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  1. Article ; Online: A multi-biomarker disease activity score can predict sustained remission in rheumatoid arthritis.

    Ma, M H Y / Defranoux, N / Li, W / Sasso, E H / Ibrahim, F / Scott, D L / Cope, A P

    Arthritis research & therapy

    2020  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 158

    Abstract: Background: Reliable assessment of remission is important for the optimal management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In this study, we used the multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) test to explore the role of biomarkers in predicting point ... ...

    Abstract Background: Reliable assessment of remission is important for the optimal management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In this study, we used the multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) test to explore the role of biomarkers in predicting point remission and sustained remission.
    Methods: RA patients on > 6 months stable therapy in stable low disease activity (DAS28-ESR ≤ 3.2) were assessed every 3 months for 1 year. Baseline, intermittent (IR) and sustained (SR) remission were defined by DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, simple disease activity index (SDAI), clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and ACR/EULAR Boolean criteria. Patients not fulfilling any remission criteria at baseline were classified as 'low disease activity state' (LDAS). Patients not fulfilling any remission criteria over 1 year were classified as 'persistent disease activity' (PDA). MBDA score was measured at baseline/3/6 months. The baseline MBDA score, the 6-month time-integrated MBDA score and MBDA biomarkers were used for analyses. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) assessed the ability of the MBDA score to discriminate between remission and non-remission. Biomarkers were analysed at baseline using the Mann-Whitney test and over time using the Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test.
    Results: Of 148 patients, 27% were in the LDAS, 65% DAS28-ESR remission, 51% DAS28-CRP remission, 40% SDAI remission, 43% CDAI remission and 25% ACR/EULAR Boolean remission at baseline. Over 1 year, 9% of patients were classified as PDA. IR and SR were achieved in 42%/47% by DAS28-ESR, 46%/29% by DAS28-CRP, 45%/20% by SDAI, 44%/21% by CDAI and 35%/9% by ACR/EULAR Boolean criteria, respectively. By all remission criteria, baseline MBDA score discriminated baseline remission (AUROCs 0.68-0.75) and IR/SR (AUROCs 0.65-0.74). The 6-month time-integrated MBDA score discriminated IR/SR (AUROCs 0.65-0.79). Baseline MBDA score and concentrations of IL-6, leptin, SAA and CRP were significantly lower in all baseline remission criteria groups vs LDAS. They and the 6-month time-integrated values were lower among patients who achieved IR/SR vs PDA over 1 year.
    Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the MBDA score and its biomarkers IL-6, leptin, SAA and CRP differentiated between small differences in disease activity (i.e. between low disease activity and remission states). They were also predictors of remission over 1 year.
    MeSH term(s) Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy ; Biomarkers ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Remission Induction ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances Antirheumatic Agents ; Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2107602-9
    ISSN 1478-6362 ; 1478-6354
    ISSN (online) 1478-6362
    ISSN 1478-6354
    DOI 10.1186/s13075-020-02240-w
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Exploring the reciprocal relationship between immunity and inflammation in chronic inflammatory arthritis.

    Cope, A P

    Rheumatology (Oxford, England)

    2003  Volume 42, Issue 6, Page(s) 716–731

    Abstract: Experimental models seeking to explore how susceptible individuals develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA) propose that genetic and environmental factors shape a complex series of molecular and cellular interactions leading to a chronic inflammatory response. ... ...

