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Article ; Online: The Human Affectome Project: A dedication to Jaak Panksepp.

Cromwell, Howard C / Lowe, Leroy J

2022 Volume 138, Page(s) 104693

Abstract: Mapping the neural basis of the Affectome was certainly the goal of Jaak Panksepp as he extended the work of a long line of thinkers from William James to Paul Maclean. Jaak's contribution was not just an incremental step, but a move to embrace feelings ... ...

Abstract	Mapping the neural basis of the Affectome was certainly the goal of Jaak Panksepp as he extended the work of a long line of thinkers from William James to Paul Maclean. Jaak's contribution was not just an incremental step, but a move to embrace feelings as a key component of affective science. His goal was to develop objective behavioral measures as he identified the neural substrates associated with affective states. He dedicated his career to studying the biological roots of emotional operating systems and his 1998 book "Affective Neuroscience" stands as a seminal accomplishment that provided a foundation for a field of research that has flourished since. His influences can be seen in many of the reviews created for this project and his early references to comfort zones are central to the human affectome. Indeed, Jaak was a tireless investigator who challenged our thinking, and he gave us many insights and gifts. We are immensely grateful for his contributions and this special issue is dedicated to his memory.
MeSH term(s)	Anniversaries and Special Events ; Emotions ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation ; Neurosciences
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104693
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Article ; Online: Altered reward sensitivity to sucrose outcomes prior to drug exposure in alcohol preferring rats.

McGraw, Justin J / Goldsmith, Robert S / Cromwell, Howard C

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior

2024 Volume 237, Page(s) 173724

Abstract: Addiction involves key impairments in reward sensitivity (RS). The current study explored impaired RS to natural reward as a predisposing factor to addictive-like behavior. Alcohol preferring (P) rats are selectively bred based on significantly greater ... ...

Abstract	Addiction involves key impairments in reward sensitivity (RS). The current study explored impaired RS to natural reward as a predisposing factor to addictive-like behavior. Alcohol preferring (P) rats are selectively bred based on significantly greater ethanol consumption and preference and offer the ability to inspect differences in subjects with a positive family history of addictive-like behavior. P rat's RS was compared to RS in the well-used Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain. To assess RS in a novel manner, instrumental incentive contrast, discrimination and consumption of sucrose solution were examined. Animals performed in a free operant situation for different sucrose concentration solutions using a block of 'mixed' trials with alternating outcome concentrations (e.g., 5 and 10 % sucrose) to change outcome value in a predictable manner. Animals also performed for reward in blocks of single outcome trials (5 or 10 or 20 or 40 % sucrose daily exposure) surrounding the mixed block. RS (e.g., reward discrimination and contrast effects between and within-sessions) was measured by changes in trials completed, instrumental response latency and consumption. P rats expressed an altered profile of RS with a greater tendency toward equivalent responding to different outcomes within the same session and an absence of incentive contrast from diverse reward comparisons. In contrast, SD animals expressed within-session reward discrimination and a subset of incentive contrast effects. These effects were moderated by food deprivation more consistently in SD compared to P rats. P rat alterations in processing natural rewards could predispose them to addictive-like behaviors including greater alcohol consumption and preference.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Motivation ; Alcohol Drinking ; Conditioning, Operant
Chemical Substances	Sucrose (57-50-1) ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	191042-5
ISSN	1873-5177 ; 0091-3057
ISSN (online)	1873-5177
ISSN	0091-3057
DOI	10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173724
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Zs.A 1060: Show issues

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Article ; Online: An investigation of variety effects during operant responding in the rat utilizing different reward flavors.

Halverstadt, Brittany A / Cromwell, Howard C

Appetite

2018 Volume 134, Page(s) 50–58

Abstract: Humans and nonhuman animals respond to food diversity by increasing intake and appetitive behaviors, reflecting enhanced valuation for items presented in the context of variety. Previous work on food variety effects has posited two main explanatory ... ...

