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Article ; Online: The Role of Disability Benefits as an Environmental Factor Contributing to Negative Symptoms.

Collins, Delaney E / Luther, Lauren / Raugh, Ian M / Condray, Ruth / Allen, Daniel N / Strauss, Gregory P

2022 Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–4

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Disabled Persons ; Employment ; Disability Evaluation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbac077
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Article: Language disorder in schizophrenia as a developmental learning disorder.

Condray, Ruth

Schizophrenia research

2005 Volume 73, Issue 1, Page(s) 5–20

Abstract: Receptive language disorder in schizophrenia is hypothesized to represent a learning disorder that involves a neurodevelopmental etiology. It is argued that a preexisting developmental language disorder may characterize a subset of schizophrenia patients. ...

Abstract	Receptive language disorder in schizophrenia is hypothesized to represent a learning disorder that involves a neurodevelopmental etiology. It is argued that a preexisting developmental language disorder may characterize a subset of schizophrenia patients. A primary deficit in the temporal dynamics of brain function is assumed to cause receptive language disorder in schizophrenia. This hypothesized core deficit includes both disturbance in the processing of rapid, sequential information and disruptions to patterns of brain activation and synchronization. These timing deficits may alter the way associative connections are formed and/or accessed in semantic memory. It is suggested that abnormalities in second-messenger pathways of subcortical-cortical circuitry offer an etiological nexus for language dysfunction in schizophrenia and developmental dyslexia.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiopathology ; Cortical Synchronization ; Dyslexia/complications ; Dyslexia/physiopathology ; Humans ; Language Development Disorders/complications ; Language Development Disorders/physiopathology ; Memory Disorders/complications ; Memory Disorders/physiopathology ; Nerve Net/physiopathology ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Semantics ; Speech Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-02-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.022
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Article ; Online: Timing matters in elaborative processing of positive stimuli: Gamma band reactivity in schizophrenia compared to depression and healthy adults.

Martin, Elizabeth A / Siegle, Greg J / Steinhauer, Stuart R / Condray, Ruth

Schizophrenia research

2018 Volume 204, Page(s) 111–119

Abstract: Some individuals with schizophrenia report similar feelings of positive affect "in the moment" compared to control participants but report decreased trait positive affect overall. One possible explanation for this disconnection between state and trait ... ...

Abstract	Some individuals with schizophrenia report similar feelings of positive affect "in the moment" compared to control participants but report decreased trait positive affect overall. One possible explanation for this disconnection between state and trait positive affect is the extent to which individuals with schizophrenia engage in elaborative processing of positive stimuli. To assess this, we examined evoked gamma band activity in response to positive words over several seconds in a group with schizophrenia, a group with major depressive disorder, and a healthy control group. From a pre-stimulus baseline to 2000 ms after onset of the stimulus (henceforth, "early period"), the schizophrenia group showed a reliable increase in gamma activity compared to both the control and depressed groups, who did not differ from each other. In contrast, the depressed group showed a reliable increase in gamma activity from 2001 to 8000 ms (henceforth, "late period") compared to the other groups, who did not differ from each other. At the same time, the schizophrenia group showed a reliable decrease from the early to late period while the depressed group showed the opposite pattern. In addition, self-reported depression and social anhedonia in the schizophrenia group were related to decreased gamma band activity over the entire processing window. Overall, these results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with increased initial reactivity but decreased sustained elaborative processing over time, which could be related to decreased trait positive affect. The results also highlight the importance of considering depressive symptomology and anhedonia when examining emotional abnormalities in schizophrenia.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Affect/physiology ; Anhedonia/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Gamma Rhythm/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	639422-x
ISSN	1573-2509 ; 0920-9964
ISSN (online)	1573-2509
ISSN	0920-9964
DOI	10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.008
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Article: Pharmacological Isolation of Cognitive Components Influencing the Pupillary Light Reflex.

Steinhauer, Stuart R / Condray, Ruth / Pless, Misha L

Journal of ophthalmology

2015 Volume 2015, Page(s) 179542

Abstract: Cognitive operations can be detected by reduction of the pupillary light response. Neurophysiological pathways mediating this reduction have not been distinguished. We utilized selective blockade of pupillary sphincter or dilator muscles to isolate ... ...

