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  1. Article: The Development of CK2 Inhibitors: From Traditional Pharmacology to in Silico Rational Drug Design.

    Cozza, Giorgio

    Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

    2017  Volume 10, Issue 1

    Abstract: Casein kinase II (CK2) is an ubiquitous and pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase able to phosphorylate hundreds of substrates. Being implicated in several human diseases, from neurodegeneration to cancer, the biological roles of CK2 have been ... ...

    Abstract Casein kinase II (CK2) is an ubiquitous and pleiotropic serine/threonine protein kinase able to phosphorylate hundreds of substrates. Being implicated in several human diseases, from neurodegeneration to cancer, the biological roles of CK2 have been intensively studied. Upregulation of CK2 has been shown to be critical to tumor progression, making this kinase an attractive target for cancer therapy. Several CK2 inhibitors have been developed so far, the first being discovered by "trial and error testing". In the last decade, the development of in silico rational drug design has prompted the discovery, de novo design and optimization of several CK2 inhibitors, active in the low nanomolar range. The screening of big chemical libraries and the optimization of hit compounds by Structure Based Drug Design (SBDD) provide telling examples of a fruitful application of rational drug design to the development of CK2 inhibitors. Ligand Based Drug Design (LBDD) models have been also applied to CK2 drug discovery, however they were mainly focused on methodology improvements rather than being critical for de novo design and optimization. This manuscript provides detailed description of in silico methodologies whose applications to the design and development of CK2 inhibitors proved successful and promising.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2193542-7
    ISSN 1424-8247
    ISSN 1424-8247
    DOI 10.3390/ph10010026
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Monitoring Nrf2/ARE Pathway Activity with a New Zebrafish Reporter System.

    Badenetti, Lorenzo / Manzoli, Rosa / Rubin, Michela / Cozza, Giorgio / Moro, Enrico

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2023  Volume 24, Issue 7

    Abstract: Among multiple cytoprotective mechanisms, eukaryotic cells exhibit a complex transcriptional program relying on the Nrf2 transcription factor, which is generally recruited upon biological stressors including oxidative-stress-based cellular insults. The ... ...

    Abstract Among multiple cytoprotective mechanisms, eukaryotic cells exhibit a complex transcriptional program relying on the Nrf2 transcription factor, which is generally recruited upon biological stressors including oxidative-stress-based cellular insults. The relevance of this master regulator has remarkably emerged in recent years in several research fields such as cancer, inflammatory disorders and age-related neurological diseases. Here, we document the generation and characterization of a novel Nrf2/ARE pathway biosensor fish which exhibits a dynamic spatiotemporal expression profile during the early developmental stages. The transgenic line is responsive to known Nrf2 pathway modulators but also to Edaravone, which direct activity on the Nrf2 pathway has never been documented in a live transgenic fish model. We also show that the reporter is faithfully activated during fin regeneration, and its degree of expression is slightly affected in a glucocerebrosidase (Gba1) morphant zebrafish model. Therefore, this novel transgenic fish may represent a valuable tool to be exploited for the characterization of zebrafish models of human diseases, as well as for primary high-throughput drug screening.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Zebrafish/genetics ; Zebrafish/metabolism ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/genetics ; Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; Antioxidants ; Zebrafish Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms24076804
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Structural determinants of phosphorylation-dependent nuclear transport of HCMV DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44.

    Cross, Emily M / Marin, Oriano / Ariawan, Daryl / Aragão, David / Cozza, Giorgio / Di Iorio, Enzo / Forwood, Jade K / Alvisi, Gualtiero

    FEBS letters

    2024  Volume 598, Issue 2, Page(s) 199–209

    Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44 is transported into the nucleus by importin (IMP) α/β through a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS), and this region is susceptible to cdc2-mediated phosphorylation at position T427. ... ...

    Abstract Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44 is transported into the nucleus by importin (IMP) α/β through a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS), and this region is susceptible to cdc2-mediated phosphorylation at position T427. Whilst phosphorylation within and close to the UL44 NLS regulates nuclear transport, the details remain elusive, due to the paucity of structural information regarding the role of negatively charged cargo phosphate groups. We addressed this issue by studying the effect of UL44 T427 phosphorylation on interaction with several IMPα isoforms by biochemical and structural approaches. Phosphorylation decreased UL44/IMPα affinity 10-fold, and a comparative structural analysis of UL44 NLS phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides complexed with mouse IMPα2 revealed the structural rearrangements responsible for phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of UL44 nuclear import.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Cytomegalovirus/metabolism ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Nuclear Localization Signals/chemistry ; Nuclear Localization Signals/genetics ; Nuclear Localization Signals/metabolism ; Phosphorylation
    Chemical Substances DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; ICP36 protein, Cytomegalovirus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 212746-5
    ISSN 1873-3468 ; 0014-5793
    ISSN (online) 1873-3468
    ISSN 0014-5793
    DOI 10.1002/1873-3468.14797
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Structural determinants of phosphorylation‐dependent nuclear transport of HCMV DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44

