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  1. Article ; Online: Middle-School Student Engagement in a Tick Testing Community Science Project

    Amy Prunuske / Cole Fisher / Jhomary Molden / Amarpreet Brar / Ryan Ragland / Jesse vanWestrienen

    Insects, Vol 12, Iss 1136, p

    2021  Volume 1136

    Abstract: Studies of tickborne illness have benefited from interactions between scientists and community members. Most participants in community science projects are well-educated adults, but there are anticipated benefits from engaging younger students in ... ...

    Abstract Studies of tickborne illness have benefited from interactions between scientists and community members. Most participants in community science projects are well-educated adults, but there are anticipated benefits from engaging younger students in research. We evaluated whether an outreach experience for rural middle-school students promoted student interest in science and resulted in the generation of samples that could be used for tick testing to assess disease risk. Middle-school students from 78 Wisconsin communities developed interdisciplinary hypotheses about the spread of Lyme disease, identified ticks, and extracted DNA from ticks to assess the prevalence of pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi , Anaplasma phagocytophillium , and Babesia microti . As a result of this intervention, students were able to successfully complete the research protocol and explain the rationale for completing the experiment. Of student participants, 84.7% reported no difficulty completing the protocol, 66% of the student samples gave reliable PCR results, and 76% of students reported interest in participating in similar experiments. Our study shows that tick outreach programs that incorporate community-based science promote knowledge about Lyme disease, facilitate engagement between students and scientists, and generate samples that can be successfully utilized for pathogen testing.
    Keywords citizen science ; Lyme disease ; Ixodes scapularis ; tick ; Borrelia burgdorferi ; community science ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 028
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Modulation of SUR1 K ATP Channel Subunit Activity in the Peripheral Nervous System Reduces Mechanical Hyperalgesia after Nerve Injury in Mice

    Wing Luu / James Bjork / Erin Salo / Nicole Entenmann / Taylor Jurgenson / Cole Fisher / Amanda H. Klein

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 20, Iss 9, p

    2019  Volume 2251

    Abstract: The ATP-sensitive K + channel (K ATP ) is involved in hypersensitivity during chronic pain and is presumed to be a downstream target of mu opioid receptors. Multiple subtypes of K ATP channels exist in the peripheral and central nervous system and their ... ...

    Abstract The ATP-sensitive K + channel (K ATP ) is involved in hypersensitivity during chronic pain and is presumed to be a downstream target of mu opioid receptors. Multiple subtypes of K ATP channels exist in the peripheral and central nervous system and their activity may be inversely correlated to chronic pain phenotypes in rodents. In this study, we investigated the different K ATP channel subunits that could be involved in neuropathic pain in mice. In chronic pain models utilizing spinal nerve ligation, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunits were found to be significantly downregulated in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord. Local or intrathecal administration of SUR1-K ATP channel subtype agonists resulted in analgesia after spinal nerve ligation but not SUR2 agonists. In ex-vivo nerve recordings, administration of the SUR1 agonist diazoxide to peripheral nerve terminals decreased mechanically evoked potentials. Genetic knockdown of SUR1 through an associated adenoviral strategy resulted in mechanical hyperalgesia but not thermal hyperalgesia compared to control mice. Behavioral data from neuropathic mice indicate that local reductions in SUR1-subtype K ATP channel activity can exacerbate neuropathic pain symptoms. Since neuropathic pain is of major clinical relevance, potassium channels present a target for analgesic therapies, especially since they are expressed in nociceptors and could play an essential role in regulating the excitability of neurons involved in pain-transmission.
    Keywords neuropathy ; K ATP channels ; SUR1 ; Kir6.2 ; analgesia ; spinal nerve ligation ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Subject code 572
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: A Simple and Mild Microwave-Based Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Benzofulvenes

    Adam C. Glass / Katherine E. Caspary / Cole Fisher / Connor Whyte / James Okubo / Lev N. Zakharov

    SynOpen, Vol 02, Iss 03, Pp 0256-

    2018  Volume 0262

    Abstract: Abstract Benzofulvenes and their derivatives are useful molecular entities having applications as biologically active molecules, polymer precursors, and optoelectronic devices. We have developed a simple and mild synthetic method for the formulation of a ...

    Abstract Abstract Benzofulvenes and their derivatives are useful molecular entities having applications as biologically active molecules, polymer precursors, and optoelectronic devices. We have developed a simple and mild synthetic method for the formulation of a variety of these interesting compounds. Using carbonyl coupling techniques combined with microwave heating, a wide variety of functionalized benzofulvenes can be accessed rapidly in good yield. Furthermore, we have obtained five crystal structures further expanding a limited number of benzofulvene structures available.
    Keywords aromaticity ; benzofulvenes ; dbu ; microwave ; mild ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Georg Thieme Verlag KG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Liver macrophage-associated inflammation correlates with SIV burden and is substantially reduced following cART.

    Bridget S Fisher / Richard R Green / Rachel R Brown / Matthew P Wood / Tiffany Hensley-McBain / Cole Fisher / Jean Chang / Andrew D Miller / William J Bosche / Jeffrey D Lifson / Maud Mavigner / Charlene J Miller / Michael Gale / Guido Silvestri / Ann Chahroudi / Nichole R Klatt / Donald L Sodora

    PLoS Pathogens, Vol 14, Iss 2, p e

    2018  Volume 1006871

    Abstract: Liver disease is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality during HIV infection, despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The precise mechanisms of liver disease during HIV infection are poorly understood partially due to the ... ...

    Abstract Liver disease is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality during HIV infection, despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The precise mechanisms of liver disease during HIV infection are poorly understood partially due to the difficulty in obtaining human liver samples as well as the presence of confounding factors (e.g. hepatitis co-infection, alcohol use). Utilizing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model, a controlled study was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with liver inflammation and the impact of cART. We observed an increase in hepatic macrophages during untreated SIV infection that was associated with a number of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators (TNFα, CCL3, TGFβ). Moreover, an upregulation in the macrophage chemoattractant factor CCL2 was detected in the livers of SIV-infected macaques that coincided with an increase in the number of activated CD16+ monocyte/macrophages and T cells expressing the cognate receptor CCR2. Expression of Mac387 on monocyte/macrophages further indicated that these cells recently migrated to the liver. The hepatic macrophage and T cell levels strongly correlated with liver SIV DNA levels, and were not associated with the levels of 16S bacterial DNA. Utilizing in situ hybridization, SIV-infected cells were found primarily within portal triads, and were identified as T cells. Microarray analysis identified a strong antiviral transcriptomic signature in the liver during SIV infection. In contrast, macaques treated with cART exhibited lower levels of liver macrophages and had a substantial, but not complete, reduction in their inflammatory profile. In addition, residual SIV DNA and bacteria 16S DNA were detected in the livers during cART, implicating the liver as a site on-going immune activation during antiretroviral therapy. These findings provide mechanistic insights regarding how SIV infection promotes liver inflammation through macrophage recruitment, with implications for in HIV-infected individuals.
    Keywords Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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