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  1. Book ; Online: Real-time Evolution of Multicellularity with Artificial Gene Regulation

    Cope, Dylan

    2023  

    Abstract: This paper presents a real-time simulation involving ''protozoan-like'' cells that evolve by natural selection in a physical 2D ecosystem. Selection pressure is exerted via the requirements to collect mass and energy from the surroundings in order to ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents a real-time simulation involving ''protozoan-like'' cells that evolve by natural selection in a physical 2D ecosystem. Selection pressure is exerted via the requirements to collect mass and energy from the surroundings in order to reproduce by cell-division. Cells do not have fixed morphologies from birth; they can use their resources in construction projects that produce functional nodes on their surfaces such as photoreceptors for light sensitivity or flagella for motility. Importantly, these nodes act as modular components that connect to the cell's control system via IO channels, meaning that the evolutionary process can replace one function with another while utilising pre-developed control pathways on the other side of the channel. A notable type of node function is the adhesion receptors that allow cells to bind together into multicellular structures in which individuals can share resource and signal to one another. The control system itself is modelled as an artificial neural network that doubles as a gene regulatory network, thereby permitting the co-evolution of form and function in a single data structure and allowing cell specialisation within multicellular groups.

    Comment: Accepted for publication in the proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Artificial Life
    Keywords Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing ; Quantitative Biology - Molecular Networks
    Subject code 303
    Publishing date 2023-05-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Geographic remoteness from a multidisciplinary team is associated with an increased clinical staging of head and neck cancer: a Newcastle (Australia) study.

    Clohessy, J / Hoffman, G / Cope, D

    International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery

    2021  Volume 51, Issue 7, Page(s) 862–868

    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a patient's residential distance from a tertiary referral regional multidisciplinary team (MDT) and the clinical staging of their head and neck cancer (HNC) at presentation. A ... ...

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a patient's residential distance from a tertiary referral regional multidisciplinary team (MDT) and the clinical staging of their head and neck cancer (HNC) at presentation. A retrospective cohort study was performed of all attendees with HNC who had undergone an MDT assessment. The period of study was January 2016 to January 2017. The primary predictor variable was the patient's residential distance from the MDT. Demographic and clinicopathological factors were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the clinical staging conferred by the MDT. Descriptive and ordinal logistical regression analyses were conducted to examine the data. There were 286 observations; 230 patients were male and 56 were female. The mean age of the cohort was 66.52 years. The average residential distance from the MDT was 68.16 km. Regression analysis, while not statistically significant, indicated that those living more than 100 km (range 102-592 km) from the MDT had a 1.49 times increased risk of being diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer when compared to those living less than 100 km away. This study provides insights into the potential adverse effect geographic remoteness has on initial staging of HNC and the need for further strategies to serve this at-risk population.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Australia ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Staging ; Patient Care Team ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-29
    Publishing country Denmark
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 353721-3
    ISSN 1399-0020 ; 0901-5027
    ISSN (online) 1399-0020
    ISSN 0901-5027
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.09.005
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    Zs.A 931: Show issues Location:
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  3. Book ; Online: Low-Entropy Latent Variables Hurt Out-of-Distribution Performance

    Schoots, Nandi / Cope, Dylan

    2023  

    Abstract: We study the relationship between the entropy of intermediate representations and a model's robustness to distributional shift. We train models consisting of two feed-forward networks end-to-end separated by a discrete $n$-bit channel on an unsupervised ... ...

    Abstract We study the relationship between the entropy of intermediate representations and a model's robustness to distributional shift. We train models consisting of two feed-forward networks end-to-end separated by a discrete $n$-bit channel on an unsupervised contrastive learning task. Different masking strategies are applied after training that remove a proportion of low-entropy bits, high-entropy bits, or randomly selected bits, and the effects on performance are compared to the baseline accuracy with no mask. We hypothesize that the entropy of a bit serves as a guide to its usefulness out-of-distribution (OOD). Through experiment on three OOD datasets we demonstrate that the removal of low-entropy bits can notably benefit OOD performance. Conversely, we find that top-entropy masking disproportionately harms performance both in-distribution (InD) and OOD.

