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Article ; Online: PlumeTraP

Riccardo Simionato / Paul A. Jarvis / Eduardo Rossi / Costanza Bonadonna

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 1766, p

A New MATLAB-Based Algorithm to Detect and Parametrize Volcanic Plumes from Visible-Wavelength Images

2022 Volume 1766

Abstract: Tephra plumes from explosive volcanic eruptions can be hazardous for the lives and livelihoods of people living in the proximity of volcanoes. Monitoring and forecasting tephra plumes play essential roles in the detection, characterization and hazard ... ...

Abstract	Tephra plumes from explosive volcanic eruptions can be hazardous for the lives and livelihoods of people living in the proximity of volcanoes. Monitoring and forecasting tephra plumes play essential roles in the detection, characterization and hazard assessment of explosive volcanic events. However, advanced monitoring instruments, e.g., thermal cameras, can be expensive and are not always available in monitoring networks. Conversely, visible-wavelength cameras are significantly cheaper and much more widely available. This paper proposes an innovative approach to the detection and parametrization of tephra plumes, utilizing videos recorded in the visible wavelengths. Specifically, we have developed an algorithm with the objectives of: (i) identifying and isolating plume-containing pixels through image processing techniques; (ii) extracting the main geometrical parameters of the eruptive column, such as the height and width, as functions of time; and (iii) determining quantitative information related to the plume motion (e.g., the rise velocity and acceleration) using the physical quantities obtained through the first-order analysis. The resulting MATLAB-based software, named Plume Tracking and Parametrization (PlumeTraP), semi-automatically tracks the plume and is also capable of automatically calculating the associated geometric parameters. Through application of the algorithm to the case study of Vulcanian explosions from Sabancaya volcano (Peru), we verify that the eruptive column boundaries are well recognized, and that the calculated parameters are reliable. The developed software can be of significant use to the wider volcanological community, enabling research into the dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions, as well as potentially improving the use of visible-wavelength cameras as part of the monitoring networks of active volcanoes. Furthermore, PlumeTraP could potentially find a broader application for the analysis of any other plume-shaped natural or anthropogenic phenomena in visible wavelengths.
Keywords	volcanic plumes ; image analysis ; visible wavelength ; monitoring ; tephra ; ash ; Science ; Q
Subject code	600
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The fate of volcanic ash

Eduardo Rossi / Gholamhossein Bagheri / Frances Beckett / Costanza Bonadonna

Nature Communications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

premature or delayed sedimentation?

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Generally it is thought that ash aggregation leads to reduced atmospheric travel distances. Here, the authors show that the rafting effect can increase dispersal range by up to 3.7 times for particles between 300–500 μm, compared to sedimentation of ... ...

Abstract	Generally it is thought that ash aggregation leads to reduced atmospheric travel distances. Here, the authors show that the rafting effect can increase dispersal range by up to 3.7 times for particles between 300–500 μm, compared to sedimentation of individual clasts.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A data driven approach to mineral chemistry unveils magmatic processes associated with long-lasting, low-intensity volcanic activity

Simone Costa / Luca Caricchi / Marco Pistolesi / Anna Gioncada / Matteo Masotta / Costanza Bonadonna / Mauro Rosi

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract The most frequent volcanic eruptions are of low-intensity and small magnitude. They produce abundant ash-sized (< 2 mm) clasts, which are too small to establish quantitative links between magmatic processes and eruptive dynamics using classic ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The most frequent volcanic eruptions are of low-intensity and small magnitude. They produce abundant ash-sized (< 2 mm) clasts, which are too small to establish quantitative links between magmatic processes and eruptive dynamics using classic approaches. This inhibits our ability to study the past behaviour of frequently erupting volcanoes, essential to predict their future activity and mitigate their impact. The Palizzi unit (10–13th century, Vulcano, Italy) includes a prototype sequence of ash deposits resulting from prolonged Vulcanian eruptions punctuated by those of two larger sub-Plinian events. We apply Hierarchical Clustering to chemical analyses of clinopyroxene collected along the stratigraphy to decipher magma dynamics during this eruptive period. We identify periods of magma input and we link deep magmatic processes to eruptive dynamics, also showing that our approach can be used to connect magma and eruptive dynamics in any volcanic sequence. This is essential to track the processes occurring during frequent eruptions and to identify the build-up to larger explosive events.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Insights into the sticking probability of volcanic ash particles from laboratory experiments

Carolina Diaz-Vecino / Eduardo Rossi / Stefano Pollastri / Allan Fries / Jonathan Lemus / Costanza Bonadonna