    Cross, Emily M. / Marin, Oriano / Ariawan, Daryl / Aragão, David / Cozza, Giorgio / Di Iorio, Enzo / Forwood, Jade K. / Alvisi, Gualtiero

    FEBS Letters. 2024 Jan., v. 598, no. 2 p.199-209

    2024  

    Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44 is transported into the nucleus by importin (IMP) α/β through a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS), and this region is susceptible to cdc2‐mediated phosphorylation at position T427. ... ...

    Abstract Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL44 is transported into the nucleus by importin (IMP) α/β through a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS), and this region is susceptible to cdc2‐mediated phosphorylation at position T427. Whilst phosphorylation within and close to the UL44 NLS regulates nuclear transport, the details remain elusive, due to the paucity of structural information regarding the role of negatively charged cargo phosphate groups. We addressed this issue by studying the effect of UL44 T427 phosphorylation on interaction with several IMPα isoforms by biochemical and structural approaches. Phosphorylation decreased UL44/IMPα affinity 10‐fold, and a comparative structural analysis of UL44 NLS phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated peptides complexed with mouse IMPα2 revealed the structural rearrangements responsible for phosphorylation‐dependent inhibition of UL44 nuclear import.
    Keywords DNA-directed DNA polymerase ; Human betaherpesvirus 5 ; importins ; mice ; nuclear localization signals ; peptides ; phosphates ; phosphorylation ; physiological transport
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2024-01
    Size p. 199-209.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note LETTER
    ZDB-ID 212746-5
    ISSN 1873-3468 ; 0014-5793
    ISSN (online) 1873-3468
    ISSN 0014-5793
    DOI 10.1002/1873-3468.14797
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: Casein hydrolysate for uterine infection treatment: a patent evaluation (WO2011132191).

    Cozza, Giorgio

    Expert opinion on therapeutic patents

    2012  Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 575–578

    Abstract: Metritis, endometritis and pyometra are common uterus inflammatory diseases, occurring mainly in the early postpartum period of livestock and farm animals. These infections are primarily associated with contamination of the reproductive tract, in ... ...

    Abstract Metritis, endometritis and pyometra are common uterus inflammatory diseases, occurring mainly in the early postpartum period of livestock and farm animals. These infections are primarily associated with contamination of the reproductive tract, in particular uterine. Uterine infections bring to uterine and cervical involution as well as sub-fertility; the high economic loss, due to costs for treatment, milk withdrawal, reduced reproductive performance and premature culling, clearly demonstrate that uterine health in the postpartum period requires substantial medical veterinary attention. A wide variety of therapies for endometritis have been reported, including mainly antibiotics administered either by systemic or local somministration. Here, the patent application WO/2011/132191, which describes an alternative treatment for uterine infection, using casein peptides, is evaluated and discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents/economics ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Caseins/adverse effects ; Caseins/chemistry ; Caseins/economics ; Caseins/therapeutic use ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/drug therapy ; Cattle Diseases/economics ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Cattle Diseases/physiopathology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Dairying/economics ; Drug Costs ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Endometritis/drug therapy ; Endometritis/economics ; Endometritis/microbiology ; Endometritis/physiopathology ; Endometritis/veterinary ; Female ; Fertility/drug effects ; Legislation, Drug ; Patents as Topic ; Postpartum Period ; Pyometra/drug therapy ; Pyometra/economics ; Pyometra/microbiology ; Pyometra/physiopathology ; Pyometra/veterinary ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterus/drug effects ; Uterus/microbiology ; Uterus/physiopathology
    Chemical Substances Anti-Infective Agents ; Caseins ; casein hydrolysate (65072-00-6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1186201-4
    ISSN 1744-7674 ; 0962-2594 ; 1354-3776
    ISSN (online) 1744-7674
    ISSN 0962-2594 ; 1354-3776
    DOI 10.1517/13543776.2012.677437
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The Acidophilic Kinases PLK2 and PLK3: Structure, Substrate Targeting and Inhibition.

