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Article ; Online: From mesenchymal niches to engineered in vitro model systems

Fatmah I. Ghuloum / Colin A. Johnson / Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo / Mahetab H. Amer

Materials Today Bio, Vol 17, Iss , Pp 100502- (2022)

Exploring and exploiting biomechanical regulation of vertebrate hedgehog signalling

2022

Abstract: Tissue patterning is the result of complex interactions between transcriptional programs and various mechanical cues that modulate cell behaviour and drive morphogenesis. Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling plays key roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue ... ...

Abstract	Tissue patterning is the result of complex interactions between transcriptional programs and various mechanical cues that modulate cell behaviour and drive morphogenesis. Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling plays key roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis, and is central to skeletal development and the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of several components of the Hedgehog signalling pathway have been reported to be mechanically regulated in mesodermal tissue patterning and osteogenic differentiation in response to external stimulation. Since a number of bone developmental defects and skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, are directly linked to aberrant Hedgehog signalling, a better knowledge of the regulation of Hedgehog signalling in the mechanosensitive bone marrow-residing mesenchymal stromal cells will present novel avenues for modelling these diseases and uncover novel opportunities for extracellular matrix-targeted therapies. In this review, we present a brief overview of the key molecular players involved in Hedgehog signalling and the basic concepts of mechanobiology, with a focus on bone development and regeneration. We also highlight the correlation between the activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in response to mechanical cues and osteogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, we propose different tissue engineering strategies to apply the expanding knowledge of 3D material-cell interactions in the modulation of Hedgehog signalling in vitro for fundamental and translational research applications.
Keywords	Extracellular matrix ; Mesenchymal stromal cells ; Hedgehog signalling ; Osteogenesis ; Mechanotransduction ; Mechanobiology ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: RNA-Seq analysis of a Pax3-expressing myoblast clone in-vitro and effect of culture surface stiffness on differentiation

Louise Richardson / Dapeng Wang / Ruth Hughes / Colin A. Johnson / Michelle Peckham

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 16

Abstract: Abstract Skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured on soft surfaces (12 kPa) show improved differentiation than cells cultured on stiff surfaces (approximately 100 kPa). To better understand the reasons for this, we performed an RNA-Seq analysis for a ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured on soft surfaces (12 kPa) show improved differentiation than cells cultured on stiff surfaces (approximately 100 kPa). To better understand the reasons for this, we performed an RNA-Seq analysis for a single satellite cell clone (C1F) derived from the H2kb-tsA58 immortomouse, which differentiates into myotubes under tightly regulated conditions (withdrawal of ɣ-interferon, 37 °C). The largest change in overall gene expression occurred at day 1, as cells switched from proliferation to differentiation. Surprisingly, further analysis showed that proliferating C1F cells express Pax3 and not Pax7, confirmed by immunostaining, yet their subsequent differentiation into myotubes is normal, and enhanced on softer surfaces, as evidenced by significantly higher expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors, sarcomeric genes, enhanced fusion and improved myofibrillogenesis. Levels of mRNA encoding extracellular matrix structural constituents and related genes were consistently upregulated on hard surfaces, suggesting that a consequence of differentiating satellite cells on hard surfaces is that they attempt to manipulate their niche prior to differentiating. This comprehensive RNA-Seq dataset will be a useful resource for understanding Pax3 expressing cells.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Primary Cilia, Ciliogenesis and the Actin Cytoskeleton

Claire E. L. Smith / Alice V. R. Lake / Colin A. Johnson

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol

A Little Less Resorption, A Little More Actin Please

2020 Volume 8

Abstract: Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, forming when the basal body (derived from the mother centriole) docks at the apical cell membrane. They act as universal cellular “antennae” in ... ...

