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  1. Article ; Online: Social support and fear-inhibition: an examination of underlying neural mechanisms.

    Hornstein, E A / Leschak, C J / Parrish, M H / Byrne-Haltom, K E / Fanselow, M S / Craske, M G / Eisenberger, N I

    Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 1

    Abstract: Recent work has demonstrated that reminders of those we are closest to have a unique combination of effects on fear learning and represent a new category of fear inhibitors, termed prepared fear suppressors. Notably, social-support-figure images have ... ...

    Abstract Recent work has demonstrated that reminders of those we are closest to have a unique combination of effects on fear learning and represent a new category of fear inhibitors, termed prepared fear suppressors. Notably, social-support-figure images have been shown to resist becoming associated with fear, suppress conditional-fear-responding and lead to long-term fear reduction. Due to the novelty of this category, understanding the underlying neural mechanisms that support these unique abilities of social-support-reminders has yet to be investigated. Here, we examined the neural correlates that enable social-support-reminders to resist becoming associated with fear during a retardation-of-acquisition test. We found that social-support-figure-images (vs stranger-images) were less readily associated with fear, replicating prior work, and that this effect was associated with decreased amygdala activity and increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) activity for social-support-figure-images (vs stranger-images), suggesting that social-support-engagement of the VMPFC and consequent inhibition of the amygdala may contribute to unique their inhibitory effects. Connectivity analyses supported this interpretation, showing greater connectivity between the VMPFC and left amygdala for social-support-figure-images (vs stranger-images).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Fear/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Amygdala/diagnostic imaging ; Amygdala/physiology ; Social Support ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2236933-8
    ISSN 1749-5024 ; 1749-5016
    ISSN (online) 1749-5024
    ISSN 1749-5016
    DOI 10.1093/scan/nsae002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Introducing the Fear Learning and Anxiety Response (FLARe) app and web portal for the remote delivery of fear conditioning experiments.

    McGregor, T / Purves, K L / Barry, T / Constantinou, E / Craske, M G / Breen, G / Young, K S / Eley, T C

    Behavior research methods

    2022  Volume 55, Issue 6, Page(s) 3164–3178

    Abstract: Experimental paradigms measuring key psychological constructs can enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying human psychological well-being and mental health. Delivering such paradigms remotely affords opportunities to reach larger, more ... ...

    Abstract Experimental paradigms measuring key psychological constructs can enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying human psychological well-being and mental health. Delivering such paradigms remotely affords opportunities to reach larger, more representative samples than is typically possible with in-person research. The efficiency gained from remote delivery makes it easier to test replication of previously established effects in well-powered samples. There are several challenges to the successful development and delivery of remote experimental paradigms, including use of an appropriate delivery platform, identifying feasible outcome measures, and metrics of participant compliance. In this paper, we present FLARe (Fear Learning and Anxiety Response), open-source software in the form of a smartphone app and web portal for the creation and delivery of remote fear conditioning experiments. We describe the benefits and challenges associated with the creation of a remote delivery platform for fear conditioning, before presenting in detail the resultant software suite, and one instance of deploying this using the FLARe Research infrastructure. We provide examples of the application of FLARe to several research questions which illustrate the benefits of the remote approach to experiment delivery. The FLARe smartphone app and web portal are available for use by other researchers and have been designed to be user-friendly and intuitive. We hope that FLARe will be a useful tool for those interested in conducting well-powered fear conditioning studies to inform our understanding of the development and treatment of anxiety disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Anxiety/psychology ; Fear/psychology ; Learning ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-022-01952-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book: Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie

    Craske, Michelle G.

    2012  

    Abstract: Grundlagen, Methoden und Anwendungen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie werden in einem umfassenden Überblick dargestllt. - Inhalt: (1) Geschichte der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie. (2) Theorie [Ziele und Kernkonzepte: Klassische Konditionierung; ... ...