    Abstract Experimental models seeking to explore how susceptible individuals develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA) propose that genetic and environmental factors shape a complex series of molecular and cellular interactions leading to a chronic inflammatory response. T lymphocytes and MHC class II genes have featured prominently in these models. More recent studies have suggested that perpetuation of inflammation in a disease-susceptible host might occur through failure to down-regulate the inflammatory process. One prediction from this model is that effective mechanisms of immunoregulation might be most easily investigated in non-susceptible individuals. However, this has been difficult to study in man. Based on the observation that extended MHC haplotypes are strongly associated with RA in different ethnic groups, I have explored the function of human MHC-encoded genes in transgenic mice using two different experimental approaches. First, by comparing the molecular interactions between disease-associated or non-associated HLA-DR4 molecules and CD4+ T lymphocytes, it has been possible to gain insight into how immune responses in non-susceptible individuals might differ from T-cell responses observed in a susceptible host. This has been achieved using transgenic mice expressing RA disease-associated and non-associated human HLA class II molecules. Secondly, the effects of prolonged exposure of T cells to the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) have been studied in vitro and in vivo, focusing on T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling and effector responses. In studies of HLA class II transgenic mice, the major differences between disease-associated and non-associated alleles in terms of T-cell responses occur at the level of presentation of antigenic peptides, and the sustained expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF. Chronic exposure of T cells to inflammatory cytokines such as TNF induces a phenotype which resembles RA synovial T cells, including the induction of non-deletional and reversible hyporesponsiveness to TCR ligation and uncoupling of proximal TCR signal transduction pathways. The experimental findings are consistent with a model in which HLA class II-driven inflammatory cytokine expression uncouples TCR signalling pathways in the susceptible host in such a way as to profoundly suppress proliferative and immunoregulatory cytokine responses, while at the same time promoting cell survival and effector responses.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Autoimmunity ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Progression ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HLA-DR Antigens/genetics ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; Humans ; Mice
    Chemical Substances HLA-DR Antigens ; HLA-DRB1 Chains
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1464822-2
    ISSN 1462-0332 ; 1462-0324
    ISSN (online) 1462-0332
    ISSN 1462-0324
    DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/keg262
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Exploring the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis in transgenic and mutant mice.

    Cope, A P

    Current directions in autoimmunity

    2001  Volume 3, Page(s) 64–93

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Chemical Substances HLA-DR4 Antigen ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-12-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1422-2132
    ISSN 1422-2132
    DOI 10.1159/000060514
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: The frequency of remission and low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and their ability to identify people with low disability and normal quality of life.

    Scott, I C / Ibrahim, F / Panayi, G / Cope, A P / Garrood, T / Vincent, A / Scott, D L / Kirkham, B

    Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism

    2018  Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 20–26

    Abstract: Objective: Treat-to-target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recommends targeting remission, with low disease activity (LDA) being an alternative goal. When deciding to target remission or LDA, important considerations are the likelihood of attaining them, ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Treat-to-target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recommends targeting remission, with low disease activity (LDA) being an alternative goal. When deciding to target remission or LDA, important considerations are the likelihood of attaining them, and their impacts on function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We have addressed this by studying: (a) the frequency of remission and LDA/remission; (b) DAS28-ESR trends after remission; (c) ability of remission vs. LDA to identify patients with normal function (HAQ ≤ 0.5) and HRQoL (EQ-5D ≥ the normal population).
    Methods: We studied 571 patients in two clinical trials, and 1693 patients in a 10-year routine care cohort. We assessed the frequency and sustainability of remission and LDA/remission, variability in DAS28-ESR after remission, and sensitivity/specificity of remission and LDA/remission at identifying patients with low disability levels and normal HRQoL using Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves.
    Results: Point remission and remission/LDA were common (achieved by 35-58% and 49-74% of patients, respectively), but were rarely sustained (sustained remission and remission/LDA achieved by 5-9% and 9-16% of patients, respectively). Following attaining remission, DAS28-ESR levels varied substantially. Despite this, of those patients attaining point remission, the majority (53-61%) were in remission at study end-points. Whilst remission was highly specific at identifying patients with low disability (85-91%) it lacked sensitivity (51-57%); similar findings were seen for normal HRQoL (specificity 78-86%; sensitivity 52-59%). The optimal DAS28-cut-off to identify individuals with low disability and normal HRQoL was around the LDA threshold.
    Conclusions: Our findings support both the treat-to-target goals. Attaining remission is highly specific for attaining low disability and normal HRQoL, although many patients with more active disease also have good function and HRQoL. Attaining a DAS28-ESR ≤ 3.2 has a better balance of specificity and sensitivity for attaining these outcomes, with the benefit of being more readily achievable. Although sustaining these targets over time is rare, even attaining them on a one-off basis leads to better function and HRQoL outcomes for patients.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy ; Disability Evaluation ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Remission Induction ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Antirheumatic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120247-9
    ISSN 1532-866X ; 0049-0172
    ISSN (online) 1532-866X
    ISSN 0049-0172
    DOI 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.12.006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Regulation of autoimmunity by proinflammatory cytokines.