Abstract	Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, forming when the basal body (derived from the mother centriole) docks at the apical cell membrane. They act as universal cellular “antennae” in vertebrates that receive and integrate mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment, serving diverse roles in chemo-, mechano- and photo-sensation that control developmental signaling, cell polarity and cell proliferation. Mutations in ciliary genes cause a major group of inherited developmental disorders called ciliopathies. There are very few preventative treatments or new therapeutic interventions that modify disease progression or the long-term outlook of patients with these conditions. Recent work has identified at least four distinct but interrelated cellular processes that regulate cilia formation and maintenance, comprising the cell cycle, cellular proteostasis, signaling pathways and structural influences of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments that are formed from filamentous (F) polymers of globular G-actin subunits. Actin filaments are organized into bundles and networks, and are attached to the cell membrane, by diverse cross-linking proteins. During cell migration, actin filament bundles form either radially at the leading edge or as axial stress fibers. Early studies demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in ciliopathy genes increased stress fiber formation and impaired ciliogenesis whereas pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization promoted ciliogenesis. These studies suggest that polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, F-actin branching and the formation of stress fibers all inhibit primary cilium formation, whereas depolymerization or depletion of actin enhance ciliogenesis. Here, we review the mechanistic basis for these effects on ciliogenesis, which comprise several cellular processes acting in concert at different timescales. Actin polymerization is both a physical ...
Keywords	drug screen ; ROCK inhibitors ; ciliopathies ; polycystic kidney disease ; ciliogenesis ; actin cytoskeleton ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	612 ; 570
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
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Article ; Online: Regulation of canonical Wnt signalling by the ciliopathy protein MKS1 and the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2E1

Katarzyna Szymanska / Karsten Boldt / Clare V Logan / Matthew Adams / Philip A Robinson / Marius Ueffing / Elton Zeqiraj / Gabrielle Wheway / Colin A Johnson

eLife, Vol

2022 Volume 11

Abstract: Primary ciliary defects cause a group of developmental conditions known as ciliopathies. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into ciliary ubiquitin processing in cells and for mouse model lacking the ciliary protein Mks1. In vivo loss of Mks1 sensitises ...

Abstract	Primary ciliary defects cause a group of developmental conditions known as ciliopathies. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into ciliary ubiquitin processing in cells and for mouse model lacking the ciliary protein Mks1. In vivo loss of Mks1 sensitises cells to proteasomal disruption, leading to abnormal accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. We identified UBE2E1, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that polyubiquitinates β-catenin, and RNF34, an E3 ligase, as novel interactants of MKS1. UBE2E1 and MKS1 colocalised, and loss of UBE2E1 recapitulates the ciliary and Wnt signalling phenotypes observed during loss of MKS1. Levels of UBE2E1 and MKS1 are co-dependent and UBE2E1 mediates both regulatory and degradative ubiquitination of MKS1. We demonstrate that processing of phosphorylated β-catenin occurs at the ciliary base through the functional interaction between UBE2E1 and MKS1. These observations suggest that correct β-catenin levels are tightly regulated at the primary cilium by a ciliary-specific E2 (UBE2E1) and a regulatory substrate-adaptor (MKS1).
Keywords	MKS1 ; primary cilia ; Wnt signalling ; beta-catenin ; UBE2E1 ; ciliopathies ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
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Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Activation of autophagy reverses progressive and deleterious protein aggregation in PRPF31 patient‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived retinal pigment epithelium cells

Clinical and Translational Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 3, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)

2022

Abstract: Abstract Introduction Mutations in pre‐mRNA processing factor 31 (PRPF31), a core protein of the spliceosomal tri‐snRNP complex, cause autosomal‐dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). It has remained an enigma why mutations in ubiquitously expressed tri‐ ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Introduction Mutations in pre‐mRNA processing factor 31 (PRPF31), a core protein of the spliceosomal tri‐snRNP complex, cause autosomal‐dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). It has remained an enigma why mutations in ubiquitously expressed tri‐snRNP proteins result in retina‐specific disorders, and so far, the underlying mechanism of splicing factors‐related RP is poorly understood. Methods We used the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to generate retinal organoids and RPE models from four patients with severe and very severe PRPF31‐adRP, unaffected individuals and a CRISPR/Cas9 isogenic control. Results To fully assess the impacts of PRPF31 mutations, quantitative proteomics analyses of retinal organoids and RPE cells were carried out showing RNA splicing, autophagy and lysosome, unfolded protein response (UPR) and visual cycle‐related pathways to be significantly affected. Strikingly, the patient‐derived RPE and retinal cells were characterised by the presence of large amounts of cytoplasmic aggregates containing the mutant PRPF31 and misfolded, ubiquitin‐conjugated proteins including key visual cycle and other RP‐linked tri‐snRNP proteins, which accumulated progressively with time. The mutant PRPF31 variant was not incorporated into splicing complexes, but reduction of PRPF31 wild‐type levels led to tri‐snRNP assembly defects in Cajal bodies of PRPF31 patient retinal cells, altered morphology of nuclear speckles and reduced formation of active spliceosomes giving rise to global splicing dysregulation. Moreover, the impaired waste disposal mechanisms further exacerbated aggregate formation, and targeting these by activating the autophagy pathway using Rapamycin reduced cytoplasmic aggregates, leading to improved cell survival. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that it is the progressive aggregate accumulation that overburdens the waste disposal machinery rather than direct PRPF31‐initiated mis‐splicing, and thus relieving the RPE cells from insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates presents a ...
Keywords	aggregate formation ; autophagy ; human pluripotent stem cells ; proteasome ; PRPF31 ; retinal organoids ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The ciliary Frizzled-like receptor Tmem67 regulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the developing cerebellum via Hoxb5