    Title translation Cognitive behavioral therapy
    Abstract Grundlagen, Methoden und Anwendungen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie werden in einem umfassenden Überblick dargestllt. - Inhalt: (1) Geschichte der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie. (2) Theorie [Ziele und Kernkonzepte: Klassische Konditionierung; Instrumentelle Konditionierung; Selbstwirksamkeitstheorie; kognitive Bewertungstheorie; Theorie des Erwartungslernens; die kognitivbehaviorale Theorie]. (3) Der therapeutische Prozess [Die Rolle der therapeutischen Beziehung; die Rolle des Therapeuten/der Therapeutin; die Rolle des Klienten/der Klientin]. (4) Strategien und Techniken [Fertigkeiten- und verstärkungsbasierte Strategien; expositionsbasierte Strategien; kognitionsbasierte Strategien]. (5) Anwendungsbereiche [Angsterkrankungen; Depression; Alkoholmissbrauch; Bulimia nervosa; der Fall Maria: Beschreibung einer kultursensiblen Therapie9. (6) Erschwernisse und Probleme bei der Arbeit mit diesem Ansatz. Evaluation [Wirkmechanismen: Rolle veränderter Kognitionen; wie funktioniert die KVT bei verschiedenen kulturellen Gruppen?] (7) Ausblick auf künftige Entwicklungen [Kognitionen: Funktion versus Inhalt; Lerntheorie: fächerübergreifende Fortschritte; Effektivitäts- und Effizienzforschung].
    Keywords Cognitive Behavior Therapy ; Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie ; Psychotherapeutic Outcomes ; Psychotherapeutic Processes ; Psychotherapeutic Techniques ; Psychotherapeutische Prozesse ; Psychotherapeutische Techniken ; Psychotherapieergebnisse
    Language German
    Size 176 S.
    Publisher Reinhardt
    Publishing place München
    Document type Book
    Note Original: 2010. Cognitive-behavioral therapy. Washington: American Psychological Association
    ISBN 978-3-497-02279-3 ; 3-497-02279-9
    Database PSYNDEX

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  4. Article ; Online: Evidence for distinct genetic and environmental influences on fear acquisition and extinction.

    Purves, K L / Krebs, G / McGregor, T / Constantinou, E / Lester, K J / Barry, T J / Craske, M G / Young, K S / Breen, G / Eley, T C

    Psychological medicine

    2021  Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) 1106–1114

    Abstract: Background: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent with an early age of onset. Understanding the aetiology of disorder emergence and recovery is important for establishing preventative measures and optimising treatment. Experimental approaches can serve ...

    Abstract Background: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent with an early age of onset. Understanding the aetiology of disorder emergence and recovery is important for establishing preventative measures and optimising treatment. Experimental approaches can serve as a useful model for disorder and recovery relevant processes. One such model is fear conditioning. We conducted a remote fear conditioning paradigm in monozygotic and dizygotic twins to determine the degree and extent of overlap between genetic and environmental influences on fear acquisition and extinction.
    Methods: In total, 1937 twins aged 22-25 years, including 538 complete pairs from the Twins Early Development Study took part in a fear conditioning experiment delivered remotely via the Fear Learning and Anxiety Response (FLARe) smartphone app. In the fear acquisition phase, participants were exposed to two neutral shape stimuli, one of which was repeatedly paired with a loud aversive noise, while the other was never paired with anything aversive. In the extinction phase, the shapes were repeatedly presented again, this time without the aversive noise. Outcomes were participant ratings of how much they expected the aversive noise to occur when they saw either shape, throughout each phase.
    Results: Twin analyses indicated a significant contribution of genetic effects to the initial acquisition and consolidation of fear, and the extinction of fear (15, 30 and 15%, respectively) with the remainder of variance due to the non-shared environment. Multivariate analyses revealed that the development of fear and fear extinction show moderate genetic overlap (genetic correlations 0.4-0.5).
    Conclusions: Fear acquisition and extinction are heritable, and share some, but not all of the same genetic influences.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Fear/physiology ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Anxiety ; Twins, Dizygotic/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 217420-0
    ISSN 1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
    ISSN (online) 1469-8978
    ISSN 0033-2917
    DOI 10.1017/S0033291721002580
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: An updated meta-analysis.

    Andrews, G / Basu, A / Cuijpers, P / Craske, M G / McEvoy, P / English, C L / Newby, J M

    Journal of anxiety disorders

    2018  Volume 55, Page(s) 70–78

    Abstract: Background: A 2010 meta-analysis of internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) RCTs argued 'computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders was effective, acceptable and practical health care' without data on effectiveness or practicality in routine ... ...