Abstract	Humans and nonhuman animals respond to food diversity by increasing intake and appetitive behaviors, reflecting enhanced valuation for items presented in the context of variety. Previous work on food variety effects has posited two main explanatory mechanisms. Variety could slow habituation processes by decreasing exposure to a single food item or could elicit contrast effects in which comparisons between items impact relative valuation. This study used three flavors of sucrose rewards to investigate rats' responses to qualitative reward variety in different variety contexts: low (2 flavors) and high (3 flavors) conditions. Control sessions used only a single flavored pellet (no variety). Animals were tested in low (10 trials), moderate (20 trials) and high consumption (30 trials) sessions. A trial within each session was defined as completion of the operant response and acquisition of the reward pellet. Cues associated with flavors were used to examine predictability and between-trial ('micro') variety. Indicators of a variety effect were found including faster responding for rewards during the variety context compared to an initial control (no variety) context. This decrease in response latency continued to be observed for some measures in post-variety control contexts. The most robust statistical finding of variety effects was found using trial-by-trial analysis, with shorter response latencies obtained for trials with outcomes differing from the preceding trial compared to successive trials with identical outcomes. These results have implications for understanding how a general reward context like variety impacts behavior, and for informing clinical approaches focusing on motivation and eating disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Behavior, Animal ; Conditioning, Operant ; Cues ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Sucrose ; Taste
Chemical Substances	Sucrose (57-50-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1095-8304
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.024
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Article ; Online: Exercise influences the impact of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on immune function.

Pillai, Mahesh R / Keylock, K Todd / Cromwell, Howard C / Meserve, Lee A

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e0237705

Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors, harmfully affecting reproductive, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems. This broad influence has implications for processes such as wound healing, which ... ...

Abstract	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors, harmfully affecting reproductive, endocrine, neurological and immunological systems. This broad influence has implications for processes such as wound healing, which is modulated by the immunological response of the body. Conversely, while PCBs can be linked to diminished wound healing, outside of PCB pollution systems, exercise has been shown to accelerate wound healing. However, the potential for moderate intensity exercise to modulate or offset the harmful effects of a toxin like PCB are yet unknown. A key aim of the present study was to examine how PCB exposure at different doses (0, 100, 500, 1000 ppm i.p.) altered wound healing in exercised versus non-exercised subgroups of mice. We examined PCB effects on immune function in more depth by analyzing the concentrations of cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in these wounds inflicted by punch biopsy. Mice were euthanized at Day 3 or Day 5 after PCB injection (n = 3-6) and skin excised from the wound area was homogenized and analyzed for cytokine content. Results revealed that wound healing was not signficantly impacted by either PCB exposure or exercise, but there were patterns of delays in healing that depended on PCB dose. Changes in cytokines were also observed and depended on PCB dose and exercise experience. For example, IL-1β concentrations in Day 5 mice without PCB administration were 33% less in exercised mice than mice not exercised. However, IL-1β concentrations in Day 3 mice administered 100 ppm were 130% greater in exercised mice than not exercisedmice. Changes in the other measured cytokines varied with mainly depressions at lesser PCB doses and elevations at higher doses. Exercise had diverse effects on cytokine levels, but increased cytokine levels in the two greater doses. Explanations for these diverse effects include the use of young animals with more rapid wound healing rates less affected by toxin exposure, as well as PCB-mediated compensatory effects at specific doses which could actually enhance immune function. Future work should examine these interactions in more detail across a developmental time span. Understanding how manipulating the effects of exposure to environemntal contaminants using behavioral modification could be very useful in certain high risk populations or exposed individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity ; Skin/immunology ; Skin/injuries ; Skin/metabolism ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; Wound Healing/immunology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Endocrine Disruptors ; Environmental Pollutants ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0237705
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Article ; Online: Neural encoding of choice during a delayed response task in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex.

Cromwell, Howard C / Tremblay, Leon / Schultz, Wolfram

Experimental brain research

2018 Volume 236, Issue 6, Page(s) 1679–1688

Abstract: Reward outcomes are available in many diverse situations and all involve choice. If there are multiple outcomes each rewarding, then decisions regarding relative value lead to choosing one over another. Important factors related to choice context should ... ...

Abstract	Reward outcomes are available in many diverse situations and all involve choice. If there are multiple outcomes each rewarding, then decisions regarding relative value lead to choosing one over another. Important factors related to choice context should be encoded and utilized for this form of adaptive choosing. These factors can include the number of alternatives, the pacing of choice behavior and the possibility to reverse one's choice. An essential step in understanding if the context of choice is encoded is to directly compare choice with a context in which choice is absent. Neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum encodes potential value parameters related to reward quality and quantity as well as relative preference. We examined how neural activations in these brain regions are sensitive to choice situations and potentially involved in a prediction for the upcoming outcome selection. Neural activity was recorded and compared between a two-choice spatial delayed response task and an imperative 'one-option' task. Neural activity was obtained that extended from the instruction cue to the movement similar to previous work utilizing the identical imperative task. Orbitofrontal and striatal neural responses depended upon the decision about the choice of which reward to collect. Moreover, signals to predictive instruction cues that precede choice were selective for the choice situation. These neural responses could reflect chosen value with greater information on relative value of individual options as well as encode choice context itself embedded in the task as a part of the post-decision variable.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caudate Nucleus/physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Corpus Striatum/physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Macaca/physiology ; Macaca fascicularis ; Macaca mulatta ; Microelectrodes ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Putamen/physiology ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-018-5253-z
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Zs.A 278: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Influence of emotional states on inhibitory gating: animals models to clinical neurophysiology.

