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Article ; Online: Accumulation and exposure classifications of plastics in the different coastal habitats in the western Philippine archipelago.

Gomez, Norchel Corcia F / Cragg, Simon M / Ghiglione, Jean-François / Onda, Deo Florence L

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

2023 Volume 337, Page(s) 122602

Abstract: Studies consistently ranked the Philippines as one of the top contributors of plastic wastes leaking into the ocean. However, most of these were based on probabilities and estimates due to lack of comprehensive ground-truth data, resulting also in the ... ...

Abstract	Studies consistently ranked the Philippines as one of the top contributors of plastic wastes leaking into the ocean. However, most of these were based on probabilities and estimates due to lack of comprehensive ground-truth data, resulting also in the limited understanding of the contributing factors and drivers of local pollution. This makes it challenging to develop science-driven and locally-contextualized policies and interventions to mitigate the problem. Here, 56 sites from different coastal habitats in the western Philippine archipelago were surveyed for macroplastics standing stock, representing geographic regions with varying demography and economic activities. Clustering of sites revealed three potential influencing factors to plastic accumulation: population density, wind and oceanic transport, and habitat type. Notably, the amount and types of dominant plastics per geographic region varied significantly. Single-use plastics (food packaging and sachets) were the most abundant in sites adjacent to densely populated and highly urbanized areas (Manila Bay and eastern Palawan), while fishing-related materials dominated in less populated and fishing-dominated communities (western Palawan and Bolinao), suggesting the local industries significantly contributing to the mismanaged plastics in the surveyed sites. Meanwhile, isolated areas such as islands were characterized by the abundance of buoyant materials (drinking bottles and hygiene product containers), emphasizing the role of oceanic transport and strong connectivity in the oceans. Exposure assessment also identified single-use and fishing-related plastics to be of "high exposure (Type 4)" due to their high abundance and high occurrence. These increase their chances of encountering and interacting with organisms and habitats, thus, resulting into more potential harm. This study is the first comprehensive work done in western Philippines, and results will help contextualize local pollution, facilitating more effective management and policymaking.
MeSH term(s)	Philippines ; Plastics ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution ; Oceans and Seas ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Waste Products/analysis
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Waste Products
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122602
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Article: Rapid testing of resistance of timber to biodegradation by marine wood-boring crustaceans

Martin, Lucy S. / Shipway, J. Reuben / Martin, Marc A. / Malyon, Graham P. / Akter, Mou / Cragg, Simon M.

Journal of visualized experiments. 2022 Jan. 29, , no. 179

2022

Abstract: Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper ... ...

Abstract	Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.
Keywords	Limnoria ; biocides ; biodegradation ; chromated copper arsenate ; creosote ; infrastructure ; laboratory experimentation ; laws and regulations ; wood ; wood preservatives
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0129
Size	p. e62776.
Publishing place	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/62776
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Furfurylation protects timber from degradation by marine wood boring crustaceans

Martin, Lucy S. / Jelavić, Stanislav / Cragg, Simon M. / Thygesen, Lisbeth G.

Green chemistry. 2021 Oct. 18, v. 23, no. 20

2021

Abstract: Unmodified timber is susceptible to biodegradation in the marine environment by wood-boring molluscs and crustaceans. Wood is a renewable resource and has a much lower carbon footprint than other alternative materials that are suitable for marine ... ...