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Although the characterization of the sticking and aggregation probability is essential to the description of volcanic ash dispersal and sedimentation, there is still no general model describing the sticking probability of volcanic ash. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Although the characterization of the sticking and aggregation probability is essential to the description of volcanic ash dispersal and sedimentation, there is still no general model describing the sticking probability of volcanic ash. Experiments of dry particle–plate collisions in an enclosed box were carried out to characterize quantitatively the sticking efficiency of volcanic particles and silica beads in a limit case scenario where the mass of one of the particles is much greater than the others. Silica beads and volcanic particles from a Sakurajima Vulcanian eruption were filmed impacting a glass plate with a High-Speed Camera. The sticking probability is calculated from an equation depending on the particle diameter, impact velocity, and two experimental parameters (a, q). Particle size was found to dominantly control the sticking probability, with small particles more likely sticking on the glass plate than large particles. These experiments represent a significant step forward in the quantification of the sticking efficiency of fine volcanic ash (< 63 μm).
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Temporal evolution of roof collapse from tephra fallout during the 2021-Tajogaite eruption (La Palma, Spain)

María-Paz Reyes-Hardy / Sébastien Biass / Lucia Dominguez / Luigia Sara Di Maio / Corine Frischknecht / Costanza Bonadonna / Nemesio Pérez

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

2024 Volume 11

Abstract: Although dominantly effusive, the 2021 Tajogaite eruption from Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Spain) produced a wide tephra blanket over 85 days of activity. About one month after the eruption onset, clean-up operations were implemented to mitigate the ... ...

Abstract	Although dominantly effusive, the 2021 Tajogaite eruption from Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Spain) produced a wide tephra blanket over 85 days of activity. About one month after the eruption onset, clean-up operations were implemented to mitigate the impact of tephra load on primary buildings. Here, we present a post-event impact assessment of 764 primary buildings, which expands our empirical knowledge of building vulnerability to tephra fallout to include impacts from long-lasting eruptions. Field observations are analyzed in the perspective of existing fragility curves, high-resolution satellite imagery and a reconstruction of the spatio-temporal evolution of the tephra blanket to characterize the evolution of roof collapse due to static loads over time. Thanks to a chronological correlation between the temporal evolution of tephra sedimentation and the timing of clean-up operations, we quantified their effectiveness in mitigating roof collapse. If no clean-up measures had been taken 11% of the surveyed buildings would have exceeded a 75% probability of roof collapse, while only 10 roof collapses have been observed (1.3% of the analysed buildings). This work provides key insights for further development of emergency plans for the management of long-lasting eruptions characterised by the sustained emission of tephra over weeks to months.
Keywords	Cumbre Vieja volcano ; tephra impact ; vulnerability roof classes ; building roof collapse ; tephra clean-up ; fragility curves ; Science ; Q
Subject code	720
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A New Inclusive Volcanic Risk Ranking, Part 1

Amiel Nieto-Torres / Leticia Freitas Guimarães / Costanza Bonadonna / Corine Frischknecht

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

Methodology

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: The ever-increasing population living near active volcanoes highlights the need for the implementation of effective risk reduction measures to save lives and reduce the impact of volcanic unrest and eruptions. To help identify volcanic systems associated ...

Abstract	The ever-increasing population living near active volcanoes highlights the need for the implementation of effective risk reduction measures to save lives and reduce the impact of volcanic unrest and eruptions. To help identify volcanic systems associated with potential high risk and prioritize risk reduction strategies, we introduce a new Volcanic Risk Ranking (VRR) methodology that integrates hazard, exposure, and vulnerability as factors that increase risk, and resilience as a factor that reduces risk. Here we present a description of the methodology using Mexican volcanoes as a case study, while a regional application to Latin American volcanoes is presented in a companion paper (Guimarães et al., submitted). With respect to existing strategies, the proposed VRR methodology expands the parameters associated with hazard and exposure and includes the analysis of 4 dimensions of vulnerability (physical, systemic, social, economic) and of resilience. In particular, we propose 41 parameters to be analyzed, including 9 hazard parameters, 9 exposure parameters, 10 vulnerability parameters and 13 resilience parameters. Since the number of parameters evaluated for each risk factor is different, they are normalized to have the same weight based on dedicated sensitivity analyses. In order to best illustrate the methodology, the proposed VRR is here applied to 13 Mexican volcanoes and compared with other approaches. We found that the volcanoes associated with the highest combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (3-factor VRR) for this geographic area are Tacaná and El Chichón regardless of the analyzed time window of eruption occurrence (i.e., <1 and <10 ka). Nonetheless, the volcanoes with eruption <1 ka that require the most urgent actions as associated with no or few resilience measures in place are Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field and San Martín Tuxtla (4-factor VRR); the top volcanoes in the 4-factor VRR with eruption <10 ka are Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field and Las Cumbres.
Keywords	volcanic risk ; hazard ; exposure ; vulnerability ; resilience ; mexican volcanoes ; Science ; Q
Subject code	600
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Integrative Post-event Impact Assessment Framework for Volcanic Eruptions