Abstract	Cognitive operations can be detected by reduction of the pupillary light response. Neurophysiological pathways mediating this reduction have not been distinguished. We utilized selective blockade of pupillary sphincter or dilator muscles to isolate parasympathetic or sympathetic activity during cognition, without modifying central processes. Pupil diameter was measured during the light reaction in 29 normal adults under three processing levels: No Task, during an easy task (Add 1), or a difficult task (Subtract 7). At three separate sessions, the pupil was treated with placebo, tropicamide (blocking the muscarinic sphincter receptor), or dapiprazole (blocking the adrenergic dilator receptor). With placebo, pupil diameter increased with increasing task difficulty. The light reaction was reduced only in the Subtract 7 condition. Dapiprazole (which decreased overall diameter) showed similar task-related changes in diameter and light reflex as for placebo. Following tropicamide (which increased overall diameter), there was a further increase in diameter only in the difficult task. Findings suggest two separate inhibitory components at the parasympathetic oculomotor center. Changes in baseline diameter are likely related to reticular activation. Inhibition of the light reaction in the difficult task is likely associated with cortical afferents. Sustained sympathetic activity also was present during the difficult task.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2546525-9
ISSN	2090-0058 ; 2090-004X
ISSN (online)	2090-0058
ISSN	2090-004X
DOI	10.1155/2015/179542
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Article ; Online: Cognition, dopamine and bioactive lipids in schizophrenia.

Condray, Ruth / Yao, Jeffrey K

Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)

2011 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 298–330

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a remarkably complex disorder with a multitude of behavioral and biological perturbations. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of this disorder, and involve abnormalities across multiple domains, including memory, attention, and ... ...

Abstract	Schizophrenia is a remarkably complex disorder with a multitude of behavioral and biological perturbations. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of this disorder, and involve abnormalities across multiple domains, including memory, attention, and perception. The complexity of this debilitating illness has led to a view that the key to unraveling its pathophysiology lies in deconstructing the clinically-defined syndrome into pathophysiologically distinct intermediate phenotypes. Accumulating evidence suggests that one of these intermediate phenotypes may involve phospholipid signaling abnormalities, particularly in relation to arachidonic acid (AA). Our data show relationships between levels of AA and performance on tests of cognition for schizophrenia patients, with defects in AA signaling associated with deficits in cognition. Moreover, dopamine may moderate these relationships between AA and cognition. Taken together, cognitive deficits, dopaminergic neurotransmission, and bioactive lipids have emerged as related features of schizophrenia. Existing treatment options for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia do not specifically target lipid-derived signaling pathways; understanding these processes could inform efforts to identify novel targets for treatment innovation.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cognition/physiology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Eicosanoids/metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism ; Humans ; Memory Disorders/etiology ; Memory Disorders/physiopathology ; Models, Neurological ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology
Chemical Substances	Eicosanoids ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Phospholipids ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-01-01
Publishing country	Singapore
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	2565100-6
ISSN	1945-0524 ; 1945-0516
ISSN (online)	1945-0524
ISSN	1945-0516
DOI	10.2741/s153
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Article ; Online: Psychophysiology of language processes in psychopathology: an overview of the special issue.

Steinhauer, Stuart R / Condray, Ruth

International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

2009 Volume 75, Issue 2, Page(s) 63–65

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Language ; Mental Disorders/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-12-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Introductory Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	605645-3
ISSN	1872-7697 ; 0167-8760
ISSN (online)	1872-7697
ISSN	0167-8760
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.009
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Article: Schizophrenia as a disorder of communication.

Niznikiewicz, Margaret A / Kubicki, Marek / Mulert, Christoph / Condray, Ruth

Schizophrenia research and treatment

2013 Volume 2013, Page(s) 952034

Language	English
Publishing date	2013-05-12
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2596440-9
ISSN	2090-2093 ; 2090-2085
ISSN (online)	2090-2093
ISSN	2090-2085
DOI	10.1155/2013/952034
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Article: The relationship between membrane pathology and language disorder in schizophrenia.

Condray, Ruth / Glasgow, Angela G

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids

2003 Volume 69, Issue 6, Page(s) 449–460

Abstract: Receptive language disorder in schizophrenia has been hypothesized to involve a fundamental deficit in the temporal (time-based) dynamics of brain function that includes disruptions to patterns of activation and synchronization. In this paper, candidate ... ...

Abstract	Receptive language disorder in schizophrenia has been hypothesized to involve a fundamental deficit in the temporal (time-based) dynamics of brain function that includes disruptions to patterns of activation and synchronization. In this paper, candidate mechanisms and pathways that could account for this basic deficit are discussed. Parallels are identified between the patterns of language dysfunction observed for schizophrenia and dyslexia, two separate clinical disorders that may share a common abnormality in cell membrane phospholipids. A heuristic is proposed which details a trajectory involving an interaction of brain fatty acids and second-messenger function that modulates synaptic efficacy, and, in turn, influences language processing in schizophrenia patients. It is additionally hypothesized that a primary deficit of functional excitation originating in the cerebellum, in combination with a compensatory decrease of functional inhibition in the prefrontal cortex, influences receptive language dysfunction in schizophrenia.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/pathology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/pathology ; Dyslexia/pathology ; Dyslexia/physiopathology ; Humans ; Language Disorders/physiopathology ; Membrane Lipids/metabolism ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/pathology ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology
Chemical Substances	Membrane Lipids ; Phospholipids
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-08-15
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	286714-x
ISSN	1532-2823 ; 0952-3278
ISSN (online)	1532-2823
ISSN	0952-3278
DOI	10.1016/j.plefa.2003.08.017
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Article ; Online: Effects of word frequency on semantic memory in schizophrenia: electrophysiological evidence for a deficit in linguistic access.