Zakia A. Abdelhamed / Dina I. Abdelmottaleb / Mohammed E. El-Asrag / Subaashini Natarajan / Gabrielle Wheway / Chris F. Inglehearn / Carmel Toomes / Colin A. Johnson

Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Primary cilia defects result in a group of related pleiotropic malformation syndromes known as ciliopathies, often characterised by cerebellar developmental and foliation defects. Here, we describe the cerebellar anatomical and signalling ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Primary cilia defects result in a group of related pleiotropic malformation syndromes known as ciliopathies, often characterised by cerebellar developmental and foliation defects. Here, we describe the cerebellar anatomical and signalling defects in the Tmem67 tm1(Dgen)/H knockout mouse. At mid-gestation, Tmem67 mutant cerebella were hypoplastic and had aberrantly high canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling, proliferation and apoptosis. Later in development, mutant cerebellar hemispheres had severe foliation defects and inferior lobe malformation, characterized by immature Purkinje cells (PCs). Early postnatal Tmem67 mutant cerebellum had disrupted ciliogenesis and reduced responsiveness to Shh signalling. Transcriptome profiling of Tmem67 mutant cerebella identified ectopic increased expression of homeobox-type transcription factors (Hoxa5, Hoxa4, Hoxb5 and Hoxd3), normally required for early rostral hindbrain patterning. HOXB5 protein levels were increased in the inferior lobe, and increased canonical Wnt signalling, following loss of TMEM67, was dependent on HOXB5. HOXB5 occupancy at the β-catenin promoter was significantly increased by activation of canonical Wnt signalling in Tmem67 −/− mutant cerebellar neurones, suggesting that increased canonical Wnt signalling following mutation or loss of TMEM67 was directly dependent on HOXB5. Our results link dysregulated expression of Hox group genes with ciliary Wnt signalling defects in the developing cerebellum, providing new mechanistic insights into ciliopathy cerebellar hypoplasia phenotypes.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	570 ; 571
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Meckel-Gruber syndrome protein TMEM67 controls basal body positioning and epithelial branching morphogenesis in mice via the non-canonical Wnt pathway

Zakia A. Abdelhamed / Subaashini Natarajan / Gabrielle Wheway / Christopher F. Inglehearn / Carmel Toomes / Colin A. Johnson / Daniel J. Jagger

Disease Models & Mechanisms, Vol 8, Iss 6, Pp 527-

2015 Volume 541

Abstract: Ciliopathies are a group of developmental disorders that manifest with multi-organ anomalies. Mutations in TMEM67 (MKS3) cause a range of human ciliopathies, including Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes. In this study we describe multi-organ ... ...