Abstract	Unmodified timber is susceptible to biodegradation in the marine environment by wood-boring molluscs and crustaceans. Wood is a renewable resource and has a much lower carbon footprint than other alternative materials that are suitable for marine applications, such as concrete and steel. However, biodegradation causes expensive damage to wooden structures and protection by broad spectrum biocides entails environmental risks. Furfurylation offers an effective alternative protection from marine wood-borers. We investigate the changes in feeding rate, behaviour and digestion of the marine wood-boring crustacean, the gribble, on furfurylated wood under laboratory conditions. Pinus radiata was impregnated with furfuryl alcohol in a methanol solvent and polymerised at elevated temperatures. Wood was leached in seawater and then tested in a laboratory setting against the gribble Limnoria quadripunctata, by measuring its feeding rate (faecal pellet production), vitality and mortality. The wood samples were analysed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), while faecal pellets were analysed by Atomic Force Microscopy Infrared Spectroscopy (AFM-IR). A reduction in band intensity ascribed to carbonyl vibration was seen during leaching, possibly due to loss of hemicellulose or acetyl groups therein. Untreated wood faecal pellets showed a decrease in C–O absorbance in the 1100–1000 cm⁻¹ range interpreted as a loss of cellulose and an increase in signal in the 1700–1600 cm⁻¹ range interpreted as increase in lignin modification products. For furfurylated wood similar tendencies were seen, but to a smaller extent. Faecal pellet production was reduced on treated wood and a lack of burrowing behaviour was observed. Mortality began to increase after a month of decreased feeding rates which is comparable to mortality rates of starved gribble. Disruption to enzymatic activity within the gut and/or increased hardness of the wood could be the mechanisms protecting furfurylated wood from biodegradation by gribble. Modification of wood, such as by furfurylation, offers promising levels of protection against such degradation without the reliance on broad spectrum biocides and can reduce costs associated with damaged wooden structures.
Keywords	Limnoria quadripunctata ; Pinus radiata ; absorbance ; atomic force microscopy ; biocides ; biodegradation ; carbon footprint ; cellulose ; digestion ; digestive system ; enzyme activity ; feces ; furfuryl alcohol ; green chemistry ; hardness ; hemicellulose ; infrared spectroscopy ; lignin ; marine environment ; methanol ; mortality ; reflectance ; renewable resources ; seawater ; solvents ; steel ; vibration ; wood
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1018
Size	p. 8003-8015.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2006274-6
ISSN	1463-9270 ; 1463-9262
ISSN (online)	1463-9270
ISSN	1463-9262
DOI	10.1039/d1gc01524a
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Article ; Online: Distinguishing ten sympatric species of fiddler crab (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) using a suite of phenotypic characteristics.

Michie, Laura A / Barnes, R S K / Clark, Paul F / Bennett, Wayne A / Cragg, Simon M

Zootaxa

2021 Volume 5026, Issue 4, Page(s) 480–506

Abstract: Ten species of fiddler crab are reported inhabiting the intertidal zone of a shore on Kaledupa Island, Indonesia. This is one of the highest recorded numbers of fiddler crab species living in sympatry, equating to over two-thirds of those known from the ... ...

Abstract	Ten species of fiddler crab are reported inhabiting the intertidal zone of a shore on Kaledupa Island, Indonesia. This is one of the highest recorded numbers of fiddler crab species living in sympatry, equating to over two-thirds of those known from the Wallacea biogeographic region and more than half of all those recorded from Indonesia. The descriptions to identify and distinguish these ten species are provided using a suite of characters e.g., carapace, major cheliped, male gonopods, gastric mills, life colouration in males and females, and notes on their ecology and distribution. Specimens were observed and collected in the Wakatobi National Park, near the village of Ambeua on Kaledupa island, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Gastric mills are described for the first time for Gelasimus jocelynae, Paraleptuca crassipes, Tubuca coarctata, T. demani and T. dussumieri. A tabulation of anatomical features and colouration for all species in this study is provided as a support for field studies. It identifies features that support the recently proposed taxonomic revision of fiddler crabs by Shih et al. (2016).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brachyura ; Decapoda ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Sympatry
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-27
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1175-5334
ISSN (online)	1175-5334
DOI	10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.2
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Article ; Online: Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans.

Martin, Lucy S / Shipway, J Reuben / Martin, Marc A / Malyon, Graham P / Akter, Mou / Cragg, Simon M

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2022 , Issue 179

Abstract	Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Copper/analysis ; Disinfectants/analysis ; Invertebrates ; Wood/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Disinfectants ; Copper (789U1901C5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/62776
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Article: Mapping the biotic degradation hazard of wood in Europe – biophysical background, engineering applications, and climate change-induced prospects

van Niekerk, Philip B. / Marais, Brendan N. / Brischke, Christian / Borges, Luisa M.S. / Kutnik, Magdalena / Niklewski, Jonas / Ansard, David / Humar, Miha / Cragg, Simon M. / Militz, Holger

Holzforschung. 2022 Feb. 23, v. 76, no. 2

2022

Abstract: Construction using timber has seen a resurgence in light of global climate mitigation policies. Wood is a renewable resource, and engineered wood products are proving to be competitive against concrete and steel while having several advantages. However, ... ...