Cromwell, Howard C / Atchley, Rachel M

Behavioural brain research

2014 Volume 276, Page(s) 67–75

Abstract: Integrating research efforts using a cross-domain approach could redefine traditional constructs used in behavioral and clinical neuroscience by demonstrating that behavior and mental processes arise not from functional isolation but from integration. ... ...

Abstract	Integrating research efforts using a cross-domain approach could redefine traditional constructs used in behavioral and clinical neuroscience by demonstrating that behavior and mental processes arise not from functional isolation but from integration. Our research group has been examining the interface between cognitive and emotional processes by studying inhibitory gating. Inhibitory gating can be measured via changes in behavior or neural signal processing. Sensorimotor gating of the startle response is a well-used measure. To study how emotion and cognition interact during startle modulation in the animal model, we examined ultrasonic vocalization (USV) emissions during acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition. We found high rates of USV emission during the sensorimotor gating paradigm and revealed links between prepulse inhibition (PPI) and USV emission that could reflect emotional and cognitive influences. Measuring inhibitory gating as P50 event-related potential suppression has also revealed possible connections between emotional states and cognitive processes. We have examined the single unit responses during the traditional gating paradigm and found that acute and chronic stress can alter gating of neural signals in regions such as amygdala, striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Our findings point to the need for more cross-domain research on how shifting states of emotion can impact basic mechanisms of information processing. Results could inform clinical work with the development of tools that depend upon cross-domain communication, and enable a better understanding and evaluation of psychological impairment.
MeSH term(s)	Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Cognition/physiology ; Corpus Striatum/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Prepulse Inhibition/physiology ; Reflex, Startle/physiology ; Sensory Gating/physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	449927-x
ISSN	1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
ISSN (online)	1872-7549
ISSN	0166-4328
DOI	10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.028
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Article ; Online: Striatal Activity and Reward Relativity: Neural Signals Encoding Dynamic Outcome Valuation.

Webber, Emily S / Mankin, David E / Cromwell, Howard C

eNeuro

2016 Volume 3, Issue 5

Abstract: The striatum is a key brain region involved in reward processing. Striatal activity has been linked to encoding reward magnitude and integrating diverse reward outcome information. Recent work has supported the involvement of striatum in the valuation of ...

Abstract	The striatum is a key brain region involved in reward processing. Striatal activity has been linked to encoding reward magnitude and integrating diverse reward outcome information. Recent work has supported the involvement of striatum in the valuation of outcomes. The present work extends this idea by examining striatal activity during dynamic shifts in value that include different levels and directions of magnitude disparity. A novel task was used to produce diverse relative reward effects on a chain of instrumental action. Rats (
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials ; Animals ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Corpus Striatum/physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Eating/physiology ; Eating/psychology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Food ; Generalization (Psychology)/physiology ; Male ; Nasal Provocation Tests ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reward ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2800598-3
ISSN	2373-2822 ; 2373-2822
ISSN (online)	2373-2822
ISSN	2373-2822
DOI	10.1523/ENEURO.0022-16.2016
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Article ; Online: The effects of ethanol on diverse components of choice in the rat: reward discrimination, preference and relative valuation.

McGraw, Justin J / Zona, Luke C / Cromwell, Howard C

The European journal of neuroscience

2017 Volume 46, Issue 3, Page(s) 1837–1849

Abstract: Alcohol consumption impairs judgment and choice. How alcohol alters these crucial processes is primarily unknown. Choice can be fractionated into different components including reward discrimination, preference and relative valuation that can function ... ...