    Comment: Published as a workshop paper at ICLR 2023 Domain Generalization
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-05-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Book ; Online: A Measure of Explanatory Effectiveness

    Cope, Dylan / McBurney, Peter

    2023  

    Abstract: In most conversations about explanation and AI, the recipient of the explanation (the explainee) is suspiciously absent, despite the problem being ultimately communicative in nature. We pose the problem `explaining AI systems' in terms of a two-player ... ...

    Abstract In most conversations about explanation and AI, the recipient of the explanation (the explainee) is suspiciously absent, despite the problem being ultimately communicative in nature. We pose the problem `explaining AI systems' in terms of a two-player cooperative game in which each agent seeks to maximise our proposed measure of explanatory effectiveness. This measure serves as a foundation for the automated assessment of explanations, in terms of the effects that any given action in the game has on the internal state of the explainee.

    Comment: Presented at the 1st International Workshop on Trusted Automated Decision-Making (TADM) co-located with ETAPS 2021
    Keywords Computer Science - Computation and Language
    Publishing date 2023-05-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Online: Joining the Conversation

    Cope, Dylan / McBurney, Peter

    Towards Language Acquisition for Ad Hoc Team Play

    2023  

    Abstract: In this paper, we propose and consider the problem of cooperative language acquisition as a particular form of the ad hoc team play problem. We then present a probabilistic model for inferring a speaker's intentions and a listener's semantics from ... ...

    Abstract In this paper, we propose and consider the problem of cooperative language acquisition as a particular form of the ad hoc team play problem. We then present a probabilistic model for inferring a speaker's intentions and a listener's semantics from observing communications between a team of language-users. This model builds on the assumptions that speakers are engaged in positive signalling and listeners are exhibiting positive listening, which is to say the messages convey hidden information from the listener, that then causes them to change their behaviour. Further, it accounts for potential sub-optimality in the speaker's ability to convey the right information (according to the given task). Finally, we discuss further work for testing and developing this framework.

    Comment: Published as a workshop paper at EmeCom at ICLR 2022
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Publishing date 2023-05-20
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Book ; Online: Improving Activation Steering in Language Models with Mean-Centring

    Jorgensen, Ole / Cope, Dylan / Schoots, Nandi / Shanahan, Murray

    2023  

    Abstract: Recent work in activation steering has demonstrated the potential to better control the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs), but it involves finding steering vectors. This is difficult because engineers do not typically know how features are ... ...

    Abstract Recent work in activation steering has demonstrated the potential to better control the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs), but it involves finding steering vectors. This is difficult because engineers do not typically know how features are represented in these models. We seek to address this issue by applying the idea of mean-centring to steering vectors. We find that taking the average of activations associated with a target dataset, and then subtracting the mean of all training activations, results in effective steering vectors. We test this method on a variety of models on natural language tasks by steering away from generating toxic text, and steering the completion of a story towards a target genre. We also apply mean-centring to extract function vectors, more effectively triggering the execution of a range of natural language tasks by a significant margin (compared to previous baselines). This suggests that mean-centring can be used to easily improve the effectiveness of activation steering in a wide range of contexts.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 380
    Publishing date 2023-12-06
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article: The Role of FNAC in the Diagnosis and Management of Warthin Tumour: Analysis of 74 Cases.

    Zahran, Mohamed / Alsedra, Sundus / Cope, Daron / Youssef, Ahmed

    International archives of otorhinolaryngology

    2020  Volume 25, Issue 3, Page(s) e379–e382

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Introduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-24
    Publishing country Brazil
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2578584-9
    ISSN 1809-4864 ; 1809-9777
    ISSN (online) 1809-4864
    ISSN 1809-9777
    DOI 10.1055/s-0040-1715148
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  8. Article ; Online: Current patterns of care in low-risk thyroid cancer-A national cross-sectional survey of Australian thyroid clinicians.