Abstract	Ciliopathies are a group of developmental disorders that manifest with multi-organ anomalies. Mutations in TMEM67 (MKS3) cause a range of human ciliopathies, including Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes. In this study we describe multi-organ developmental abnormalities in the Tmem67tm1Dgen/H1 knockout mouse that closely resemble those seen in Wnt5a and Ror2 knockout mice. These include pulmonary hypoplasia, ventricular septal defects, shortening of the body longitudinal axis, limb abnormalities, and cochlear hair cell stereociliary bundle orientation and basal body/kinocilium positioning defects. The basal body/kinocilium complex was often uncoupled from the hair bundle, suggesting aberrant basal body migration, although planar cell polarity and apical planar asymmetry in the organ of Corti were normal. TMEM67 (meckelin) is essential for phosphorylation of the non-canonical Wnt receptor ROR2 (receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like orphan receptor 2) upon stimulation with Wnt5a-conditioned medium. ROR2 also colocalises and interacts with TMEM67 at the ciliary transition zone. Additionally, the extracellular N-terminal domain of TMEM67 preferentially binds to Wnt5a in an in vitro binding assay. Cultured lungs of Tmem67 mutant mice failed to respond to stimulation of epithelial branching morphogenesis by Wnt5a. Wnt5a also inhibited both the Shh and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways in wild-type embryonic lung. Pulmonary hypoplasia phenotypes, including loss of correct epithelial branching morphogenesis and cell polarity, were rescued by stimulating the non-canonical Wnt pathway downstream of the Wnt5a-TMEM67-ROR2 axis by activating RhoA. We propose that TMEM67 is a receptor that has a main role in non-canonical Wnt signalling, mediated by Wnt5a and ROR2, and normally represses Shh signalling. Downstream therapeutic targeting of the Wnt5a-TMEM67-ROR2 axis might, therefore, reduce or prevent pulmonary hypoplasia in ciliopathies and other congenital conditions.
Keywords	TMEM67 ; Meckelin ; MKS3 ; Wnt signalling ; Planar cell polarity ; PCP ; Stereocilia ; Kinocilia ; Primary cilia ; Hair bundle ; Ciliopathy ; Medicine ; R ; Pathology ; RB1-214
Subject code	571 ; 570
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Company of Biologists
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mutation screening of retinal dystrophy patients by targeted capture from tagged pooled DNAs and next generation sequencing.

Christopher M Watson / Mohammed El-Asrag / David A Parry / Joanne E Morgan / Clare V Logan / Ian M Carr / Eamonn Sheridan / Ruth Charlton / Colin A Johnson / Graham Taylor / Carmel Toomes / Martin McKibbin / Chris F Inglehearn / Manir Ali

PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 8, p e

2014 Volume 104281

Abstract: Retinal dystrophies are genetically heterogeneous, resulting from mutations in over 200 genes. Prior to the development of massively parallel sequencing, comprehensive genetic screening was unobtainable for most patients. Identifying the causative ... ...

Abstract	Retinal dystrophies are genetically heterogeneous, resulting from mutations in over 200 genes. Prior to the development of massively parallel sequencing, comprehensive genetic screening was unobtainable for most patients. Identifying the causative genetic mutation facilitates genetic counselling, carrier testing and prenatal/pre-implantation diagnosis, and often leads to a clearer prognosis. In addition, in a proportion of cases, when the mutation is known treatment can be optimised and patients are eligible for enrolment into clinical trials for gene-specific therapies.Patient genomic DNA was sheared, tagged and pooled in batches of four samples, prior to targeted capture and next generation sequencing. The enrichment reagent was designed against genes listed on the RetNet database (July 2010). Sequence data were aligned to the human genome and variants were filtered to identify potential pathogenic mutations. These were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.Molecular analysis of 20 DNAs from retinal dystrophy patients identified likely pathogenic mutations in 12 cases, many of them known and/or confirmed by segregation. These included previously described mutations in ABCA4 (c.6088C>T,p.R2030; c.5882G>A,p.G1961E), BBS2 (c.1895G>C,p.R632P), GUCY2D (c.2512C>T,p.R838C), PROM1 (c.1117C>T,p.R373C), RDH12 (c.601T>C,p.C201R; c.506G>A,p.R169Q), RPGRIP1 (c.3565C>T,p.R1189) and SPATA7 (c.253C>T,p.R85*) and new mutations in ABCA4 (c.3328+1G>C), CRB1 (c.2832_2842+23del), RP2 (c.884-1G>T) and USH2A (c.12874A>G,p.N4292D).Tagging and pooling DNA prior to targeted capture of known retinal dystrophy genes identified mutations in 60% of cases. This relatively high success rate may reflect enrichment for consanguineous cases in the local Yorkshire population, and the use of multiplex families. Nevertheless this is a promising high throughput approach to retinal dystrophy diagnostics.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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Article ; Online: Renal cystic disease proteins play critical roles in the organization of the olfactory epithelium.