Abstract	Alcohol consumption impairs judgment and choice. How alcohol alters these crucial processes is primarily unknown. Choice can be fractionated into different components including reward discrimination, preference and relative valuation that can function together or in isolation depending upon diverse factors including choice context. We examined the diverse components and contextual effects by analyzing the effects of alcohol drinking on choice behavior in a task with a reduced level of temporal and spatial constraints. Rats were trained to drink 10% ethanol during 6 weeks of behavior testing using a combined sucrose-fade and two-bottle free-choice procedure. Two different sucrose pellet outcomes (e.g., constant vs. variable) were presented each week to examine the impact of voluntary drinking on reward-based decision-making. Behavioral contexts of single option, free choice and extinction were examined for each outcome set. Comparisons were made between alcohol and control groups and within the alcohol group over time to inspect choice profiles. Between-group results showed alcohol drinking animals expressed altered place preference and modified sucrose reward approach latencies. The within-group profile showed that alcohol drinking animals can express adequate reward discrimination, preference and incentive contrast during free choice. All of these components were significantly reduced during the context of extinction. Control animals were also impacted by extinction but not as severely. The findings point to a need for a greater focus on the context and the diverse components of choice when examining external and internal factors influencing decision-making during alcohol or other substance of abuse exposure.
MeSH term(s)	Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reaction Time ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-30
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.13627
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Article ; Online: Mapping the interconnected neural systems underlying motivation and emotion: A key step toward understanding the human affectome.

Cromwell, Howard C / Abe, Nobuhito / Barrett, Karen C / Caldwell-Harris, Catherine / Gendolla, Guido H E / Koncz, Rebecca / Sachdev, Perminder S

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2020 Volume 113, Page(s) 204–226

Abstract: As a part of a larger Affectome Project (http://neuroqualia.org/background.php) with an overarching goal of mapping and redefining biological substrates of feelings and emotions, we explored the neural underpinnings for the functions of motivation and ... ...

Abstract	As a part of a larger Affectome Project (http://neuroqualia.org/background.php) with an overarching goal of mapping and redefining biological substrates of feelings and emotions, we explored the neural underpinnings for the functions of motivation and emotion. Historically emotion and motivation have been placed into distinct neural circuits and examined separately. We propose a novel view of significant neural convergence of emotion and motivation, in contrast to conventional neural-based frameworks emphasizing segregation. Evidence from diverse research areas in emotion and motivation was reviewed, pinpointing key neural regions of overlap. The findings support important neural sharing between emotion and motivation, suggesting that these two functions are tightly intertwined with one another in the brain. Neural overlap does not necessarily imply continuous functional overlap. Even if identical brain regions/systems are activated for motivation and emotion, this activation may involve distinct and unique patterns of connection and information flow as the network shifts functionality. This review highlights the crucial importance of further research to explicate the patterns and modes of responding of these overlapping systems.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Emotions ; Humans ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.032
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Article ; Online: Effects of striatal lesions on components of choice: Reward discrimination, preference, and relative valuation.

Ricker, Joshua M / Kopchock, Richard J / Drown, Rachel M / Cromwell, Howard C

Behavioural brain research

2016 Volume 315, Page(s) 130–140

Abstract: The striatum is a key structure involved in reward processing and choice. Recently, we have developed a paradigm to explore how components of reward processing work together or independently during choice behavior. These components include reward ... ...

Abstract	The striatum is a key structure involved in reward processing and choice. Recently, we have developed a paradigm to explore how components of reward processing work together or independently during choice behavior. These components include reward discrimination, preference and relative valuation, and the goal of the present study was to determine how the striatum is involved in these dissociable components during this novel free choice paradigm. We tested choice utilizing two different outcome series with one being a more straightforward single-option discrimination anchored by a 0 reward outcome, and the other as a multi-option outcome discrimination of greater difficulty. We compared the free choice reward task to a sequential reward task and an extinction task. Striatal lesions impaired responding only in the free choice version with alterations in both appetitive and consummatory measures. Ventral striatal lesions had greater impact altering discrimination, preference and relative valuation in both the single and multi-option week studies. A major factor involved in these deficits was a significant aversion to the multi-option that contained a larger outcome option but with a longer delay to reward. Dorsal striatal lesions caused less impairment even leading to enhanced choice behavior compared to control animals during the more difficult multi-option free choice series. Overall, the results suggest that the context of action is crucial when linking striatal function to choice behavior and its diverse components. The implications include the idea that striatal involvement in decision-making is increased when responses are self-paced and diverse in a more naturalistic environment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	449927-x
ISSN	1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
ISSN (online)	1872-7549
ISSN	0166-4328
DOI	10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.031
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