

Abstract: Background: The prolongation in QT interval typically observed following cardiac arrest is considered to be multifactorial and induced by external triggers such as hypothermia therapy and exposure to antiarrhythmic medications.: Objective: To ... ...

Abstract	Background: The prolongation in QT interval typically observed following cardiac arrest is considered to be multifactorial and induced by external triggers such as hypothermia therapy and exposure to antiarrhythmic medications. Objective: To evaluate the corrected QT interval (QTc) dynamics in the first 10 days following cardiac arrest with respect to the etiology of arrest, hypothermia and QT prolonging medications. Methods: We enrolled 104 adult survivors of cardiac arrest, where daily ECG was available for at least 3 days. We followed their QT and QRS intervals for the first 10 days of hospitalization. We used both Bazett and Fridericia formulas to correct for heart rate. For patients with QRS < 120 we analyzed the QTc interval (n = 90) and for patients with QRS > 120 ms we analyzed the JTc (n = 104) vs. including only the narrow QRS samples (n = 89). We stratified patients by 3 groups: (1) presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) (2) treatment with hypothermia protocol, and (3) treatment with QTc prolonging medications. Additionally, genetic information obtained during hospitalization was analyzed. Results: QTc and JTc intervals were significantly prolonged in the first 6 days. Maximal QTc/JTc prolongation was observed in day 2 (QTcB = 497 ± 55). There were no differences in daily QTc/JTc and QRS intervals in the first 2 days post arrest between patients with or without hypothermia induction but such difference was found with QT prolonging medications. All subgroups demonstrated significantly prolonged QTc/JTc interval regardless of the presence of IHD, hypothermia protocol or QTc prolonging medication exposure. Our results were consistent for both Bazetts' and Frediricia correction and for any QRS duration. Prolongation of the JTcB beyond 382 ms after day 3 predicted sustained QTc/JTc prolongation beyond day 6 with an ROC of 0.78. Conclusions: QTc/JTc interval is significantly and independently prolonged post SCA, regardless of known QT prolonging triggers. Normalization of the QTc post cardiac arrest should be expected only after day 6 of hospitalization. Assessment of the QTc for adjudication of the etiology of arrest or for monitoring the effect of QT prolonging medications may be unreliable.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Arrest/complications ; Heart Arrest/therapy ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Long QT Syndrome/etiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-27
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189901-6
ISSN	1873-1570 ; 0300-9572
ISSN (online)	1873-1570
ISSN	0300-9572
DOI	10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.029
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Article ; Online: The QT interval in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin.

Chorin, Ehud / Dai, Matthew / Shulman, Eric / Wadhwani, Lalit / Bar-Cohen, Roi / Barbhaiya, Chirag / Aizer, Anthony / Holmes, Douglas / Bernstein, Scott / Spinelli, Michael / Park, David S / Chinitz, Larry A / Jankelson, Lior

Nature medicine

2020 Volume 26, Issue 6, Page(s) 808–809

MeSH term(s)	Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/virology ; Azithromycin/administration & dosage ; Azithromycin/adverse effects ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Electrocardiography/drug effects ; Electrocardiography/methods ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage ; Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects ; Oxygen/administration & dosage ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Torsades de Pointes/chemically induced ; Torsades de Pointes/diagnosis ; Torsades de Pointes/physiopathology ; Viral Load/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Hydroxychloroquine (4QWG6N8QKH) ; Azithromycin (83905-01-5) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1220066-9
ISSN	1546-170X ; 1078-8956
ISSN (online)	1546-170X
ISSN	1078-8956
DOI	10.1038/s41591-020-0888-2
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