    Abstract Background: A 2010 meta-analysis of internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) RCTs argued 'computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders was effective, acceptable and practical health care' without data on effectiveness or practicality in routine practice.
    Methods: Databases, reviews and meta-analyses were searched for randomised controlled trials of cCBT or iCBT versus a control group (care as usual, waitlist, information control, psychological placebo, pill placebo, etc.) in people who met diagnostic criteria for major depression, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. Number randomised, superiority of treatment versus control (Hedges'g) on primary outcome measure, length of follow-up, follow up outcome, patient adherence and satisfaction/harm were extracted; risk of bias was assessed. A search for studies on effectiveness of iCBT in clinical practice was conducted.
    Results: 64 trials were identified. The mean effect size (efficacy) was g = 0.80 (NNT 2.34), and benefit was evident across all four disorders. Improvement was maintained at follow-with good acceptability. Research probity was good, and bias risk low. In addition, nine studies comparing iCBT with traditional face-to-face CBT and three comparing iCBT with bibliotherapy were identified. All three modes of treatment delivery appeared equally beneficial. The results of effectiveness studies were congruent with the results of the efficacy trials.
    Limitations: Studies variably measured changes in quality of life and disability, and the lack of comparisons with medications weakens the field.
    Conclusions: The conclusions drawn in the original meta-analysis are now supported: iCBT for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; Depressive Disorder/psychology ; Depressive Disorder/therapy ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Patient Compliance ; Personal Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; Therapy, Computer-Assisted
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
    ZDB-ID 619417-5
    ISSN 1873-7897 ; 0887-6185
    ISSN (online) 1873-7897
    ISSN 0887-6185
    DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.001
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  6. Article: Fear and anxiety in children and adolescents.

    Craske, M G

    Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

    1997  Volume 61, Issue 2 Suppl A, Page(s) A4–36

    Abstract: The author reviews fears and anxiety in children and adolescents. In particular, the nature and prevalence of fears and anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, are described. This is followed by a description of comorbidity and gender differences, ... ...

    Abstract The author reviews fears and anxiety in children and adolescents. In particular, the nature and prevalence of fears and anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, are described. This is followed by a description of comorbidity and gender differences, and the stability or chronicity of these disorders. Factors believed to contribute to the development of childhood fear and anxiety are outlined, and finally the treatments for these disorders are reviewed.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders/etiology ; Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Child ; Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 1997
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 390416-7
    ISSN 0025-9284
    ISSN 0025-9284
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  7. Article: The role of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders

    Pittig, Andre / Treanor, Michael / LeBeau, Richard T. / Craske, Michelle G.

    Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

    Gaps and directions for future research

    2018  Volume 88, Page(s) 117–140

    Abstract: Examines advances made in the understanding of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders, illustrating the role of the acquisition, generalization, persistence, extinction, and return of fear and avoidance. First, aversive associative ... ...

    Title translation Die Rolle des Assoziationslernens von Furcht und Vermeidung bei Angststörungen: Lücken und Richtungen für die zukünftige Forschung
    Abstract Examines advances made in the understanding of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders, illustrating the role of the acquisition, generalization, persistence, extinction, and return of fear and avoidance. First, aversive associative learning processes and corresponding experimental models are described. Subsequently, links between anxiety disorders and imbalances in the specific processes are addressed. Individual differences relevant to anxiety disorders as well as methodological issues, research gaps, and future research directions are highlighted. It is concluded that distinct mechanisms of fear as well as individual differences pertinent to anxiety disorders need to be investigated. Paradigms involving ambiguity and conflict should be targeted. Clinical translation studies are suggested for treatment optimization.
    Keywords Angststörungen ; Anxiety Disorders ; Associative Processes ; Assoziative Prozesse ; Avoidance ; Conditioned Fear ; Extinction (Learning) ; Extinktion (Lernen) ; Generalisierung ; Generalization (Learning) ; Genetics ; Genetik ; Geschlechtsunterschiede beim Menschen ; Human Sex Differences ; Individual Differences ; Individuelle Unterschiede ; Konditionierte Furcht ; Major Depression ; Vermeidung
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 282464-4
    ISSN 1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
    ISSN (online) 1873-7528
    ISSN 0149-7634
    DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015
    Database PSYNDEX

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  8. Article: Building physiological toughness

    Culver, Najwa C. / Stevens, Stephan / Fanselow, Michael S. / Craske, Michelle G.

    Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

    Some aversive events during extinction may attenuate return of fear

    2018  Volume 58, Page(s) 18–28

    Abstract: Investigated the effect of occasionally reinforced extinction trials on fear. Using a fear-conditioning and extinction paradigm, 39 participants either underwent traditional extinction procedures or partially reinforced extinction during which several ... ...