    Cozza, Giorgio / Salvi, Mauro

    Current protein & peptide science

    2018  Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) 728–745

    Abstract: PLK2 and PLK3 are two closely related acidophilic kinases belonging to the Polo-like kinases (PLKs), a family of five members in mammals with a central role in cell cycle and related events. PLK1 is the most investigated enzyme from both physiological ... ...

    Abstract PLK2 and PLK3 are two closely related acidophilic kinases belonging to the Polo-like kinases (PLKs), a family of five members in mammals with a central role in cell cycle and related events. PLK1 is the most investigated enzyme from both physiological and pharmaceutical points of view, however, several specialized cellular functions of PLK2 and PLK3 have been recently discovered paving the way to deepened studies on their biological roles and their feasible selection as future therapeutic targets. Our review aims to provide a summarized view of the current knowledge regarding PLK2 and PLK3 kinases, including substrate specificity and signaling pathways directly affected by these kinases. Finally, an overview of PLK2 and PLK3 pharmacological regulation and perspectives in future achievements are proposed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Humans ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity
    Chemical Substances Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-24
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2045662-1
    ISSN 1875-5550 ; 1389-2037
    ISSN (online) 1875-5550
    ISSN 1389-2037
    DOI 10.2174/1389203719666180124095405
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Double Attack to Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: MAO-B and Nrf2 as Elected Targets.

    Basagni, Filippo / Di Paolo, Maria Luisa / Cozza, Giorgio / Dalla Via, Lisa / Fagiani, Francesca / Lanni, Cristina / Rosini, Michela / Minarini, Anna

    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 21

    Abstract: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in triggering the neurodegenerative pathological cascades which characterize neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In search for potential efficient ... ...

    Abstract Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in triggering the neurodegenerative pathological cascades which characterize neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In search for potential efficient treatments for these pathologies, that are still considered unmet medical needs, we started from the promising properties of the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone, which has been repositioned as an MAO-B inhibitor, characterized by promising neuroprotective properties. Herein, with the aim to broaden its neuroprotective profile, we tried to enrich pioglitazone with direct and indirect antioxidant properties by hanging polyphenolic and electrophilic features that are able to trigger Nrf2 pathway and the resulting cytoprotective genes' transcription, as well as serve as radical scavengers. After a preliminary screening on MAO-B inhibitory properties, caffeic acid derivative
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism ; Pioglitazone/pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Antioxidants ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; Pioglitazone (X4OV71U42S) ; Monoamine Oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1413402-0
    ISSN 1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    ISSN (online) 1420-3049
    ISSN 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    DOI 10.3390/molecules28217424
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Casein kinases as potential therapeutic targets.

    Cozza, Giorgio / Pinna, Lorenzo A

    Expert opinion on therapeutic targets

    2016  Volume 20, Issue 3, Page(s) 319–340

    Abstract: Introduction: The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated ...

    Abstract Introduction: The conventional term 'casein kinase' (CK) denotes three classes of kinases - CK1, CK2 and Golgi-CK (G-CK)/Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) - sharing the ability to phoshorylate casein in vitro, but otherwise unrelated to each other. All CKs have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, and reviews individually dealing with the druggability of CK1 and CK2 are available. Our aim is to provide a comparative analysis of the three classes of CKs as therapeutic targets.
    Areas covered: CK2 is the CK for which implication in neoplasia is best documented, with the survival of cancer cells often relying on its overexpression. An ample variety of cell-permeable CK2 inhibitors have been developed, with a couple of these now in clinical trials. Isoform-specific CK1 inhibitors that are expected to play a beneficial role in oncology and neurodegeneration have been also developed. In contrast, the pathogenic potential of G-CK/Fam20C is caused by its loss of function. Activators of Fam20C, notably sphingolipids and their analogs, may prove beneficial in this respect.
    Expert opinion: Optimization of CK2 and CK1 inhibitors will prove useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for treating cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, while the design of potent activators of G-CK/Fam20C will provide a new tool in the fields of bio-mineralization and hypophosphatemic diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Casein Kinase I/antagonists & inhibitors ; Casein Kinase I/drug effects ; Casein Kinase I/metabolism ; Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors ; Casein Kinase II/metabolism ; Drug Design ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/drug effects ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypophosphatemia/drug therapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/enzymology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/enzymology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; Casein Kinase I (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Casein Kinase II (EC 2.7.11.1) ; FAM20C protein, human (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055208-7
    ISSN 1744-7631 ; 1472-8222
    ISSN (online) 1744-7631
    ISSN 1472-8222
    DOI 10.1517/14728222.2016.1091883
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Intracellular protein kinase CK2 inhibition by ferulic acid-based trimodal nanodevice

    Zanin, Sofia / Molinari, Simone / Cozza, Giorgio / Magro, Massimiliano / Fedele, Giorgio / Vianello, Fabio / Venerando, Andrea

    International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Dec. 15, v. 165

    2020  

    Abstract: Protein kinase CK2, a pleiotropic and constitutively active kinase, is strictly involved in different diseases, especially in cancer. Many efforts have been carried out to develop specific CK2 inhibitors and recently, it has been evidenced that ferulic ... ...