Jennifer L Pluznick / Diego J Rodriguez-Gil / Michael Hull / Kavita Mistry / Vincent Gattone / Colin A Johnson / Scott Weatherbee / Charles A Greer / Michael J Caplan

PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 5, p e

2011 Volume 19694

Abstract: It was reported that some proteins known to cause renal cystic disease (NPHP6; BBS1, and BBS4) also localize to the olfactory epithelium (OE), and that mutations in these proteins can cause anosmia in addition to renal cystic disease. We demonstrate here ...

Abstract	It was reported that some proteins known to cause renal cystic disease (NPHP6; BBS1, and BBS4) also localize to the olfactory epithelium (OE), and that mutations in these proteins can cause anosmia in addition to renal cystic disease. We demonstrate here that a number of other proteins associated with renal cystic diseases - polycystin 1 and 2 (PC1, PC2), and Meckel-Gruber syndrome 1 and 3 (MKS1, MKS3) - localize to the murine OE. PC1, PC2, MKS1 and MKS3 are all detected in the OE by RT-PCR. We find that MKS3 localizes specifically to dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), while PC1 localizes to both dendritic knobs and cilia of mature OSNs. In mice carrying mutations in MKS1, the expression of the olfactory adenylate cyclase (AC3) is substantially reduced. Moreover, in rats with renal cystic disease caused by a mutation in MKS3, the laminar organization of the OE is perturbed and there is a reduced expression of components of the odor transduction cascade (G(olf), AC3) and α-acetylated tubulin. Furthermore, we show with electron microscopy that cilia in MKS3 mutant animals do not manifest the proper microtubule architecture. Both MKS1 and MKS3 mutant animals show no obvious alterations in odor receptor expression. These data show that multiple renal cystic proteins localize to the OE, where we speculate that they work together to regulate aspects of the development, maintenance or physiological activities of cilia.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: CiliaCarta

Teunis J P van Dam / Julie Kennedy / Robin van der Lee / Erik de Vrieze / Kirsten A Wunderlich / Suzanne Rix / Gerard W Dougherty / Nils J Lambacher / Chunmei Li / Victor L Jensen / Michel R Leroux / Rim Hjeij / Nicola Horn / Yves Texier / Yasmin Wissinger / Jeroen van Reeuwijk / Gabrielle Wheway / Barbara Knapp / Jan F Scheel /

Brunella Franco / Dorus A Mans / Erwin van Wijk / François Képès / Gisela G Slaats / Grischa Toedt / Hannie Kremer / Heymut Omran / Katarzyna Szymanska / Konstantinos Koutroumpas / Marius Ueffing / Thanh-Minh T Nguyen / Stef J F Letteboer / Machteld M Oud / Sylvia E C van Beersum / Miriam Schmidts / Philip L Beales / Qianhao Lu / Rachel H Giles / Radek Szklarczyk / Robert B Russell / Toby J Gibson / Colin A Johnson / Oliver E Blacque / Uwe Wolfrum / Karsten Boldt / Ronald Roepman / Victor Hernandez-Hernandez / Martijn A Huynen

PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 5, p e

An integrated and validated compendium of ciliary genes.

2019 Volume 0216705

Abstract: The cilium is an essential organelle at the surface of mammalian cells whose dysfunction causes a wide range of genetic diseases collectively called ciliopathies. The current rate at which new ciliopathy genes are identified suggests that many ciliary ... ...

Abstract	The cilium is an essential organelle at the surface of mammalian cells whose dysfunction causes a wide range of genetic diseases collectively called ciliopathies. The current rate at which new ciliopathy genes are identified suggests that many ciliary components remain undiscovered. We generated and rigorously analyzed genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and evolutionary data and systematically integrated these using Bayesian statistics into a predictive score for ciliary function. This resulted in 285 candidate ciliary genes. We generated independent experimental evidence of ciliary associations for 24 out of 36 analyzed candidate proteins using multiple cell and animal model systems (mouse, zebrafish and nematode) and techniques. For example, we show that OSCP1, which has previously been implicated in two distinct non-ciliary processes, causes ciliogenic and ciliopathy-associated tissue phenotypes when depleted in zebrafish. The candidate list forms the basis of CiliaCarta, a comprehensive ciliary compendium covering 956 genes. The resource can be used to objectively prioritize candidate genes in whole exome or genome sequencing of ciliopathy patients and can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.bio.uu.nl/john/syscilia/ciliacarta/.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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