    Widjaja, Winy / Rowe, Christopher W / Oldmeadow, Christopher / Cope, Daron / Fradgley, Elizabeth A / Paul, Christine / O'Neill, Christine J

    Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism

    2023  Volume 6, Issue 2, Page(s) e398

    Abstract: Introduction: De-escalated treatment of hemithyroidectomy without radioactive iodine (RAI) is now accepted for patients with low-risk, well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). The benefit of long-term follow-up care remains controversial. This study ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: De-escalated treatment of hemithyroidectomy without radioactive iodine (RAI) is now accepted for patients with low-risk, well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). The benefit of long-term follow-up care remains controversial. This study aims to describe parameters associated with less than total thyroidectomy, and discharge from specialist follow-up in patients with low-risk WDTC in Australia.
    Methods: An online survey was distributed to Australian members of Endocrine Society of Australia, Australian and New Zealand Endocrine Surgeons, and Australian Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. Clinicians completed a survey of management and follow-up care preferences for four clinical vignettes (all low-risk WDTC).
    Results: 119 clinicians (48% endocrinologists, 55% male) answered at least one question. The majority (59%) of respondents recommended less than total thyroidectomy and omission of RAI in patients with WDTC <2 cm. Most (62%) would discharge a patient with micropapillary thyroid cancer within 1 year following total thyroidectomy. In contrast, for WDTC 1-4 cm, >90% of clinicians would continue specialist follow-up for at least 5 years. The majority of clinicians felt that patients experienced disproportionate fear of recurrence and were reassured by follow-up. After multivariable analysis, clinicians who participated in multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) were more likely to choose de-escalated care for both initial treatment (p = .005) and follow-up care (>5 years, p = .05).
    Conclusion: Clinician attitudes captured by this survey reflect recent changes in guidelines towards hemithyroidectomy for low-risk WDTC, particularly amongst MDT attendees. There is a need to further examine the impact of de-escalated care on fear of recurrence and quality of life in thyroid cancer survivors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Female ; Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Quality of Life ; Australia
    Chemical Substances Iodine Radioisotopes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2398-9238
    ISSN (online) 2398-9238
    DOI 10.1002/edm2.398
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Cultural and educational issues in pain management.

    Cope, D

    Clinical journal of oncology nursing

    2000  Volume 4, Issue 5, Page(s) 237–8, 241

    MeSH term(s) Culture ; Humans ; Neoplasms/complications ; Oncology Nursing ; Pain/drug therapy ; Pain/ethnology ; Pain/etiology ; Patient Education as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2014665-6
    ISSN 1538-067X ; 1092-1095
    ISSN (online) 1538-067X
    ISSN 1092-1095
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5229: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MO 390: Show issues

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  10. Article: The Role of FNAC in the Diagnosis and Management of Warthin Tumour: Analysis of 74 Cases

    Zahran, Mohamed / Alsedra, Sundus / Cope, Daron / Youssef, Ahmed

    International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology

    2020  Volume 25, Issue 03, Page(s) e379–e382

    Abstract: Introduction: After pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor gets its popularity as the second most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the most cost-effective and minimally-invasive way to determine the ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: After pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor gets its popularity as the second most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the most cost-effective and minimally-invasive way to determine the histological character of a parotid gland tumor.
    Objective: To determine the accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of Warthin Tumour.
    Methods: A retrospective study conducted between 2014 and 2018. Out of 243 FNACs performed for parotid lesions, a histopathological correlation was established in 74 cases to reveal the accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of Warthin tumor.
    Results: A total of 243 FNACs of parotid lesions were performed, and a histopathological correlation was established in 74 (30.4%) cases. Later on, we confirmed that 16 (21.6%) out of these 74 patients had cases of Warthin tumor. In total, 15 (20.3%) out of those 74 cases were confirmed as Warthin tumors on the initial cytology, which revealed a true positive concordance between the cytology and the final histological diagnosis; 55/74 (74%) were true negative results; on the other hand, 1/74 (1.4%) was a false negative, and 3/74 (4.1%) were false positive results. The sensitivity of the FNAC in the diagnosis of Warthin tumor was of 93%, while the specificity was of 94.8%, and the accuracy, of 94.6%.
    Conclusion: In the present study, FNAC had a high diagnostic accuracy, reaching 94%.
    Keywords warthin tumor ; papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum ; cytology ; pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-24
    Publisher Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2578584-9
    ISSN 1809-4864 ; 1809-9777 ; 1809-4864
    ISSN (online) 1809-4864
    ISSN 1809-9777 ; 1809-4864
    DOI 10.1055/s-0040-1715148
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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