Lucia Dominguez / Costanza Bonadonna / Corine Frischknecht / Scira Menoni / Alexander Garcia

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

A Disaster Forensic Investigation of the 2011–2012 Eruption of the Cordón Caulle Volcano (Chile)

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Understanding the complexity of future volcanic impacts that can be potentially induced by the large variability of volcanic hazards and the multiple dimensions of vulnerability of the increasingly interdependent and interconnected societies, requires an ...

Abstract	Understanding the complexity of future volcanic impacts that can be potentially induced by the large variability of volcanic hazards and the multiple dimensions of vulnerability of the increasingly interdependent and interconnected societies, requires an in-depth analysis of past events. A structured and inclusive post-event impact assessment framework is proposed and applied for the evaluation of damage and disruption on critical infrastructures caused by the eruption of the Cordón Caulle volcano (Chile) in 2011–2012. This framework is built on the forensic analysis of disasters combined with the techniques of the root cause analysis that converge in a bow-tie tool. It consists of a fault tree connected to subsequent event trees to describe the causal order of impacts. Considering the physical and systemic dimensions of vulnerability, four orders of impact have been identified: i) the first order refers to the physical damage or the primary impact on a component of the critical infrastructure; ii) the second order refers to the loss of functionality in the system due to a physical damage on key components of the system; iii) the third order refers to the systemic impact due to the interdependency and connectivity among different critical infrastructures; and iv) a higher order is related to the consequences on the main economic sectors and to social disruption that can activate an overall damage to the economy of the country or countries affected. Our study in the Argentinian Patagonia shows that the long-lasting impact of the 2011–2012 Cordón Caulle eruption is mostly due to a secondary hazard (i.e., wind remobilisation of ash), which exacerbated the primary impact affecting significantly larger areas and for longer time with respect to primary tephra deposition. In addition, systemic vulnerability, particularly the intrinsic dependencies within and among systems, played a major role in the cascading impact of the analysed communities.
Keywords	impact assessment ; volcanic eruptions ; forensic analysis ; systemic vulnerability ; cascading effects ; bow-tie approach ; Science ; Q
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A New Inclusive Volcanic Risk Ranking, Part 2

Letícia Freitas Guimarães / Amiel Nieto-Torres / Costanza Bonadonna / Corine Frischknecht

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

Application to Latin America

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Volcanic Risk Ranking (VRR) methods have been developed worldwide as a way to hierarchize the volcanic systems and help target strategies for risk reduction. Such hierarchization is especially important in areas characterized by a large number of active ... ...

Abstract	Volcanic Risk Ranking (VRR) methods have been developed worldwide as a way to hierarchize the volcanic systems and help target strategies for risk reduction. Such hierarchization is especially important in areas characterized by a large number of active volcanoes but limited resources. This is the case of Latin America, where large populations live nearby almost 300 active volcanoes. Here we assess the volcanic systems in Latin America with at least one eruption in the last 1,000 years based on the VRR strategy presented in a companion paper that accounts for the 4 main risk factors: hazard, exposure, vulnerability and resilience. Our results reveal that, among the 123 volcanoes analyzed, Santiaguito, Tacaná and Fuego are those with the highest score in the 3-factor VRR (H×E×V), while Ecuador, Marchena and Santiago are among the systems with the lowest score. Bárcena and Pinta score zero as there is no exposure. Although vulnerability significantly contributes to the VRR score, hazard and exposure are the main factors that define the risk of Latin American volcanic systems in the proposed 3-factor VRR, while resilience contributes to its reduction in the proposed 4-factor VRR strategy. In this regard, Arenal, Copahue, Villarrica, Ubinas, Irazú and Poás are the systems with the highest number of risk reduction strategies in place. Atitlán, Almolonga and Tecuamburro are the volcanic systems with the highest score in the 4-factor VRR [(H×E×V)/(Res+1)], combining moderate hazard, exposure and vulnerability and low resilience; Bárcena, Pinta, Ecuador, Marchena and Santiago receive the lowest scores due to no or low exposure. Santiaguito, Tacaná, El Chichón and Ceboruco are characterized by high scores in the 3-factor VRR and also stand out as some of those with few risk reduction strategies implemented; thus they have intermediate to high scores also in the 4-factor VRR. Recognizing that hazard is difficult to mitigate and reducing exposure may depend on hardly feasible relocation of infrastructure and already ...
Keywords	volcanic risk ranking ; volcanic hazards ; Latin America volcanism ; exposure ; vulnerability ; resilience ; Science ; Q
Subject code	332
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Modelling the Effect of Electrification on Volcanic Ash Aggregation