    Title translation Aufbau physiologischer Belastbarkeit: Aversive Ereignisse während der Löschung können die Rückkehr von Angst abschwächen
    Abstract Investigated the effect of occasionally reinforced extinction trials on fear. Using a fear-conditioning and extinction paradigm, 39 participants either underwent traditional extinction procedures or partially reinforced extinction during which several unpredicted pairings of paired conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulus appeared. Participants who experienced partially reinforced extinction showed elevated physiological fear responding during extinction, as measured by skin conductance responses. Results also indicate protection from rapid reacquisition effects and protection from recovery effects. As measured by valence ratings, it remained unclear whether partially reinforced extinction played a protective role regarding fear recovery effects. Findings were limited due to significantly higher levels of physiological fear responding during extinction in participants who experienced partially reinforced extinction. With regard to the protective effect of occasional pairings of conditional and unconditional stimulus during extinction against return of fear effects, clinical implications are discussed.
    Keywords Angstbewältigung ; Angststörungen ; Anxiety Disorders ; Anxiety Management ; Conditioned Fear ; Conditioning ; Exposition ; Exposure ; Extinction (Learning) ; Extinktion (Lernen) ; Fear ; Furcht ; Konditionierte Furcht ; Konditionierung ; Reinforcement ; Relapse Prevention ; Rückfallprävention ; Therapie ; Treatment ; Verstärkung
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280250-8
    ISSN 1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
    ISSN (online) 1873-7943
    ISSN 0005-7916
    DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.07.003
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  9. Article: An integrated treatment approach to panic disorder.

    Craske, M G

    Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

    1996  Volume 60, Issue 2 Suppl A, Page(s) A87–104

    Abstract: After a brief description of cognitive-behavioral approaches for the treatment of panic disorder, the advantages and disadvantages of an integrated approach that combines cognitive-behavioral methods and medications are presented. This is followed by ... ...

    Abstract After a brief description of cognitive-behavioral approaches for the treatment of panic disorder, the advantages and disadvantages of an integrated approach that combines cognitive-behavioral methods and medications are presented. This is followed by presentation of outcome data regarding combined treatment, and of methods for enhancing the implementation of an integrated approach. Finally, directions for future research are listed. Other psychological treatments are not covered due to lack of evidence for their efficacy.
    MeSH term(s) Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use ; Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use ; Cognitive Therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Panic Disorder/drug therapy ; Panic Disorder/therapy
    Chemical Substances Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Benzodiazepines (12794-10-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1996
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 390416-7
    ISSN 0025-9284
    ISSN 0025-9284
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Validating the use of a smartphone app for remote administration of a fear conditioning paradigm.

    Purves, K L / Constantinou, E / McGregor, T / Lester, K J / Barry, T J / Treanor, M / Sun, M / Margraf, J / Craske, M G / Breen, G / Eley, T C

    Behaviour research and therapy

    2019  Volume 123, Page(s) 103475

    Abstract: Fear conditioning models key processes related to the development, maintenance and treatment of anxiety disorders and is associated with group differences in anxiety. However, laboratory administration of tasks is time and cost intensive, precluding ... ...

    Abstract Fear conditioning models key processes related to the development, maintenance and treatment of anxiety disorders and is associated with group differences in anxiety. However, laboratory administration of tasks is time and cost intensive, precluding assessment in large samplesnecessary for the analysis of individual differences. This study introduces a newly developed smartphone app that delivers a fear conditioning paradigm remotely using a loud human scream as an aversive stimulus. Three groups of participants (total n = 152) took part in three studies involving a differential fear conditioning experiment to assess the reliability and validity of a smartphone administered fear conditioning paradigm. This comprised of fear acquisition, generalisation, extinction, and renewal phases during which online US-expectancy ratings were collected during every trial with evaluative ratings of negative affect at three time points. We show that smartphone app delivery of a fear conditioning paradigm results in a pattern of fear learning comparable to traditional laboratory delivery and is able to detect individual differences in performance that show comparable associations with anxiety to the prior group differences literature.
    MeSH term(s) Acoustic Stimulation ; Adult ; Affect ; Anxiety/psychology ; Conditioning, Classical ; Extinction, Psychological ; Fear ; Female ; Generalization, Psychological ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Mobile Applications/statistics & numerical data ; Photic Stimulation ; Reproducibility of Results ; Smartphone ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Validation Study
    ZDB-ID 211997-3
    ISSN 1873-622X ; 0005-7967
    ISSN (online) 1873-622X
    ISSN 0005-7967
    DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103475
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