Condray, Ruth / Siegle, Greg J / Keshavan, Matcheri S / Steinhauer, Stuart R

International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

2009 Volume 75, Issue 2, Page(s) 141–156

Abstract: Background: Abnormal storage and/or access are among the hypothesized causes of semantic memory deficit in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological and connectionist models have emphasized functional systems that serve the processing of word meaning and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Abnormal storage and/or access are among the hypothesized causes of semantic memory deficit in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological and connectionist models have emphasized functional systems that serve the processing of word meaning and frequency: semantic storage disturbance is presumed to result from weak representations of word meaning; defective access is assumed to result from compromises to pathways that activate word frequency knowledge. Candidate biological systems include neuromodulatory pathways that normally function to enhance neural signals (e.g., cholinergic system). Electrophysiological responding may be informative regarding the storage-access distinction for schizophrenia. Methods: Visual event-related potentials were recorded for 14 schizophrenia outpatients receiving atypical antipsychotics, and 14 healthy controls group-matched to patients on age, gender, and demographics. N400 was elicited using an incidental semantic priming paradigm, in which semantic relatedness and word frequency were varied, and a letter probe task. Results: Compared to controls, patients showed reduced N400 (microV) discrimination of semantic relatedness. Groups also showed different patterns of N400 to word frequency. Controls' N400 increased in negativity as words decreased in frequency of occurrence, while patients did not show a linear relationship between N400 and word frequency. Groups also differed for N400 to frequently occurring words. Patients exhibited increased negativity to high and very high frequency words, compared to controls. A subgroup of patients receiving antipsychotics with known affinity binding for muscarinic receptors (clozapine and olanzapine) showed significant albeit limited N400 priming, but their N400 to word frequency remained nonsignificant. Conclusions: Results suggest a deficit in semantic access for schizophrenia, as well as an influence of neuromodulators on the activation of connections among semantic representations. Cumulative findings indicating only limited N400 priming for patients receiving either typical or atypical antipsychotics support the hypothesis that semantic memory deficit represents a trait marker for schizophrenia.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Semantics ; Vocabulary
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-11-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605645-3
ISSN	1872-7697 ; 0167-8760
ISSN (online)	1872-7697
ISSN	0167-8760
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.010
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Article ; Online: Prevalence and Specificity of the Abnormal Niacin Response: A Potential Endophenotype Marker in Schizophrenia.

Yao, Jeffrey K / Dougherty, George G / Gautier, Clara H / Haas, Gretchen L / Condray, Ruth / Kasckow, John W / Kisslinger, Benjamin L / Gurklis, John A / Messamore, Erik

Schizophrenia bulletin

2016 Volume 42, Issue 2, Page(s) 369–376

Abstract: The skin flush response to niacin is abnormally blunted among a subset of patients with schizophrenia (SZ), preferentially associates with SZ compared to other mental illnesses, occurs frequently in nonpsychotic members of SZ-affected families, appears ... ...

Abstract	The skin flush response to niacin is abnormally blunted among a subset of patients with schizophrenia (SZ), preferentially associates with SZ compared to other mental illnesses, occurs frequently in nonpsychotic members of SZ-affected families, appears heritable, and shows evidence of genetic association. The niacin response abnormality (NRA) may prove to be a useful SZ endophenotype. Using a laser Doppler flowmeter, we undertook this study to estimate the prevalence of NRA in SZ (n = 70), bipolar disorder (BP, n = 59), and healthy control (HC, n = 87) groups, and to estimate its specificity for the illness. From the dose-response curves, we calculated the concentration of methylnicotinate required to elicit a half-maximal blood flow (MBF) response (EC50 value) and MBF value for each subject. The median log10EC50 of the SZ was above the third quartile of log10EC50 of either the HC or BP groups, whereas the MBF was significantly lower in the SZ than in the HC or BP groups. With a definition of NRA of having both EC50 above the ninetieth percentile of the control samples and MBF response below the sixtieth percentile for the control range, the NRA predicted SZ with 31% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Moreover, the NRA was not influenced by age, gender, race, and cigarette smoking. In summary, the NRA may define a SZ subtype with a clinically significant phospholipid signaling defect. Understanding its molecular origins may shed light on the pathophysiology of SZ and suggest new tools for its early diagnosis and treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Bipolar Disorder/metabolism ; Endophenotypes/metabolism ; Female ; Flushing ; Humans ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Niacin/pharmacokinetics ; Niacin/pharmacology ; Prevalence ; Psychotic Disorders/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vasodilator Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Vasodilator Agents ; Niacin (2679MF687A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	439173-1
ISSN	1745-1701 ; 0586-7614
ISSN (online)	1745-1701
ISSN	0586-7614
DOI	10.1093/schbul/sbv130
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