    Abstract Protein kinase CK2, a pleiotropic and constitutively active kinase, is strictly involved in different diseases, especially in cancer. Many efforts have been carried out to develop specific CK2 inhibitors and recently, it has been evidenced that ferulic acid (FA) represents a promising, albeit cell impermeable, CK2 inhibitor. In the present study, the potential of a nanotechnological approach to cope with intracellular CK2 regulation was explored. Surface-Active Maghemite Nanoparticles (SAMNs), coupling magnetism with photoluminescence, a new feature of SAMNs here described for the first time, were chosen as dual imaging nanocarrier for FA. The self-assembled nanodevice (SAMN@FA) displayed a significant CK2 inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, effective cellular internalization of SAMN@FA in cancer cells was proved by direct visualization of the photoluminescent nanocarrier by confocal microscopy and was corroborated by phosphorylation levels of endogenous CK2 targets. The proposed trimodal nanodevice, representing the first example of cellular CK2 nano-inhibition, paves the way for novel active nanocarriers as appealing theranostic tool for future biomedical applications.
    Keywords confocal microscopy ; ferulic acid ; maghemite ; magnetism ; nanocarriers ; phosphorylation ; photoluminescence ; protein kinases
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-1215
    Size p. 701-712.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 282732-3
    ISSN 1879-0003 ; 0141-8130
    ISSN (online) 1879-0003
    ISSN 0141-8130
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.207
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  10. Article ; Online: A white paper on Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx4) forty years later.

    Ursini, Fulvio / Bosello Travain, Valentina / Cozza, Giorgio / Miotto, Giovanni / Roveri, Antonella / Toppo, Stefano / Maiorino, Matilde

    Free radical biology & medicine

    2022  Volume 188, Page(s) 117–133

    Abstract: The purification of a protein inhibiting lipid peroxidation led to the discovery of the selenoperoxidase GPx4 forty years ago. Thus, the evidence of the enzymatic activity was reached after identifying the biological effect and unambiguously defined the ... ...

    Abstract The purification of a protein inhibiting lipid peroxidation led to the discovery of the selenoperoxidase GPx4 forty years ago. Thus, the evidence of the enzymatic activity was reached after identifying the biological effect and unambiguously defined the relationship between the biological function and the enzymatic activity. In the syllogism where GPx4 inhibits lipid peroxidation and its inhibition is lethal, cell death is operated by lipid peroxidation. Based on this rationale, this form of cell death emerged as regulated iron-enforced oxygen toxicity and was named ferroptosis in 2012. In the last decades, we learned that reduction of lipid hydroperoxides is indispensable and, in cooperation with prooxidant systems, controls the critical steady state of lipid peroxidation. This concept defined the GPx4 reaction as both the target for possible anti-cancer therapy and if insufficient, as cause of degenerative diseases. We know the reaction mechanism, but the details of the interaction at the membrane cytosol interface are still poorly defined. We know the gene structure, but the knowledge about expression control is still limited. The same holds true for post-transcriptional modifications. Reverse genetics indicate that GPx4 has a role in inflammation, immunity, and differentiation, but the observations emerging from these studies need a more specifically addressed biochemical evidence. Finally, the role of GPx4 in spermatogenesis disclosed an area unconnected to lipid peroxidation. In its mitochondrial and nuclear form, the peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of protein thiols in two specific aspects of sperm maturation: stabilization of the mid-piece and chromatin compaction. Thus, although available evidence converges to the notion that GPx4 activity is vital due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, it is reasonable to foresee other unknown aspects of the GPx4 reaction to be disclosed.
    MeSH term(s) Antioxidants/metabolism ; Ferroptosis ; Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics ; Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Lipid Peroxides/metabolism ; Male ; Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase ; Semen/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Antioxidants ; Lipid Peroxides ; Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.12) ; Glutathione Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 807032-5
    ISSN 1873-4596 ; 0891-5849
    ISSN (online) 1873-4596
    ISSN 0891-5849
    DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.227
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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