    Cope, A P

    Current opinion in immunology

    1998  Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) 669–676

    Abstract: Studies extending over a decade have provided compelling evidence to suggest that chronic expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo leads to unique regulatory properties that target the cognate immune response in a way that appears to be beneficial ...

    Abstract Studies extending over a decade have provided compelling evidence to suggest that chronic expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo leads to unique regulatory properties that target the cognate immune response in a way that appears to be beneficial to the host. This review focuses on the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha, because recent studies of autoimmune disease in mice and man have unraveled a novel and unexpected immunosuppressive role for this inflammatory mediator during the effector phase of the autoimmune process. So far, T lymphocytes would appear to be important cellular targets of this immunoregulatory effect.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1035767-1
    ISSN 1879-0372 ; 0952-7915
    ISSN (online) 1879-0372
    ISSN 0952-7915
    DOI 10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80087-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Precipitating and perpetuating factors of rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology: linking the triad of genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors and autoimmunity to disease pathogenesis.

    Scott, I C / Steer, S / Lewis, C M / Cope, A P

    Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology

    2011  Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 447–468

    Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to occur when genetic and environmental factors interact to trigger immunopathological changes and consequently an inflammatory arthritis. Over the last few decades, epidemiological and genetic studies have ... ...

    Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to occur when genetic and environmental factors interact to trigger immunopathological changes and consequently an inflammatory arthritis. Over the last few decades, epidemiological and genetic studies have identified a large number of risk factors for RA development, the most prominent of which comprise cigarette smoking and the shared epitope alleles. These risks appear to differ substantially between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative disease. In this article, we will summarise the risk factors for RA development that have currently been identified, outlining the specific gene-environment and gene-gene interactions that may occur to precipitate and perpetuate autoimmunity and RA. We will also focus on how this knowledge of risk factors for RA may be implemented in the future to identify individuals at a high risk of disease development in whom preventative strategies may be undertaken.
    MeSH term(s) Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology ; Autoimmunity/physiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2052323-3
    ISSN 1532-1770 ; 1521-6942
    ISSN (online) 1532-1770
    ISSN 1521-6942
    DOI 10.1016/j.berh.2011.10.010
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: The central role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

    Cope, A P / Schulze-Koops, H / Aringer, M

    Clinical and experimental rheumatology

    2007  Volume 25, Issue 5 Suppl 46, Page(s) S4–11

    Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory syndromes. As such, RA is often considered the prototype disease for defining both the molecular and pathological basis of immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, and for ... ...

    Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory syndromes. As such, RA is often considered the prototype disease for defining both the molecular and pathological basis of immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, and for validating targeted therapies. The immunogenetics of RA suggest a key role for aberrant pathways of T-cell activation in the initiation and/or perpetuation of disease. In the T-cell activation process, CD4+ T-cells are engaged by antigenic peptide fragments in a complex with HLA class II molecules, in addition to co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells. The strongest evidence supporting a role for CD4+ T cells in disease pathogenesis is the association between RA and HLA-DRB1; however, the functional role of this association has yet to be defined. Susceptibility to RA may also be linked with several RA-associated allelic variants of genes, especially PTPN22, but also CTLA4, IL2RA, IL-2RB, STAT4, PTPN2 and PADI4, many of which encode molecules directly implicated in pathways of T-cell activation.The presence of inflammatory infiltrates, such as follicular structures, in the synovial membrane provides compelling evidence of ongoing immune reactions in moderate to severe RA. These structures likely play a key role in T cell - B cell cooperation and the local generation of specific autoantibodies; as such, chronically activated synovial T cells represent key cellular targets for therapy. Evidence also supports a role for T-helper (Th) cells, Th17 cells, and impaired CD4+CD25(hi) regulatory T cell (Treg) function in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition to discussing a range of issues regarding T-cell activation in RA, this review describes how therapeutic modulation of T-cell function, as opposed to profound immunosuppression or immunodepletion, has been associated with better disease outcomes in clinical trials. Ultimately, elucidation of the distinct effects of co-stimulation modulation with abatacept on T cells should provide key insights into understanding how to restore immune homeostasis in patients with RA.
    MeSH term(s) Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-09
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 605886-3
    ISSN 1593-098X ; 0392-856X
    ISSN (online) 1593-098X
    ISSN 0392-856X
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Improving medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a pilot study.

    Ferguson, A / Ibrahim, F A / Thomas, V / Weinman, J / Simpson, C / Cope, A P / Scott, D L / Lempp, H

    Psychology, health & medicine

    2015  Volume 20, Issue 7, Page(s) 781–789

    Abstract: The aim of this exploratory pilot study was to adapt a psychological intervention to improve adherence to medication for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The approach draws on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques, including motivational ...

    Abstract The aim of this exploratory pilot study was to adapt a psychological intervention to improve adherence to medication for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The approach draws on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques, including motivational interviewing . The current study aimed to (i) adapt the intervention for patients with RA, (ii) assess its effectiveness in improving adherence to medication and (iii) evaluate patients' experience of the intervention. Participants were randomly allocated to either the 'intervention group' (N  =  10), receiving up to six weekly sessions of 'Compliance Therapy', or to the 'wait-list control' group (N  =  8), who received standard care. Data was collected pre intervention (baseline), post intervention and at six weeks post intervention (follow-up). Eighteen female participants with a mean age of 48.78 years (SD 15.12) took part in the study. Comparisons across the two time points for each group found that only those in the 'intervention' group demonstrated significant improvement in mean scores on adherence measures. Between-group comparisons were not significant. The pilot study suggests that an intervention based on CBT may improve adherence in patients with RA, but further research is required.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/psychology ; Cognitive Therapy/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medication Adherence/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1477841-5
    ISSN 1465-3966 ; 1354-8506
    ISSN (online) 1465-3966
    ISSN 1354-8506
    DOI 10.1080/13548506.2015.1009917
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Evaluating candidate autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis.

    Cope, A P / Sønderstrup, G

    Springer seminars in immunopathology

    1998  Volume 20, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 23–39

    MeSH term(s) Alleles ; Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Autoimmune Diseases/genetics ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; Autoimmune Diseases/therapy ; CD4 Antigens/immunology ; Cartilage/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epitope Mapping ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics ; HLA-DR4 Antigen/immunology ; Humans ; Hybridomas/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Osteochondritis/immunology
    Chemical Substances Autoantibodies ; Autoantigens ; CD4 Antigens ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte ; HLA-DR4 Antigen
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 6177-3
    ISSN 1432-2196 ; 0344-4325 ; 0172-6641
    ISSN (online) 1432-2196
    ISSN 0344-4325 ; 0172-6641
    DOI 10.1007/bf00831997
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in arthritis.

    Cope, A P / Maini, R N

    The Journal of rheumatology

    1995  Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 382–384

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism ; Humans ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology ; Solubility
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
    Language English
    Publishing date 1995-03
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Comment ; Editorial ; Review
    ZDB-ID 194928-7
    ISSN 1499-2752 ; 0315-162X
    ISSN (online) 1499-2752
    ISSN 0315-162X
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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