Stefano Pollastri / Eduardo Rossi / Costanza Bonadonna / Jonathan P. Merrison

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: The fine ash released into the atmosphere (particles <63 μm) during explosive volcanic eruptions represents a significant threat for both the ecosystem and many sectors of society. In order to mitigate the associated impact, ash dispersal models need to ... ...

Abstract	The fine ash released into the atmosphere (particles <63 μm) during explosive volcanic eruptions represents a significant threat for both the ecosystem and many sectors of society. In order to mitigate the associated impact, ash dispersal models need to accurately estimate ash concentration through time and space. Since most fine ash sediments in the form of aggregates, ash dispersal models require a quantitative description of ash aggregation. The physical and chemical processes involved in the collision and sticking of volcanic ash have been extensively studied in the last few decades. Among the different factors affecting volcanic particle aggregation (e.g., turbulence, particle-particle adhesion, presence of liquid and solid water), the charge carried by volcanic particles has been found to play a crucial role. However, Coulomb interactions are not yet taken into account in existing models. In order to fill this gap, we propose a strategy to take charge into account. In particular, we introduce a quantitative model for aggregation of oppositely charged micron—to millimetre-sized objects settling in still air. Our results show that the presence of charge considerably enhances the collision efficiency when one of the colliding objects is very small (<20 µm), and that the sticking efficiency is not affected by particle charge if colliding objects are either small enough (<20 µm) or large enough (>200 µm). Besides providing a theoretical framework to quantify the effect of charge, our findings demonstrate that aggregation models that do not account for electrification significantly underestimate the amount of fine ash that sediments in the form of aggregates, leading to an overestimation of the residence time of fine ash in the atmosphere after explosive volcanic eruptions.
Keywords	volcanic particle aggregation ; electrification ; collision efficiency ; sticking efficiency ; collision map ; Science ; Q
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
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Article ; Online: Modelling Settling-Driven Gravitational Instabilities at the Base of Volcanic Clouds Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

Jonathan Lemus / Allan Fries / Paul A. Jarvis / Costanza Bonadonna / Bastien Chopard / Jonas Lätt

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that ash sedimentation can be significantly affected by collective settling mechanisms that promote premature ash deposition, with important implications for dispersal and associated impacts. Among ...

Abstract	Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that ash sedimentation can be significantly affected by collective settling mechanisms that promote premature ash deposition, with important implications for dispersal and associated impacts. Among these mechanisms, settling-driven gravitational instabilities result from the formation of a gravitationally-unstable particle boundary layer (PBL) that grows between volcanic ash clouds and the underlying atmosphere. The PBL destabilises once it reaches a critical thickness characterised by a dimensionless Grashof number, triggering the formation of rapid, downward-moving ash fingers that remain poorly characterised. We simulate this process by coupling a Lattice Boltzmann model, which solves the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid phase, with a Weighted Essentially Non Oscillatory (WENO) finite difference scheme which solves the advection-diffusion-settling equation describing particle transport. Since the physical problem is advection dominated, the use of the WENO scheme reduces numerical diffusivity and ensures accurate tracking of the temporal evolution of the interface between the layers. We have validated the new model by showing that the simulated early-time growth rate of the instability is in very good agreement with that predicted by linear stability analysis, whilst the modelled late-stage behaviour also successfully reproduces quantitative results from published laboratory experiments. The results show that the model is capable of reproducing both the growth of the unstable PBL and the non-linear dependence of the fingers’ vertical velocity on both the initial particle concentration and the particle diameter. Our validated model is used to expand the parameter space explored experimentally and provides key insights into field studies. Our simulations reveal that the critical Grashof number for the instability is about ten times larger than expected by analogy with thermal convection. Moreover, as in the experiments, we found that instabilities do ...
Keywords	volcanic ash ; ash sedimentation ; tephra ; weighted essentially non-oscillatory ; finite-difference ; high performance computing ; Science ; Q
Subject code	532
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
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Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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