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  1. Article ; Online: (with research data) Bridging the gap: parkour athletes provide new insights into locomotion energetics of arboreal apes.

    Halsey, Lewis G / Coward, Samuel R L / Thorpe, Susannah K S

    Biology letters

    2016  Volume 12, Issue 11

    Abstract: The tree canopy is an energetically challenging environment to traverse. Along with compliant vegetation, gaps in the canopy can prove energetically costly if they force a route-extending detour. Arboreal apes exhibit diverse locomotion strategies, ... ...

    Abstract The tree canopy is an energetically challenging environment to traverse. Along with compliant vegetation, gaps in the canopy can prove energetically costly if they force a route-extending detour. Arboreal apes exhibit diverse locomotion strategies, including for gap crossing. Which one they employ in any given scenario may be influenced by the energy costs to do so, which are affected by the details of the immediate environment in combination with their body size. Measuring energetics of arboreal apes is not tractable; thus our knowledge in this area is limited. We devised a novel, custom-made experimental set-up to record the energy expenditure of parkour athletes tree-swaying, jumping and vertical climbing. The latter strategy was vastly more expensive, indicating that when energy economy is the focus arboreal apes will prioritize routes that limit height changes. Whether tree-swaying or jumping was most economical for the athletes depended upon interactions between tree stiffness, the distance to cross, number of tree-sways required and their own mass. Updated analysis of previous interspecific correlations suggests that whether the relative costs to vertical climb are size-invariant across primate species is complicated by details of the climbing context.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Athletes ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/blood ; Locomotion/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Oxygen Consumption ; Trees
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2135022-X
    ISSN 1744-957X ; 1744-9561
    ISSN (online) 1744-957X
    ISSN 1744-9561
    DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0608
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Energy expended during horizontal jumping: investigating the effects of surface compliance.

    Coward, Samuel R L / Halsey, Lewis G

    Biology open

    2014  Volume 3, Issue 9, Page(s) 815–820

    Abstract: We present the first data on the metabolic costs of horizontal jumping in humans, using this tractable model to explore variations in energy expenditure with substrate properties, and consider these findings in light of kinematic data. Twenty-four ... ...

    Abstract We present the first data on the metabolic costs of horizontal jumping in humans, using this tractable model to explore variations in energy expenditure with substrate properties, and consider these findings in light of kinematic data. Twenty-four participants jumped consistently at the rate of 1 jump per 5 s between opposing springboards separated by either a short (1.2 m) or long (1.8 m) gap. Springboards were either 'firm' or 'compliant'. Respiratory gas exchange was measured using a back-mounted portable respiratory gas analyser to represent rate of energy expenditure, which was converted to energy expenditure per metre jumped. Video data were recorded to interpret kinematic information. Horizontal jumping was found to be between around 10 and 20 times the energy cost of cursorial locomotion per unit distance moved. There is considerable evidence from the data that jumping 1.8 m from a compliant springboard (134.9 mL O2 m(-1)) is less costly energetically than jumping that distance from a firm springboard (141.6 mL O2 m(-1)), albeit the effect size is quite small within the range of compliances tested in this study. However, there was no evidence of an effect of springboard type for jumps of 1.2 m. The kinematic analyses indicate possible explanations for these findings. Firstly, the calf muscle is likely used more, and the thigh muscles less, to take-off from a firm springboard during 1.8 m jumps, which may result in the power required to take-off being produced less efficiently. Secondly, the angle of take-off from the compliant surface during 1.8 m jumps is closer to the optimal for energetic efficiency (45°), possible due to the impulse provided by the surface as it returns stored energy during the final stages of the take-off. The theoretical effect on energy costs due to a different take-off angle for jumps of only 1.2 m is close to negligible.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-08-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2632264-X
    ISSN 2046-6390
    ISSN 2046-6390
    DOI 10.1242/bio.20148672
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Practice makes perfect: Performance optimisation in 'arboreal' parkour athletes illuminates the evolutionary ecology of great ape anatomy.

    Halsey, Lewis G / Coward, Samuel R L / Crompton, Robin H / Thorpe, Susannah K S

    Journal of human evolution

    2017  Volume 103, Page(s) 45–52

    Abstract: An animal's size is central to its ecology, yet remarkably little is known about the selective pressures that drive this trait. A particularly compelling example is how ancestral apes evolved large body mass in such a physically and energetically ... ...

    Abstract An animal's size is central to its ecology, yet remarkably little is known about the selective pressures that drive this trait. A particularly compelling example is how ancestral apes evolved large body mass in such a physically and energetically challenging environment as the forest canopy, where weight-bearing branches and lianas are flexible, irregular and discontinuous, and the majority of preferred foods are situated on the most flexible branches at the periphery of tree crowns. To date the issue has been intractable due to a lack of relevant fossil material, the limited capacity of the fossil record to reconstruct an animal's behavioural ecology and the inability to measure energy consumption in freely moving apes. We studied the oxygen consumption of parkour athletes while they traversed an arboreal-like course as an elite model ape, to test the ecomorphological and behavioural mechanisms by which a large-bodied ape could optimize its energetic performance during tree-based locomotion. Our results show that familiarity with the arboreal-like course allowed the athletes to substantially reduce their energy expenditure. Furthermore, athletes with larger arm spans and shorter legs were particularly adept at finding energetic savings. Our results flesh out the scanty fossil record to offer evidence that long, strong arms, broad chests and a strong axial system, combined with the frequent use of uniform branch-to-branch arboreal pathways, were critical to off-setting the mechanical and energetic demands of large mass in ancestral apes.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Athletes ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fossils ; Gorilla gorilla/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; Pongo abelii/physiology ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 976: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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