Abstract	Construction using timber has seen a resurgence in light of global climate mitigation policies. Wood is a renewable resource, and engineered wood products are proving to be competitive against concrete and steel while having several advantages. However, while the renewable nature of wood in construction is a beneficial property for climate mitigation policies, the process of biodegradation introduces a challenge for service life planning. A review of hazard mapping is presented while developing contemporary hazard maps, occurrence maps and projected hazard maps for 2050 using representative concentration pathways (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5. The risk of timber decay is expected to increase in most of Europe as the temperatures rise, with a decrease expected in dryer regions. Termites are likely to experience a range expansion as more areas become suitable, while human activity and an increase in extreme weather events like floods are expected to facilitate dispersion. Marine borer species already present a risk in most European coastal regions; however, the effect of changes in water temperatures are likely to shift the boundaries for individual borer species. Overall, warmer climates are expected to increase the metabolic activity of all of these organisms leading to a general reduction in service life.
Keywords	biochemical pathways ; biodegradation ; climate ; concrete ; decayed wood ; durability ; humans ; marine borers ; renewable resources ; risk ; steel ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0223
Size	p. 188-210.
Publishing place	De Gruyter
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1466072-6
ISSN	1437-434X ; 0018-3830
ISSN (online)	1437-434X
ISSN	0018-3830
DOI	10.1515/hf-2021-0169
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Microplastics leaving a trace in mangrove sediments ever since they were first manufactured: A study from Indonesia mangroves.

Cordova, Muhammad Reza / Ulumuddin, Yaya Ihya / Lubis, Ali Arman / Kaisupy, Muhammad Taufik / Wibowo, Singgih Prasetyo Adi / Subandi, Riyana / Yogaswara, Deny / Purbonegoro, Triyoni / Renyaan, Jeverson / Nurdiansah, Doni / Sugiharto, Untung / Shintianata, Dienda / Meiliastri, Sonia Saraswati / Andini, Faza Putri / Suratno / Ilman, Muhammad / Anggoro, Aji Wahyu / Basir / Cragg, Simon M

Marine pollution bulletin

2023 Volume 195, Page(s) 115517

Abstract: Mangrove environments have been well recognized as marine litter traps. However, it is unclear whether mangrove sediments sink microplastics more effectively than other marine sediments due to active sedimentation. Furthermore, microplastics archives in ... ...

Abstract	Mangrove environments have been well recognized as marine litter traps. However, it is unclear whether mangrove sediments sink microplastics more effectively than other marine sediments due to active sedimentation. Furthermore, microplastics archives in mangrove sediments may provide quantitative data on the impact of human activities on environmental pollution throughout history. Microplastic abundance varied markedly between high and low anthropogenic activities. Both mangrove and adjacent mudflats sediments act as microplastic sequesters, despite having similar microplastic abundances and depth profiles. The decreasing trend of microplastics was observed until the sediment layers dated to the first-time plastic was manufactured in Indonesia, in the early 1950s, but microplastics remained present beneath those layers, indicating the downward movements. This discovery highlighted the significance of mangrove sediments as microplastic sinks. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms of microplastic deposition in sediments, as well as their fate and potential impact on mangrove sediment dwellers.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115517
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Article ; Online: Mangrove ecological services at the forefront of coastal change in the French overseas territories.

Trégarot, Ewan / Caillaud, Anne / Cornet, Cindy C / Taureau, Florent / Catry, Thibault / Cragg, Simon M / Failler, Pierre

The Science of the total environment

2020 Volume 763, Page(s) 143004

Abstract: Mangroves are located at the land-sea interface and are therefore confronted with human settlement in the coastal areas and associated pressures and uses. This unique habitat provides important ecosystem services to coastal communities worldwide, but the ...

Abstract	Mangroves are located at the land-sea interface and are therefore confronted with human settlement in the coastal areas and associated pressures and uses. This unique habitat provides important ecosystem services to coastal communities worldwide, but the global decline of their surface area and their degradation over the past decades has put coastal communities even more at risk from the effects of climate change. This paper aims to present the first ecosystem services valuation of the mangroves of the French overseas Territories. We provide the economic value of mangroves for coastal protection, carbon sequestration, water purification and fish biomass production. We coupled a geospatial analysis of mangrove's distribution with the characterisation of land artificialisation behind mangroves. Then we developed a vulnerability index based on multiple indicators of exposure to environmental and anthropogenic stressors, mangroves' sensitivity to pressures, and mangroves' adaptive capacity to adjust their production functions accordingly. We estimated the monetary value of regulation and support services provided by mangroves in French overseas territories to be on average EUR 1.6 billion annually, 60% of which is carbon sequestration, 28% coastal protection, 7% water purification and 6% fish biomass production. When considering mangroves services without the vulnerability adjustment, the total value for those services would reach EUR 2 billion per year. Although much of the spatio-temporal variability in mangrove functioning could not be considered given the spatial scale of our study, these results demonstrate the value and socio-economic importance of mangroves to face and adapt from the effects of coastal change, at local and national scales, but also highlight the loss of services due to their vulnerability. This paper emphasises on the value of ecosystem services provided by mangroves to face coastal change so that a service-based approach to conservation would plead for increased national investment into their protection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143004
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Article ; Online: Biogeography of wood-boring crustaceans (Isopoda: Limnoriidae) established in European coastal waters.

Borges, Luísa M S / Merckelbach, Lucas M / Cragg, Simon M

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 10, Page(s) e109593

Abstract: Marine wood-borers of the Limnoriidae cause great destruction to wooden structures exposed in the marine environment. In this study we collated occurrence data obtained from field surveys, spanning over a period of 10 years, and from an extensive ... ...

Abstract	Marine wood-borers of the Limnoriidae cause great destruction to wooden structures exposed in the marine environment. In this study we collated occurrence data obtained from field surveys, spanning over a period of 10 years, and from an extensive literature review. We aimed to determine which wood-boring limnoriid species are established in European coastal waters; to map their past and recent distribution in Europe in order to infer species range extension or contraction; to determine species environmental requirements using climatic envelopes. Of the six species of wood-boring Limnoria previously reported occurring in Europe, only Limnoria lignorum, L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are established in European coastal waters. L. carinata and L. tuberculata have uncertain established status, whereas L. borealis is not established in European waters. The species with the widest distribution in Europe is Limnoria lignorum, which is also the most tolerant species to a range of salinities. L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata appear to be stenohaline. However, the present study shows that both L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are more widespread in Europe than previous reports suggested. Both species have been found occurring in Europe since they were described, and their increased distribution is probably the results of a range expansion. On the other hand L. lignorum appears to be retreating poleward with ocean warming. In certain areas (e.g. southern England, and southern Portugal), limnoriids appear to be very abundant and their activity is rivalling that of teredinids. Therefore, it is important to monitor the distribution and destructive activity of these organisms in Europe.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; Isopoda/growth & development ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Temperature
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-10-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0109593
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Article ; Online: Biomimetic generation of the strongest known biomaterial found in limpet tooth.

Rumney, Robin M H / Robson, Samuel C / Kao, Alexander P / Barbu, Eugen / Bozycki, Lukasz / Smith, James R / Cragg, Simon M / Couceiro, Fay / Parwani, Rachna / Tozzi, Gianluca / Stuer, Michael / Barber, Asa H / Ford, Alex T / Górecki, Dariusz C

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 3753

Abstract: The biomaterial with the highest known tensile strength is a unique composite of chitin and goethite (α-FeO(OH)) present in teeth from the Common Limpet (Patella vulgata). A biomimetic based on limpet tooth, with corresponding high-performance mechanical ...

Abstract	The biomaterial with the highest known tensile strength is a unique composite of chitin and goethite (α-FeO(OH)) present in teeth from the Common Limpet (Patella vulgata). A biomimetic based on limpet tooth, with corresponding high-performance mechanical properties is highly desirable. Here we report on the replication of limpet tooth developmental processes ex vivo, where isolated limpet tissue and cells in culture generate new biomimetic structures. Transcriptomic analysis of each developmental stage of the radula, the organ from which limpet teeth originate, identifies sequential changes in expression of genes related to chitin and iron processing. We quantify iron and chitin metabolic processes in the radula and grow isolated radula cells in vitro. Bioinspired material can be developed with electrospun chitin mineralised by conditioned media from cultured radula cells. Our results inform molecular processes behind the generation of limpet tooth and establish a platform for development of a novel biomimetic with comparable properties.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Biomimetics ; Chitin/chemistry ; Gastropoda ; Iron ; Tooth
Chemical Substances	Biocompatible Materials ; Chitin (1398-61-4) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-31139-0
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